THE ROAD TO SORROW State Apologies and why they -and why they don't- happen MASTER'S THESIS ABSTRACT SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTION & HYPOTHESIS WHY IS THIS RESEARCH HERE CONCLUSIONS PREPARED BY MIGUEL MOLINA THESIS ADVISOR RNDr. JAN KOFROŇ, PH.D. METHODOLOGY CASE SELECTION RESULTS ANALYSIS WINTER 2017 Following the revelations of the process tracing and case comparison, it can be summarized that for an apology to happen, the most important factor is a measure of domestic pressure into apologizing: by the government, by local institutions or by the media. How big the crime was, how bit the economic opportunities are seem to be less relevant as long as there is a willingness to apologize. State apologies seem to be having a moment. they have become a tool for politicking that goes beyond the expression of remorse. It has been cited as crucial to the betterment of foreign relations and as a key foreign policy tool. The author is looking to contribute to the understanding of the process of state apologies and contribute to the field of Geopolitics of Peace, a field that Megoran (2013) calls often ignored. The main research question is to discover why State Apologies happen in some cases and they don't in others. The methodology chosen was Process Tracing through the development of case studies. The methodology...

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of African Languages, South Africa, 2010. / Lolu cwaningo luyimizamo nemvuselelo yamasiko aphathelene nokugana, ukuganwa nokuganiswa. Kubhekisiswa amasiko agcinwayo kule micimbi ukuze kungaveli izinkinga ezinye zazo ezingaba ukungatholi abantwana. Umcwaningi ubhekisisa kakhulu imbangela yobunyumba noma yokungazali. Le nkinga ayiqali njengoba sekuganwene kodwa iba imbangela yokuphambanisa amasiko noma yokungawanaki amasiko. Amasiko awaqalwa ngoba umntwana esekhulile kodwa umntwana ukhuliswa ngawo ukuze angabi nankinga endleleni. Lolu cwaningo luzoba usizo kubantu asebekhohliwe ukuthi amasiko ayegcinwa kanjani. Lolu cwaningo lungumhlahlandlela. Isahluko sokuqala sikhombisa izinhloso nenkuthazo okukhuthaze umcwaningi ukuba acwaninge ngalesi sihloko, elandela umgudu noma inqubo yamasiko esintu. Lokhu kubonakale kungaba usizo ekunciphiseni ukulahleka kwemishado ngenxa yokungazali, okubangwa ukungawagcini amasiko oMdabu. Isahluko sesibili sikhuluma ngamasiko nemikhuba yamaZulu agcinelwa ukulungiselela ukwenda okunempumelelo. Kubukwa amasiko agcinwayo kusukela intombazana isencane. Kukhulunywa ngamasiko okugonqa nomkhehlo namasiko anjengokucimela nawo anakwa. Miningi nemikhutshana egcinwe kulesi sahluko njengokuqiniswa kwentombi eganayo. Lolu cwaningo lukhuluma ngenyama yokuncamisa. Kubukwa nemvunulo intombi evunula ngayo uma iyogcagca. Kubhekwa amasiko enziwa kungenwa emzini, amasiko enziwa esihlahleni nasesigcawini. Isahluko sesithathu sigxile emasikweni okuganiselana akhuthaza ukuthola abantwana. Kuchazwa nezinkinga ezibangwa ukungazali. Kunezinkinga ezinjengokungathombi, izigulo zocansi, imimoya yamandiki, umoya wendawe, amaphupho kanye nezizwe. Kulolu cwaningo kubukwe nemithi yemitombo. Imimoya esegazini lomuntu idla kuye egazini. Yingakho kufanele alungise igazi lowo muntu onemimoya ngoba imimoya yona iphila kuye, idla egazini likamguli. Isahluko sesine sona sicwaninga ngamasiko nemikhuba ehambisana nokubeletha. Kulesi sahluko kucwaningwa ngokubamba nokungabambi isisu kukamakoti. Kutholakala ukuthi okunye ukungabambi kuke kwenziwe ukufuya izinyoka notikoloshe. Lokho okungumkhuba ovamile kakhulu ukwenziwa abesifazane. Kubukwe nemikhuba eyenziwa okhulelwe ukuze kuhleleke kahle isisu. Kucwaningwe nangezinhlobo zezihlambezo. Kucwaningwe nangokuziphatha kwansuku zonke kukamakoti okhulelwe. Kucwaningwe nangezinto angazenza nezinto angeze azenza okhulelweyo njengokuvuka ekuseni kusempondo zankomo, akwenziwa funa ahlangane nemimoya emibi egcwele ezindlelni. Kuke kwenzeke isisu siphuphume ngezizathu ezithile. Ucwaningo luthole nokuthi kwenziwanjani ukwenza izaba zokumisa isisu esesiphuphuma. Lolu