Aspectos referentes à tectônica rúptil mesozóico-cenozóica da Serra dos Órgãos, nome local dado a Serra do Mar na porção correspondente ao Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos - PARNASO (municípios de Petrópolis, Teresópolis e Magé, Estado do Rio de Janeiro), foram investigados por meio da análise morfoestrutural e de levantamentos de campo. A área estudada compreende elevações que ultrapassam 2.200m de altitude e está incluída no Terreno Oriental do setor central da Faixa Ribeira, de idade neoproterozóica-cambriana, onde afloram rochas metassedimentares intrudidas por várias gerações de rochas granitóides. A análise conjunta dos resultados provenientes dos modelos digitais de elevação, mapas morfométricos, lineamentos, estruturas rúpteis e litotipos, associada ao quadro tectônico regional do sudeste do país, permitiu admitir que a formação das principais feições rúpteis verificadas no PARNASO pode estar relacionada a seis regimes tectônicos superpostos. O primeiro regime remontaria ao Neoproterozóico-Cambriano e seria caracterizado por transcorrência sinistral, com binário de direção geral E-W (compressão de direção NE-SW e distensão NW-SE). Regimes semelhantes foram ativos durante o Eocretáceo e Neocretáceo-Paleoceno, reponsáveis, respectivamente, pela colocação do enxame de diques básicos que ocorre na porção centro ocidental do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e pelos centros intrusivos e diques de rochas alcalinas dispostos ao longo do Alinhamento Magmático de Cabo Frio. Estes regimes ocasionaram intenso fraturamento de orientação NE-SW distribuído por todo o PARNASO. Novo regime tectônico teria operado no Eoceno, caracterizado por distensão de direção NW-SE, considerado como gerador do Rift Continental do Sudeste do Brasil. Embora as feições rúpteis associadas a esta fase tectônica não estejam muito evidentes, sua principal conseqüência no PARNASO seria a compartimentação do relevo da sua porção sul-sudeste em blocos alongados e escalonados abatidos para sudeste. Concomitantemente a este abatimento, deu-se a deformação de uma antiga superfície de aplainamento, que teria nivelado a cimeira da Serra dos Órgãos em torno de 2.000 m. O regime tectônico seguinte, caracterizado por cisalhamento dextral com binário de direção E-W (compressão de direção NW-SE e distensão NE-SW), de idade pleistocena a holocena, teria reativado fraturas de orientação NW-SE, hoje realçadas pelas facetas trapezoidais observadas ao longo do vale do Rio do Bonfim. O último regime tectônico registrado encontra correspondência com uma compressão de direção E-W, de idade holocena. / Mezosoic-Cenozoic brittle tectonics of the Serra dos Órgãos range in the Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil, was investigated using morphostructural analysis and field surveys. The study area is a sector of the Serra do Mar coastal range, with summits over 2.200 m a.s.l., and is included in the central segment of the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Ribeira Belt, where metassedimentary and several generations of granitoid rocks occur. Integrated analysis of digital elevation models, morphometric maps, lineaments, brittle structures and distribution of lithotypes, and comparison with the regional tectonic context of Southeastern Brazil, allowed us to admit that the main brittle features observed in the region are related to six superimposed brittle tectonic regimes. The first tectonic regime, of Neoproterozoic-Cambrian age, was characterized by left-lateral E-W-trending strike-slip, with NE-SW compression and NW-SE extension. Similar regimes were active during Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, when they were responsible, respectively, for the emplacement of basic dykes swarm of the central-western portion of Rio de Janeiro State, and of the intrusive centers and alkaline dykes along the Cabo Frio Magmatic Lineament. This regime caused intense and widespread NE-SW-trending fracturing throughout the study area. During the Eocene, a NW-SE-trending extensional regime, considered as generator of the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brazil, operated in the region. It was responsible for the relief segmentation in the south-southeast part of the area, where NE-SW-trending elongated blocks in a step-like array descending to the southeast are observed. At the same time occurred the deformation of an old erosion surface, which had previously leveled the summit of the Serra dos Órgãos range at around 2.000 m a.s.l. The next tectonic regime is related to a NW-SE Late Pleistocene-Holocene compression which have reactivated NW-SE-trending fractures as normal faults, partially preserved as trapezoidal facets in the landscape. The last tectonic regime recorded in the region finds correspondence with an E-W Holocene compression.

