In addition to the canonical full-length p53 (FLp53), the TP53 gene produces twelve protein isoforms through alternative RNA splicing or initiation of transcription and translation. Two of<br>these isoforms, D133p53a and p53b, have been identified as endogenous regulators of cellular senescence. Cellular senescence is a durable cell cycle arrest that inhibits the continued replication of aged and DNA-damaged cells. This process is a critical mechanism of tumor suppression that<br>prevents initiation and malignant progression and has been leveraged to treat cancers including glioblastoma. However, removal of senescent cells by macrophages is needed to restore tissue homeostasis. This process is impacted by a variety of factors. For example, senescent cells accumulate in aged individuals and can promote chronic inflammation and disease through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). As the global population ages, it will become more critical to understand the function of cellular senescence in disease. Targeting senescent cells, either through elimination (senolysis) or reprogramming, may have potential therapeutic value in individuals with a high senescent cell burden. Aged or DNA-damaged cells adopt a senescence-associated p53 isoform profile characterized by reduced expression of D133p53a and increased expression of p53b. Critically, restoration of D133p53a rescues cells from senescence and enhances DNA repair. Targeting p53<br>isoforms may represent a mechanism by which cells can be reprogrammed. A thorough understanding of the contexts in which senescent cells maintain beneficial or harmful roles is<br>critical to developing senescence therapeutics in cancer and aging.

Due to the duration of human ageing, researchers must rely on models such as animals and cells. Replicative senescence and stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) are two cellular models sharing many features. Although telomeres play a major role in replicative senescence, their involvement in SIPS is unclear. In this work, we first wanted to investigate how accurate models of ageing are. We published a new model of the evolution of human ageing, which offers a refined view of the evolution of ageing in humans and suggests that human models should be favoured. Though studying other mammals, reptiles, and birds may also be useful, we conclude that lower life forms such as yeast and invertebrates are not representative of the human ageing process. Secondly, we wanted to elucidate the importance of telomeres in SIPS and study gene expression and regulatory networks. Using a telomerase-immortalized cell line, we found no evidence that damage specific to the telomeres is at the origin of SIPS. In our published model, neither the TGF-â1 pathway nor telomeres appear to play a crucial role in SIPS. We suggest that widespread damage to the DNA causes SIPS and propose a rearrangement of gene expression networks as a result of stress. Moreover, we advise caution in using telomerase in anti-ageing therapies since telomerase expression may alter the normal cellular functions and promote tumorogenesis. Lastly, we published strategies to integrate the modern computational approaches to research ageing. Although we find it unlikely that a full understanding of ageing may be achieved within a near future, we argue that understanding the structure and finding key regulatory genes of the human ageing process is possible.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant global threat to human health due to its ability to cause chronic infections that can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While the process by which HBV increases the risk of HCC is unclear, evidence suggests that the hepatitis B X protein (HBx) may be a contributing factor. Cellular senescence is an important barrier to tumorigenesis, blocking the proliferation of cells that harbor excessive DNA damage or contain activated oncogenes. Autophagy is a non-proteasomal degradative pathway used by cells to recycle cytoplasmic contents under periods of nutrient starvation. This pathway is induced in response to a wide range of cellular stress factors, and has also been characterized as an effector mechanism for the establishment of cellular senescence. In this study, retroviral transduction of HepG2 cells with HBx resulted in the induction of cellular senescence and autophagy. The mechanism by which HBx can induce senescence is unclear. However, an increase in the accumulation of DNA damage was observed. HBx did not modulate the levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or Mcl-1, which can inhibit autophagy through interactions with the autophagy regulator Beclin 1. As well, the activity and phosphorylation status of JNK/SAPK, an inducer of autophagy via Bcl-2 phosphorylation, was unchanged. These results suggest that senescence may act as a barrier to HBx-induced oncogenesis, and may offer some explanation as to why HBx does not function as a more potent oncogene. Also, we propose that HBx modulates autophagy through a mechanism other than Bcl-2 phosphorylation or expression over the time course of this study.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 乙第13431号 / 論生博第26号 / 新制||生||61(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科高次生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 井垣 達吏, 教授 石川 冬木, 教授 原田 浩 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23607号 / 医博第4794号 / 新制||医||1055(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 溝脇 尚志, 教授 木村 剛, 教授 濵﨑 洋子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No / Werner's syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by loss of function mutation in wrn and is a useful model of premature in vivo ageing. Cellular senescence is a plausible causal mechanism of mammalian ageing and, at the cellular level, WS fibroblasts show premature senescence resulting from a combination of telomeric attrition and replication fork stalling. Over 90% of WS fibroblast cultures achieve < 20 population doublings (PD) in vitro compared to wild type human fibroblast