cwaningo luthole nokuthi zaba zini ezenziwayo uma ukubeletha kubanzima. Kulolu cwaningo kucwaningwe nangezinsila zokubeletha, amagazi nomzanyana. Kucwaningiwe futhi ngezinyamazane ashunqiselwa ngazo umntwana. Kucwaningwe nangendlela yokuziphatha komdlezana. Isahluko sesihlanu sibhekisise imimoya emibi ehlasela abantwana. Kucwaningwe ukuthi iyini imimoya? Ivelaphi? Inangozi yini kubantwana? Abantwana bangavikelwa kanjani kuleyo ngozi? Kunemithi yokuxosha imimoya. Izinyamazane, isiqunga, umashwilishwili, indalucwatha kanye nempila. Kuye kwacwaningwa namasiko agcinwayo uma umdlezana kade emshiyile umntanakhe. Kuye kwacwaningwa ngemikhuhlane yabantwana nangendlela yokuyikhuza. Isahluko sesithupha siveza isihlaziyo lapho kuhlaziywa khona ucwaningo lo msebenzi wonke. Kuvezwa nezincomo ezingalandelwa ukuvula amehlo omphakathi ukuze usizakale ezinkingeni zawo. Izincomo zikhuthaza kakhulu umuzi oNsundu ukuba unamathele emagugwini awo okuyindlela yokulandela amasiko nenkolo yoMdabu ukuze kuthi noma beqhuba ngendlela yesilungu kodwa bangakulahli okwakubo okuyindlela yawokhokho babo. Kube sekuphethwa wonke umsebenzi.

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Introduction The most tragic outcome of a teenage pregnancy is a teenage maternal death. Research from African countries has shown that pregnant teenagers are at increased risk for maternal death when compared with older women, chiefly from complications of hypertension in pregnancy and pregnancy-related sepsis. The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of maternal deaths accounted for by teenagers, and to describe associated obstetric factors, causes of death and avoidable factors. Setting and methods This was a descriptive retrospective study, using records of all maternal deaths at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (CHBH) from 1997 to 2011. All maternal deaths at CHBH are notified to the national government, and complete patient records have been kept since 1997. All teenage (age less than 20 years) maternal deaths were found by hand-searching all maternal death files for the study period. Demographic and obstetric details were recorded, as well as the primary cause of death and avoidable factors in each case, using the methodology of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in South Africa. Results There were 33 teenage maternal deaths out of a total of 562 deaths (6.1%). Eighteen (54.5%) of the teenagers were 18 or 19 years old. Nine died without having booked for antenatal care.Twenty-six (78.8%) were 28 weeks or more pregnant or postpartum when they died. The most frequent causes of death were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (n=10; 30.3%), including 9 cases of eclampsia, and non-pregnancy-related infections (n=10; 30.3%), including 6 cases of lower respiratory tract infection and 2 foreign nationals who died of malaria. Among the teenagers who died from non-pregnancy-related infections, 3 were HIV infected, 4 were HIV negative and 3 did not have HIV results. Infrequent causes of death included pregnancy-related sepsis (n=2; 6.1%), and postpartum haemorrhage (n=1; 3.0%). The most frequent avoidable factors were failure to book for antenatal clinic (n=5; 15.2%) and delay in seeking medical help (n=8; 24.2%). Conclusion Maternal deaths in teenagers were infrequent and occurred in a lower proportion of all maternal deaths (6.1%) than expected, based on data suggesting a 13% teenage pregnancy proportion from a study done in 1999 to 2001. This finding differs from those in other African countries. The high frequency of eclampsia is similar to data from other countries, but pregnancy-related sepsis was not frequent. Development and maintenance of adolescent community resources and health services, including improving access to foreign teenagers, may improve health care utilisation by teenagers. Utilisation indicators would include use of contraception, uptake of termination of pregnancy services, and antenatal care attendance for ongoing pregnancies.