Abstract not available

Maps in pocket inside back cover. / Includes published papers and abstracts of works by the author / "November 2003" / Includes bibliographical references. / Various paging : ill. (chiefly col.), maps, plates, charts (some folded) ; 30 cm. + 2 scaled seismic survey maps / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Centre for Petroleum Geology and Geophysics and Discipline of Geology and Geophysics, 2004

La distribution stratigraphique des diatomées pyritisées et leur répartition paléogéographique sont étudiées dans les sédiments du Paléocène supérieur et principalement de l’Eocène inférieur des Bassins Danois (Ølst et Hinge), de Dieppe-Hampshire (Saint-Josse et Ailly) et Belge (Knokke). Différents types de fossilisation ont été observés. D’une part, dans un stade précoce de la diagenèse, un moulage du frustule est construit par la croissance de minéraux authigéniques (pyrite et barytine). D’autre part, le frustule siliceux est remplacé épigénitiquement par de la pyrite. Ces deux processus de fossilisation, pouvant coexister, gardent les diatomées identifiables. Une méthodologie fiable et reproductible pour l’extraction de ces dernières a été mise en point. Une évolution des zones de diatomées (zonation) est mise en évidence : quatre zones (D0 à D3) d’association ou d’abondance et deux sous-zones (D3a et D3b) sont reconnues. Cette zonation est établie pour les bassins méridionaux et orientaux du Bassin de la Mer du Nord. Elle est corrélable avec les biozonations de King (1983), Fenner (1985), Mudge & Copestake (1992a) et Mitlehner (1994, 1996) valables pour la partie centrale du Bassin de la Mer du Nord. Les zones D0 à D3 autorisent les corrélations entre les unités lithostratigraphiques des différents bassins étudiés et celui de la Mer du Nord. Cela a permis, entre autres, de corréler les sédiments des faciès sparnaciens du Bassin de Dieppe-Hampshire aux formations de la Mer du Nord. Enfin, les diatomées pyritisées sont un nouvel argument pour encadrer la position de la C.I.E. (dont la base est le critère de reconnaissance de la limite Paléocène-Eocène), celle-ci étant située dans la partie inférieure de la zone D1 sous le pic d’abondance de l’espèce Coscinodiscus morsianus var. moelleri. / The stratigraphic distribution of the pyritized diatoms and their paleogeographic repartition are studied in Upper Paleocene and especially Lower Eocene from the Danish (Ølst Hinge), Dieppe-Hampshire (Saint-Josse and Ailly) and Belgian (Knokke) Basins. Different kinds of fossilisation are observed. In a first step of the diagenesis, a mould of the frustule is built thanks to the growth of authigenic minerals (pyrite and barite). The siliceous skeleton may also be completely replaced epigenetically by pyrite. These two types of fossilisation, that may coexist, keep diatoms identifiable. A reliable and reproducible methodology for the extraction of pyritized diatoms has been developed. The evolution of the diatom zones is underlined : four zones (D0 until D3) of association or abundance are recognized. This zonation is established for the southern and eastern basins of the North Sea Basin. It is interrelated with the biozonations of King (1983), Fenner (1985), Mudge & Copestake (1992a) and Mitlehner (1994, 1996) valid for the central part of the North Sea Basin. The zones D0-D3 allow correlations between the lithostratigraphic units of the various studied basins and the one of the North Sea. This enables among others to correlate the sediments of the sparnacien facies of the Dieppe-Hampshire with the formations of the North Sea. At last, the pyritized diatoms represent a new argument to locate the C.I.E. which base is the criterion for the identification of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. The C.I.E. is located in the lower part of the D1 zone under the abundance peak of the Coscinodiscus morsianus var. moelleri species.