cultures. It has been proposed that some cell types, capable of proliferation, will fail to show a premature senescence phenotype in response to wrn mutations. To test this hypothesis, human dermal keratinocytes (derived from both WS and wild type patients) were cultured long term. WS Keratinocytes showed a replicative lifespan in excess of 100 population doublings but maintained functional growth arrest mechanisms based on p16 and p53. The karyotype of the cells was superficially normal and the cultures retained markers characteristic of keratinocyte holoclones (stem cells) including p63 expression and telomerase activity. Accordingly we conclude that, in contrast to WS fibroblasts, WS keratinocytes do not demonstrate slow growth rates or features of premature senescence. These findings suggest that the epidermis is among the tissue types that do not display symptoms of premature ageing caused by loss of function of wrn. This is in support that Werner's syndrome is a segmental progeroid syndrome.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23799号 / 医博第4845号 / 新制||医||1058(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 中川 一路, 教授 伊藤 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Cellular senescence has been proposed to be equivalent to organismal aging and is one of the outcomes of the cell fate decision process in response to DNA damage that occurs in cells. When a cell encounters DNA damage, the cell cycle is immediately halted to evaluate which decision to take in response to genomic insult. The choices are between repairing the damage and continue division, or enter a non-replicative but viable state called senescence or to die if damage is severe (Figure 1). The signaling cascade, which detects this damage and regulates the cell fate decision, is collectively called as DNA damage response (DDR). However, the exact mechanism of how delineation for each decision happens is still not clear. Since DNA damage works as a mediator for cell fate decision, my work aimed to study senescence as a DNA damage response. In addition, the role of free radicals like ROS in cellular senescence is not very clear because though an increase in their concentrations is recorded in aged cells, it is not evident if the increase seen the cause or the effect of aging, primarily because they themselves capable of causing DNA damage. This conundrum have always led to confounding observations wrt role of free radicals in the cellular senescence process and if the senescence is caused through agents which rely on ROS to cause DNA damage, ROS becomes absolutely integral to the aging process. To understand this aspect formed the first line of investigation in my work along with identification of the sensor of DNA damage, which drives various cell fates. During organismal ageing there is an accumulation of senescent cells, which could be the major reason for functional decline of tissues and organs with age. However, to study changes associated with signaling molecules with respect to ageing, a cellular model system for senescence driven through DNA damage was needed, using which interplay between senescent / aged cells and cellular niche can be established. Studying the spatial and temporal alterations in signaling dynamics, within the cell as well as with the neighbouring niche during the senescence process in anticipated to provide us better understanding about the complex process of ageing. For this, the objectives were defined to establish and characterize the DNA damage induced senescence model using various parameters, and especially study the signaling dynamics of GPCR mediated signaling in senescence. The role of chemokine receptor, CXCR4 and its ligand, CXCL12 mediated signaling was chosen for the study. The following sections describe the findings that were obtained from the various objectives studied during the course of this study. Section 1. Development and characterization a model system to study cellular senescence as a DNA damage response. In this part of the study, I characterized genotoxic stress induced cellular senescence model using 5-Bromodeoxyrudine as the DNA damaging agent. BrdU, owing to its property of being a thymidine analogue, is incorporated in dividing cells, and this incorporation is recognized as DNA damage. This triggers ‘persistent’ DNA damage response signaling, including activation of ATM kinase, one of the primary DNA damage sensor. As anticipated, the DDR response detected was directly proportional to the dose of BrdU treatment and so was Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, a known senescence mediator. Using this model system of direct DNA damage mediated DDR activation and induction of cellular senescence, the growth-arrested cells were extensively characterized for presence and quantum of most of the senescence associated markers known in literature. BrdU treated cells, which became senescent showed presence of DNA damage, morphological changes like flat, enlarged, granule rich appearance, expression of senescence associated molecular markers like p21, IL8, showed senescence associated beta galactosidase activity, refractiveness to growth factor for division, increased ROS levels, Golgi dispersion, etc. The secretome of the treated cells also showed increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines which are attributed to a senescence phenotype, called as Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), which triggered proliferative and migratory effect on cancer cells. Overall, in this part of the study, it was established that BrdU can cause DNA damage and induce senescence as one of the cell fate in response to the intermediate dose of damage. The senescent cells generated in the model system was established to be akin to senescence observed by replicative exhaustion of normal cells, thereby making our model applicable to the physiological studies as well. Section 2. Insights into the role of ATM-ROS axis during senescence initiation and maintenance using DDR mediated cellular senescence model. While the BrdU model system for generating