Eucalyptus grandis and its hybrids is the most important and widely planted eucalypt in South Africa. It has a wide range of uses including pulpwood, poles, firewood, charcoal, flooring, mining, furniture and general carpentry. Conservation of plant genetic resources including those used in agriculture, horticulture and forestry has become an issue of common global concern. Cryopreservation involves the storage of plant material at ultra low temperature (-196°C). The techniques for cryopreservation currently in use are varied and include the older classical techniques and the new vitrification-based techniques. Storage of biological material at -196°C causes metabolic functions to slow down considerably and minimize biological degradation, thus allowing for long-term preservation. However, there are particular stresses associated with the freezing process, e.g., ice crystal formation and cryo-dehydration, which may severely damage the material. Tolerance to drying is the key to successful cryopreservation and is commonly used in the preparation of in vitro material for cryostorage. However, drying may result in damages and a number of stresses that may activate caspase-like proteases and trigger cell death processes such as programmed cell death and necrosis. During the drying process, the physical and physiological characteristic of the cell changes because of the removal of water and damage is reflected by the lack of resumption of normal activity upon rehydration. As part of a cryo-procedure, Eucalyptus grandis axillary buds isolated from in vitro shoots were dried over silica gel for 20 minutes. Pre-treatment of the shoots with 5mg.l-1 ABA for 5 days resulted in partial resistance of the isolated buds to water loss (76% to 45%) as compared with untreated buds (76% to 33%). Concomitantly, viability decreased from 100 to 70% for ABA treated buds and to 55% for the untreated buds. Ultrastructural examination showed cellular responses to drying, ranging from cell death, through partial disruption to organelles to apparently normal ultrastructure. The use of the vital stains, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide, showed that certain regions of the buds (e.g. the leaf primordia) were the most prone to drying damage. The meristem, however, appeared to survive drying and for up to 72 hours of rehydration. High Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) activity was associated with bud excision and the drying procedure. Caspase-3-like protease activity was detected after drying and rehydration in both nonviable treated and untreated buds, but not in the hydrated controls. The Caspase-3 inhibitors Ac-DEVD-CHO, pepstatin and leupeptin partially suppressed that activity. The ultrastructural studies and the use of the vital stains provided confirmation of the beneficial effects of ABA. The detection of a caspase-3- like protease has provided some evidence that the rehydrated buds, that had ultimately died, had undergone programmed cell death. The ROS production during bud isolation which was exacerbated by the drying procedure is considered to be the trigger for the programmed cell death. Data in the present study showed the role of both necrosis and PCD in the death of the tissues of the axillary buds of E. grandis axillary buds. The data also contributed to the better understanding of the impact of cryoprocedures on these clonal tissues which are ideal propagules for forestry germplasm conservation.