Debate persists on the timing, magnitude and style of crustal shortening, uplift and basin evolution in the Andes. Many studies suggest that the central Andes, including the Altiplano plateau, were gradually uplifted as a result of protracted Cenozoic retroarc shortening. However, recent isotopic studies conclude that the Andes instead rose in pulses, with the most significant event occurring at 10-6 Ma. Many researchers attribute these rapid pulses of uplift to lower lithosphere delamination events. A better understanding of the history of Cenozoic crustal shortening is essential for determination of the mechanism(s) of Andean uplift. The well-exposed Cenozoic San Jerónimo Group was studied in the Ayaviri basin of the northern Altiplano in southern Peru. The 3-5 km-thick succession is situated at 3900-4800 m elevation, between the Western Cordillera magmatic arc and the Eastern Cordillera fold-thrust-belt. New detrital zircon U-Pb geochronological results from four sandstones and one reworked tuff in the San Jerónimo succession show large age populations indicative of syndepositional volcanism between approximately 38 and 27 Ma. A 1600-m-thick magnetostratigraphic section further constrains the depositional timing and accumulation rate of the upper portion of the succession. Sedimentological observations show a rapid transition from cross-stratified braided-fluvial sandstones to proximal channel-fill and alluvial-fan conglomerates at ~30 Ma. Paleocurrent measurements show important temporal and spatial variations in sediment dispersal patterns while conglomerate clast counts show an upsection transition from almost exclusively volcanic input to increasing contributions of clastic, quartzite, and limestone detritus. The corresponding shifts in depositional environment and sediment provenance are attributed to the activation of new thrust structures in close proximity to the basin, namely the Pucapuca-Sorapata fault system, indicating the presence of an eastward advancing fold-thrust belt dating to at least 38 Ma and reaching the Ayaviri basin within the northern Altiplano plateau at ~30 Ma. / text

Aspectos referentes à tectônica rúptil mesozóico-cenozóica da Serra dos Órgãos, nome local dado a Serra do Mar na porção correspondente ao Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos - PARNASO (municípios de Petrópolis, Teresópolis e Magé, Estado do Rio de Janeiro), foram investigados por meio da análise morfoestrutural e de levantamentos de campo. A área estudada compreende elevações que ultrapassam 2.200m de altitude e está incluída no Terreno Oriental do setor central da Faixa Ribeira, de idade neoproterozóica-cambriana, onde afloram rochas metassedimentares intrudidas por várias gerações de rochas granitóides. A análise conjunta dos resultados provenientes dos modelos digitais de elevação, mapas morfométricos, lineamentos, estruturas rúpteis e litotipos, associada ao quadro tectônico regional do sudeste do país, permitiu admitir que a formação das principais feições rúpteis verificadas no PARNASO pode estar relacionada a seis regimes tectônicos superpostos. O primeiro regime remontaria ao Neoproterozóico-Cambriano e seria caracterizado por transcorrência sinistral, com binário de direção geral E-W (compressão de direção NE-SW e distensão NW-SE). Regimes semelhantes foram ativos durante o Eocretáceo e Neocretáceo-Paleoceno, reponsáveis, respectivamente, pela colocação do enxame de diques básicos que ocorre na porção centro ocidental do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e pelos centros intrusivos e diques de rochas alcalinas dispostos ao longo do Alinhamento Magmático de Cabo Frio. Estes regimes ocasionaram intenso fraturamento de orientação NE-SW distribuído por todo o PARNASO. Novo regime tectônico teria operado no Eoceno, caracterizado por distensão de direção NW-SE, considerado como gerador do Rift Continental do Sudeste do Brasil. Embora as feições rúpteis associadas a esta fase tectônica não estejam muito evidentes, sua principal conseqüência no PARNASO seria a compartimentação do relevo da sua porção sul-sudeste em blocos alongados e escalonados abatidos para sudeste. Concomitantemente a este abatimento, deu-se a deformação de uma antiga superfície de aplainamento, que teria nivelado a cimeira da Serra dos Órgãos em torno de 2.000 m. O regime tectônico seguinte, caracterizado por cisalhamento dextral com binário de direção E-W (compressão de direção NW-SE e distensão NE-SW), de idade pleistocena