senescent cells was being developed and characterized, it was observed that there is an increase in ATM activation as well as ROS production concomitant to the a dose of BrdU. At the same time it was also observed that senescent cells showed persistent DDR signaling and high levels of ROS. Using this premise, in the second objective of my study I aimed to identify if ATM and ROS are critical during initiation of senescence, when the cells are insulted with the DNA damaging agent or during the maintenance of senescent state of the cells. By quenching ROS during the initiation state, I recorded that ROS is not critical for inducing senescence and perhaps the increase in ROS levels in senescent cells is due to their higher metabolic activity. By inhibiting ATM activation during DNA damage, it was observed that BrdU induces senescence through direct DNA damage, and active ATM and DDR signaling is absolutely critical for the senescence initiation. It was also established that ATM is not just a DNA damage sensor but also a redox regulator in the senescence model system. Prevention of ATM activation in presence of DNA damage blocked senescence initiation and also triggered increased ROS levels in the cells affecting their long term viability, suggesting ATM regulates ROS levels as well in addition to sensing DNA damage. In order to study the role of ATM-ROS axis in the maintenance of senescence state, already senescent cells were subjected to ROS quenching and/ or ATM inhibition and it was identified that both these signaling molecules are essential for maintaining the viability of senescent cells. The findings from these study thereby show that senescence can be divided into two temporally distinct stages, initiation or early senescence stage and second, maintenance stage of senescence. Overall, I was able to characterize the presence of temporally linked ROS – dependent and ROS – independent events in cellular senescence, which are independently mediated by ATM kinase (Figure 1). Dose of Genotoxic Stress damage DDR Senescence initiation Repair Cell cycle ATM arrest kinase Death Growth arrest Senescence maintenance Senescence Cell ROS viability Elevated metabolism Figure 1. Signaling cascades regulating senescence onset and maintenance mediated through DDR. Cells enter senescence state in response to DNA damage, depending on the dose of insult, through an ATM dependent and ROS independent pathway. Unlike this ATM-ROS axis is critical for the maintenance of senescent state of damaged but viable cells. Section 3. Understanding the role of CXCR4 – CXCL12 mediated signaling in senescence. Age dependent changes in cellular signaling are less explored and I was specifically interested in understanding how presence of senescent cells affects its microenvironment or vice versa i.e. how microenvironment affects senescent cells. In this premise the third objective of this study was defined towards identifying role of a GPCR, CXCR4 mediated signaling in cellular senescence and associated inflammation. CXCR4 is a ubiquitously expressed GPCR and it’s only known ligand is CXCL12/ SDF1 (stromal derived factor ), which is a homeostatic chemokine (i.e. its levels does not change under most physiological conditions). During characterization of DNA damage induced senescence model system, it was observed that this receptor expression is induced during DNA damage ells, which was also found to be so from data available from other gene expression studies as well. During the course of my work, I identified that senescent cells show CXCR4 up regulation in response to DNA damage, mediated through activation of ATM kinase - HIF1 axis and plays a critical role in enhancing the senescence associated inflammatory response in presence of its ligand, CXCL12. This CXCL12 dependent enhanced inflammatory response in damaged cells was determined to be sensitive to the pertussis toxin treatment and hence dependent on G protein activation. Further downstream analysis revealed the pro-inflammatory effect of the CXCR4 receptor activation was due to cAMP level suppression post activation by the Gi subunit. Given that cAMP levels are antagonistic to inflammatory phenotype, using a library of pharmacological compound library, I also discovered that cAMP specific PDE, phophodiesterase 4A, is also involved in regulating inflammatory response during the initiation stage of cellular senescence. The screen also confirmed the involvement of previously identified molecular components such as p38 MAPK and leukotrienes in the senescence associated inflammatory phenotype. The examination of the role of the CXCR4- CXCL12 axis in the deeply senescent cells surprisingly revealed that deeply senescent cells are refractory to CXCL12 stimulation in terms of inflammatory response, which was experimentally determined to be associated with impaired calcium release. Overall, the findings from this part of the study revealed a novel signaling cascade where CXCR4 up regulation is a part of the DDR response in cells, which utilizes the Local Excitation Global Inhibition (LEGI) mechanism to enhance the sensitivity of the damaged cells to its ligand CXCL12. This enhanced sensitivity mediates the CXCL12 dependent inflammatory response, which aids in attracting immune cells for clearance of these damaged cells. Once the cells have entered the senescent state, the axis is physiologically down modulated and the senescent cells showed refractiveness to CXCL12 stimulation, probably to prevent persistent acute inflammation, if the senescent cells are not cleared (Figure 2). Figure 2. CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in cellular senescence. During senescence initiation stage, when cells encounter DNA damage (Step 1), there is induction of CXCR4 receptor (Step 2), which enhances of CXCL12 mediated signaling for increased inflammatory response (Step 3). In the maintenance stage, where the cells are not cleared (Step 4), the axis is suppressed (Step 4), thereby bringing the levels of inflammatory secretome down, and thereby preventing damage to the cells (Step 5).