Absenteeism is a factor that adversely influences construction productivity. Construction employers in Alberta have been trying to address high levels of absenteeism on their projects but they have not been successful so far. This study aims at a better understanding of absenteeism on construction projects for its possible mitigation in the future. A hierarchy of causes of absence and factors affecting it in construction projects were identified. A survey and an Absenteeism Tracking Tool designed to capture the causes of absence were piloted on an industrial multi-contractor project in Alberta. Different survey administration methods were tested to successfully administer the survey. The study identified top ten causes of absence on the pilot project. Using statistical analyses (e.g., correlation with dummy variables), the study found that specific groups may have different absence cultures and attitudes toward absenteeism. Such findings can be used to improve the absence culture among the designated workforce. / Construction Engineering and Management

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Although the risk of malformations in the offspring of diabetic mothers remains the leading cause of perinatal mortality, the pathogenesis has not been elucidated. The hypothesis of this study was that protein glycation and oxygen free radicals play a role in hyperglycemia-induced malformations. CD-1 mouse embryos (0-2 somites) were cultured under hyperglycemic conditions for 48 hours with the exogenous addition of anti-glycating agents and oxygen free radical scavengers. The exogenous addition of aspirin (ASA) and D-lysine reduced significantly the malformations and embryonic glycated protein levels. Salicylate, arachidonic acid (AA), and to a lesser extent, indomethacin also exerted protective effects, but with no effect on glycated protein levels. We hypothesize that ASA, salicylate and indomethacin are protective by exerting free radical scavenging action; and ASA and D-lysine are acting as potent anti-glycating agents. Moreover, we suggest that AA may have inhibited hyperglycemia-induced malformations through the protective action of prostaglandins against free radical damage. Serum media lipid peroxidation (LPO) was reduced in the ASA and indomethacin groups possibly due to either a direct free radical scavenging action and/or the inhibitory effects of these agents on cyclooxygenase activity thereby decreasing the oxygen free radicals produced by this enzyme system. On the other hand, AA was associated with an increased level of LPO in the serum media. As the evidence has shown, the cause of hyperglycemia-induced malformations appears to be multifactorial and no one agent can completely eliminate the problem, although protective action can be exerted at different levels of the glycation-free radical cascade of tissue damage.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Master Of Education (M.Ed.) in the Department of Comparative and Science Education at the University of Zululand, 2017 / The ever-increasing rate of teenage pregnancy has become a major societal challenge, not only in South Africa, but universally. The same applies in King Cetshwayo district in KwaZulu-Natal. Teenage pregnancy has many causes, some of which are new, like the child support grant. The results of teenage pregnancy are destructive, and long-lasting. This has given the researcher an impetus to conduct this study, and investigate as to: ∙ What the factors are that contribute to teenage pregnancy in King Cetshwayo district secondary schools? ∙ Whether there is a relationship between family background and teenage pregnancy in King Cetshwayo district? ∙ What role can be played by educators in mitigating factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in King Cetshwayo district secondary schools? This investigation was pursued with the aim of attaining practical and relevant solutions to this societal menace of teenage pregnancy. The quantitative method involving the use of questionnaires was used to extract data from 125 learners and 25 educators selected to partake in the study in King Cetshwayo district secondary schools. The findings of the study based on the data collected through questionnaires revealed that: ∙ There are factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy in King Cetshwayo district secondary schools, some of which did not exist before. ∙ There is a relationship between family background and teenage pregnancy in King Cetshwayo district. ∙ Educators can play a crucial role in mitigating factors which contribute to teenage pregnancy in King Cetshwayo district secondary schools. The key recommendations which emanated from this study, amongst others, were: ∙ There is a need for fully- fledged sexuality health education to be undertaken in schools. ∙ Contraceptives must be distributed in schools and learners be advised on their use. ∙ Poverty amongst the communities must be eradicated through women’s skill development and education. ∙ Peer educator programmes in schools must be resuscitated. ∙ Sexuality health campaigns must be organised in schools. ∙ Sports and cultural activities in schools must be encouraged. ∙ In-house codes of conduct to manage learner pregnancy must be developed and implemented. / National Research Foundation (Grant Number:CPT 160 5131 64973 and 105246)