a holocena, teria reativado fraturas de orientação NW-SE, hoje realçadas pelas facetas trapezoidais observadas ao longo do vale do Rio do Bonfim. O último regime tectônico registrado encontra correspondência com uma compressão de direção E-W, de idade holocena. / Mezosoic-Cenozoic brittle tectonics of the Serra dos Órgãos range in the Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil, was investigated using morphostructural analysis and field surveys. The study area is a sector of the Serra do Mar coastal range, with summits over 2.200 m a.s.l., and is included in the central segment of the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Ribeira Belt, where metassedimentary and several generations of granitoid rocks occur. Integrated analysis of digital elevation models, morphometric maps, lineaments, brittle structures and distribution of lithotypes, and comparison with the regional tectonic context of Southeastern Brazil, allowed us to admit that the main brittle features observed in the region are related to six superimposed brittle tectonic regimes. The first tectonic regime, of Neoproterozoic-Cambrian age, was characterized by left-lateral E-W-trending strike-slip, with NE-SW compression and NW-SE extension. Similar regimes were active during Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, when they were responsible, respectively, for the emplacement of basic dykes swarm of the central-western portion of Rio de Janeiro State, and of the intrusive centers and alkaline dykes along the Cabo Frio Magmatic Lineament. This regime caused intense and widespread NE-SW-trending fracturing throughout the study area. During the Eocene, a NW-SE-trending extensional regime, considered as generator of the Continental Rift of Southeastern Brazil, operated in the region. It was responsible for the relief segmentation in the south-southeast part of the area, where NE-SW-trending elongated blocks in a step-like array descending to the southeast are observed. At the same time occurred the deformation of an old erosion surface, which had previously leveled the summit of the Serra dos Órgãos range at around 2.000 m a.s.l. The next tectonic regime is related to a NW-SE Late Pleistocene-Holocene compression which have reactivated NW-SE-trending fractures as normal faults, partially preserved as trapezoidal facets in the landscape. The last tectonic regime recorded in the region finds correspondence with an E-W Holocene compression.

Le Bassin de Valence, situé à l’est de l’Ibérie et séparé du Bassin Algérien par le Promontoire Baléares, résulte d’une évolution polyphasée dans l’espace et dans le temps. Son histoire cénozoïque, celle d’un bassin d’arrière-arc Oligo-Miocène, est à présent reconnue. Toutefois cette extension se surimpose à plusieurs phases de rift observées à terre du Permien au Crétacé inférieur. Cette histoire plus ancienne demeure méconnue en mer malgré son importance dans l’héritage structural du bassin. Au sud du Bassin de Valence, le Bassin de Columbrets en témoigne en révélant d’épaisses séquences mésozoïques jusqu’alors incluses dans un « socle acoustique » indifférencié. Ce domaine permet donc le déchiffrage du mécanisme des évènements tectoniques qui se sont succédé du Mésozoïque à l’Est de l’Ibérie d’une part, au Cénozoïque en Méditerranée occidentale d’autre part.Basé sur une stratégie d’étude terre-mer, ce travail vise une meilleure compréhension (1) des processus tectoniques tertiaires modelant le sud du Bassin de Valence et la Méditerranée occidentale (2) de la réponse sédimentaire à des processus d’extension et d’hyper-extension au Mésozoïque (3) de l’importance de l’halocinèse lors la mise en place des structures sédimentaires et tectoniques.L’étude structurale d’Ibiza, l’île la plus méridionale du Promontoire Baléare, reconsidère le calendrier tectonique de la région ainsi que son intégration dans l’histoire géodynamique de la Méditerranée occidentale. Le rift Oligo-Miocène décrit dans le Bassin de Valence et initié par le Système de Rifts Cénozoïques Européens a été observé sur Ibiza. Cet évènement est suivi au Miocène Moyen d’une déformation compressive localisée par les failles normales précédemment formées. La comparaison avec le calendrier tectonique des Kabylies en Algérie montre que cette déformation compressive, qui épargne le Bassin Algérien, résulte de la convergence Europe-Afrique. Des cartes rétro-tectoniques intègrent ces évènements dans le contexte géodynamique de la Méditerranée