Le vieillissement est associé un mécanisme d'arrêt du cycle cellulaire nommé senescence. Au niveau de l'adipocyte, cet état cellulaire semble contribuer à la survenue d'altérations métaboliques et à un état pro-inflammatoire. Dans ce contexte, le tissu adipeux blanc viscéral pourrait jouer un rôle déterminant sur la perte du contrôle métabolique et ainsi participer à l'installation de pathologies associées au vieillissement. Au cours du vieillissement, le tissu adipeux blanc subit des modifications morphologiques et physiologiques conduisant à une altération progressive des fonctions de stockage et endocrines de l'adipocyte. Ainsi, un nouveau profil sécrétoire pro-inflammatoire appelé SASP (Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype) a pu être mis en évidence et pourrait être impliqué dans la survenue de différentes pathologies liées à l'âge (diabète, insuffisance cardiaque ou rénales, ...). Dans ce sens, l'analyse précise du SASP d'adipocytes issus de souris de différents âges nous a permis d'identifier une cytokine pro-inflammatoire, l'haptoglobine, comme un nouveau candidat potentiellement impliqué dans les désordres métaboliques et inflammatoires associés au vieillissement. Nos premiers résultats montrent que, via une boucle de régulation, la senescence augmente la production d'haptoglobine adipocytaire et que réciproquement., cette production entretien la senescence de l'adipocyte Au niveau fonctionnel, l'haptoglobine altère les principales fonctions adipocytaires métaboliques telles que la lipolyse et la sensibilité à l'insuline. Des expériences sont en cours afin de confirmer in vivo l'importance de cette adipocytokine sur les altérations métaboliques entrainant une accélération du vieillissement de l'organisme. Cette étude permettra de mieux comprendre la participation de l'haptoglobine dans la perte des fonctions du tissu adipeux afin de développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour ralentir les processus de vieillissement. / Aging is associated with a cell cycle arrest mechanism named senescence. In adipocyte, this cell state could contribute to metabolic alterations as well as a low-grade inflammatory state. In this context, visceral white adipose tissue could play a major role in age-associated setup pathologies through the loss of metabolic control. Indeed, during aging, white adipose tissue undergoes functional and morphological modifications progressively leading to altered storage and endocrine capacities. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that a new emerging adipocyte secretory profile associated with aging (SASP for senescence associated secretory phenotype) could actively participate to the progressive onset of metabolic diseases related to aging. By proteomic analysis, we identified haptoglobin as a new proinflammatory cytokine overproduced by murine adipose tissue during aging. Our results showed a regulatory feedback loop between adipocyte haptoglobin and senescence state arguing for a role of the cytokine in aging process. Moreover, haptoglobin induced adipocyte metabolic alterations in vitro targeting lipolysis and insulin sensitivity. In vivo validation of haptoglobin's role on metabolic-induced aging are currently ongoing. Our study will allow a better understanding of haptoglobin's role in age-related adipose tissue loss of function and will pave the road for a new therapeutic strategy in the field of metabolism and age-associated pathologies.

The development of cellular senescence is not consistent in cultured bovine fibroblasts. Numerous factors may be contributing to the variable onset of cellular senescence, including oxidative stress, telomere shortening and DNA damage. Recent results indicate that cellular senescence is also associated with markers of DNA replication. This suggests that cells may be more likely to enter a senescent state depending on their cell cycle progression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cell cycle phase on the development of stress-induced premature cellular senescence (SIPS). Bovine fibroblasts were synchronized at various cell cycle phases, followed by treatment with increasing doses of H2O2. Senescent cells were detected using SA-β-galactosidase staining assay. As H2O2 dosage increased, the amount of cell death by necrosis increased in both unsynchronized and cell cycle synchronized groups, while the amount of senescence varied depending on cell cycle phase. Our results suggest that the S phase of the cell cycle is the most resistant to oxidative damage, the G2/M phase is the most susceptible, and the G1/S phase is the most likely to enter senescence as a protective measure following low doses of H2O2. Increased senescence also resulted from an increased recovery time post-H2O2 treatment, and gene expression studies suggest SIPS bovine fibroblasts senesce via the p53-independent pathway. An improved understanding of SIPS has important implications for improving cloning efficiency and understanding age-related diseases.