occidentale depuis l’Oligocène.L’étude des séries Mésozoïques effectuées à terre et en mer (grâce à l’interprétation de données sismiques et de forages) révèle plusieurs phases de rifting du Permien au Crétacé inférieur. Un épisode majeur Jurassique supérieur à Crétacé inférieur est à l’origine de l’épaisse séquence sédimentaire du Bassin de Columbrets. Documentée à terre, cette phase ayant conduit à l’ouverture de la partie sud de l’Atlantique Nord est à l’origine de bassins ibériques ou péri-ibériques tels Maestrat, Caméros ou Parentis.Un amincissement majeur de la croûte est visible sous l’épaisse séquence mésozoïque, la réduisant à 5km. Le mécanisme d’extension voire d’hyper-extension proposé invoque une faille de détachement à pendage NW qui s’enracine dans la croûte inférieure litée. Une représentation des structures en 3D a été réalisée afin de comprendre l’évolution du Bassin de Columbrets.L’architecture sédimentaire du Bassin de Columbrets est également contrôlée par le mouvement des séries salifères depuis leur dépôt au Trias supérieur jusqu’à l’actuel. La partie septentrionale du bassin se caractérise par une halocinèse surtout lié aux déformations extensives de la région. En revanche au sud du front chevauchant des Bétiques, le sel est aussi remobilisé en compression. La géométrie et la répartition des structures salifères décrites à terre et en mer dépendent fortement de l’épaisseur initiale de la couche de sel dans le bassin; cette observation apporte des éléments de réponse sur la paléogéographie des séries du Keuper au sud du Bassin de Valence.Au final cette étude aborde d’une part des thèmes liés au mécanisme de formation des bassins intracontinentaux et plus particulièrement la relation entre hyper-extension, signature sédimentaire et halocinèse. D’autre, elle permet une meilleure intégration du sud du Promontoire Baléare et du Bassin de Valence dans la géodynamique Ouest- Méditerranéenne. / The Valencia Basin, located east of Iberia and separated from the Algerian Basin by the Balearic promontory, underwent a poly-phased tectonic evolution in space and time. The Cenozoic evolution of the basin has been widely discussed, the most classical interpretation being an Oligo-Miocene aborted back-arc basin. However, this extensional tectonic regime postdated several rifting events from the Permian to the Lower Cretaceous. This older evolution remains poorly understood offshore, despite its influence on the tectonic inheritance of the basin. The Columbrets Basin, in the southernmost part of the Valencia Basin, exhibits a thick Mesozoic sequence that was considered to belong to an undifferentiated “acoustic basement”. Hence, the Columbrets Basin is a key study area to unravel the successive Mesozoic to Cenozoic tectonic events in Eastern Iberia and Western Mediterranean.Our study integrates onshore and offshore data to better constrain (1) the Cenozoic tectonic processes that led to the current morphology of the southern Valencia Basin and the Western Mediterranean (2) the sedimentary records Mesozoic extensional to hyper-extensional processes and (3) the importance of the halokinesis in the sedimentary and tectonic architectures.Ibiza Island, located on the southernmost part of the Balearic Promontory, questions the standard tectonic agenda of the area and its integration in the Western Mediterranean geodynamic frame. The Oligo-Miocene rifting phase described in the Valencia basin is initiated by the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS) and has been observed in Ibiza. This event is followed by a Middle Miocene contractional phase reactivating the inherited normal faults. The comparison with the tectonic history of the Kabylies in Algeria shows that this stage that does not affect the Algeria basin, results from the convergence between Europe and Africa. A set of retro-tectonic maps integrates these events in the geodynamic context of West Mediterranean.The Mesozoic units were studied onshore and offshore (using drilling and seismic data); it reveals several rifting phases from the Permian to the Lower Cretaceous. A major Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous event was responsible for the deposition of the thick sequence present in the Columbrets Basin. This tectonic event led to the opening of the southern part of the north Atlantic but is also at the origin of several Iberian or peri-iberian basins such as Maestrat, Cameros, or Parentis basins.A major crustal thinning has been observed underneath the thick Mesozoic sequence, reducing the crustal thickness to 5 km. The proposed extensional and even hyper-extensional mechanism used a NW dipping detachment fault rooting deeply into the layered lower crust. A 3D geometrical model of the structures illustrates the evolution of the Columbrets Basin.The sedimentary architecture of this basin is also controlled by salt movements from their deposition during the Late Triassic to current times. The northern part of the Basin is characterized by salt movements mainly linked to the extensional deformations of the area. South of the Betics Front, the salt is remobilized by compressional deformations. The geometry and the location of the salt structures described onshore and offshore depend on the initial thickness of the salt in the basin; this observation gives evidence for the paleogeography of the Keuper sequences in the south of Valencia Basin.Finally, this study documents the mechanisms leading to the formation of intracontinental basins and especially the relationships between hyperextension, sedimentary filling and halokinesis. On the other hand, our study allows a better integration of the southern part of the Balearic Promontory and Valencia Basin in the geodynamic frame of the West Mediterranean.

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la caractérisation chimique des ambres provenant de plusieurs gisements d’âges et d’origines géographiques variés, dont certains sont inédits. Des protocoles identiques à tous les échantillons et combinant les analyses spectroscopiques (IR et RMN 13C) et chromatographiques (THM-CPG-SM) ont été appliqués, permettant d’identifier l’origine botanique des ambres et fournissant des indices pour la reconstitution des paléoenvironnements terrestres. La caractérisation chimique des gisements d’ambre du Jurassique supérieur (Kimméridgien) jusqu’au Crétacé supérieur (Santonien) du Liban, de Jordanie, du Congo, d’Equateur et de France, permet de proposer des biomarqueurs pour les résines de Cheirolepidiaceae, une famille exclusivement mésozoïque de Conifères. Une évolution des sources botaniques des résines produites durant le Mésozoïque et le Cénozoïque est alors discutée. Une production dominée par les familles de Conifères Araucariaceae et Cheirolepidiaceae est remarquée au Jurassique supérieur et Crétacé inférieur. La production au Crétacé supérieur est plutôt dominée par des Cupressaceae. Au Cénozoïque, les origines botaniques des ambres sont plus variées, et des familles d’Angiospermes sont à l’origine de nombreux gisements, dont l’ambre du Pérou produit par une Fabaceae. La production par des Conifères reste toutefois importante au Tertiaire, à l’exemple des ambres de Nouvelle-Zélande qui ont pour origine les Araucariaceae. Les données obtenues ont permis une ré-évaluation de la classification des ambres par Py-GC-MS. Ainsi, une nouvelle molécule dont la structure est inconnue encore, a été identifiée dans les chromatogrammes d’ambres de classe Ib et Ic, ajoutant un caractère discriminant entre ces deux sous-classes. Enfin, la relation âge / maturation des résines fossiles est discutée, qui dépend avant tout des conditions d’enfouissement des résines. Une large base de données moléculaires est ainsi établie pour un grand nombre de gisements d’âges et d’origines botaniques variés, qui permettra une comparaison globale dans les travaux futurs. / This work focuses on the chemical characterisation of amber from different outcrops from different localities, and varied ages. Some of these outcrops had never been studied. All the amber samples were analysed with the same analytical techniques. The combination of the data obtained from spectroscopic (IR and 13C NMR) and chromatographic (THM-GC-MS) analysis allows the identification of the botanical origin of the amber and provide some information, for the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment. Biomarkers for the cheirolepidiaceous resins were proposed based on the chemical characterisation of different amber outcrops dating from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) to the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) from Lebanon, Jordan, Congo, Ecuador and France. The Cheirolepidiaceae familt was exclusively present in the Mesozoic era. Hence, the evolution of the botanical origins of the produced resins during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras was discussed. It seems that Araucariaceae and Cheirolepidiaceae were the dominant resin producing trees during the Upper Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous. While, cupressaceous resiniferous plants were dominant during the Upper Cretaceous. Howerver, resins dating from the Cenozoic era, were produced by a wider variety of plants, as resiniferous families of Angiosperm intensively participated in the resin production, i.e. the Peruvian amber produced by Fabaceae. Conifer resins traces were also detected in the Tertiary, such as the amber from the Araucariaceae found in New Zealand. The obtained data allowed a re-evaluation of the classification of ambers by Py-GC-MS, leading to the discovery of a novel molecule. This molecule of an unknown structure brings a new discrimination factor between the classes Ib and Ic. Finally, the age / maturity relationship is showed to be dependent on the burial and the conservation conditions of the resins. A broad molecular database is established based a large group of amber outcrops from different ages, and having diverse botanical origins. This database could be used as a comparative platform for further work in the future.

Le but de cette étude est de caractériser par une approche multi-disciplinaire les déformations tectoniques Plio-Quaternaire associées au système de failles de Belledonne (Alpes de l'Ouest).Ce système de faille est composé de plusieurs décrochements qui sont des Bauges au Vercors, la faille dextre NE-SW de l'Arcalod, la faille bordière de Belledonne, dextre et NE-SW, la faille sénestre NW-SE du Brion et la faille NE-SW dextre du Jasneuf.La détermination des états de contraintes tardi-Cénozoique montre que le champ de contrainte actuel responsable de la cinématique en décrochement le long du système de faille de Belledonne date de la fin du Pliocène supérieur/début du Pléistocène et a succédé au champ de contrainte causé par la collision alpine.Les failles de l'Arcalod et du Brion présentent des marqueurs morphologiques décalés mais ambiguës et d'âge incertain (probablement anté-Rissiens). La trace de la faille bordière de Belledonne n'a pu être déterminée, suggérant que la déformation associée à cette dernière soit accommodée dans une large bande de cisaillement.La faille du Jasneuf décale des morphologies d'âges supposés messiniens et anté-Rissiens. La vitesse de cette faille intégrée depuis le messinien serait de 0,13±0,03 mm/an. Considérant que cette faille est limitée à la couverture elle pourrait générer des séismes de magnitude 5,7 tous les ~500 ans.L’accommodation de la déformation actuelle dans l'avant-pays a été étudié dans la vallée de Toulaud (SW de Valence) où une faille tardi-hercynienne recoupe le canyon messinien du Rhône. Les premiers résultats indiquent que la faille décale verticalement le canyon, attestant d'une tectonique Plio-Quaternaire. / The aim of this study is to characterize the Plio-Quaternary tectonic deformations related to the Belledonne fault system (western Alps). The low deformation rates and high erosion rates in the study area imply that a multi-disciplinary approach.From the Bauges to the Vercors massif this fault system is composed of strike-slip faults that are the NE trending right-lateral strike-slip Arcalod fault, the NE trending right-lateral strike-slip Belledonne border fault, the NW trending left-lateral strike-slip Brion fault and the NE trending right-lateral strike-slip Jasneuf fault.The determination of the late Cenozoic stress states revealed that the modern stress field responsible for the Belledonne fault system strike-slip kinematics dates from late upper Pliocene/early Pleistocene and came after the stress field caused by alpine collision.Unclear and undated (but probably pre Rissian) offset morphologic markers are described along the Arcalod and Brion faults. Belledonne border fault trace is not determined suggesting that deformation is accommodated in a wide shearing band.The Jasneuf fault offset morphologies whom ages are supposed Messinian and pre Rissian. Fault slip rate integrated since Messinian would be of 0.13±0.03 mm/yr. Considering that this fault appears limited to the sedimentary cover and excluding an aseismic behavior, she can generate 5.7 Mw earthquake each ~500 years.Modern deformation in the foreland is studied in the Toulaud valley (SW of Valence city) where a late Hercinian fault cross-cut the Messinian canyon of the Rhône river. First results show that the fault offset vertically the canyon, attesting aof Plio-Quaternary tectonics along it.

Le Cénozoïque est marqué par une instabilité climatique et l’accélération des surrections continentales. Ces phénomènes engendrent une augmentation de la production sédimentaire, transférée par les fleuves vers le domaine marin profond. Les façades nord et ouest de l’océan Indien voient se mettre en place quatre des plus grands systèmes sédimentaires au monde : le Gange-Brahmapoutre, l’Indus, le Zambèze et le système tanzanien. Ce travail vise à comprendre les forçages agissant sur la sédimentation et l’architecture de deux des principaux systèmes turbiditiques de l’océan Indien (système tanzanien et du Gange-Brahmapoutre), pour ensuite les comparer avec leurs plus proches voisins (respectivement le Zambèze et l’Indus). Nos principaux résultats, basés sur une approche multiproxy dans les deux zones, mettent en évidence plusieurs points : (1) l’évolution tectono-sédimentaire de la marge tanzanienne au cours du Cénozoïque a mené au développement d’un système turbiditique majeur et atypique, dont la morphologie moderne atteste de l’importance de l’activité tectonique sur sa construction ; (2) le système du Gange-Brahmapoutre enregistre une activité sédimentaire polyphasée, en lien principalement avec les variations du niveau marin. Ce système est capable d’enregistrer les variations de nombreux forçages, influençant à la fois les bassins versants et le domaine marin. Le fonctionnement sédimentaire et l’architecture des systèmes turbiditiques ont révélé une grande diversité selon le contexte géodynamique et physiographique des façades étudiées. La nécessité d’intégrer l’ensemble des forçages (agissant depuis le bassin versant jusque dans le domaine marin profond) dans l’étude de l’activité sédimentaire d’un système turbiditique apparait essentielle de nos jours. / Cenozoic is marked by climatic instability and accelerating continental uplifts. Increasing sediment yield is generated, buffered and transferred by river to the deep sea. Four of the major turbidite systems in the world are located on the northern and the western margins of the Indian Ocean: the Ganges-Brahmaputra, the Indus, the Zambezi and the Tanzanian systems. This work aims to understand forcings affecting sedimentation and morphology of two main turbidite systems (Tanzanian system and Ganges-Brahmaputra system) and results have been compared with their nearest neighbors (respectively Zambezi and Indus). Based on a multiproxies approach in both area, our main results are as follows: (1) during Cenozoic, tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Tanzania margin led to the development of an atypical turbidite system wherein morphology attest of a strong structural control; (2) the Ganges-Brahmaputra system has a sedimentary activity mainly forced by sea level variations. This turbidite system records variations in many forcings impacting sedimentation from the catchment to the deep sea. Turbidite system activity and architecture revealed a strong variability mainly linked to the geodynamic and physiographic context of each studied margin. It appears necessary to integrate all forcings (affecting both the catchment and the deep sea) in the study and the understanding of sedimentary activity in a turbidite system.