Abstract The research of Knowledge and Behavior on Cervical cancer. It is an index of a nation¡¦s competition ability and merit goods referring to citizen health. In additions, it also saves amount of cost from medicine and resource regarding to overall government policy of prevention. In the 20th century, cancer is one of the most concerning matters. From 1982 to 2000,cancer has been a major cause of death. It also rapidly results in 30 thousand deaths per year. Moreover, the Cervical Cancer is a major cause of death for female. (44 out of 100,000 people are affected). It also effects highest rate of death or occurrences of cervical cancer results from overdue treatment according to 60~70% domestic female. In this period, it is essential to consider how we can prevent and reduce occurrences of cervical cancer which are harmful or have threats to all of the women, family and society. Prevention is better than treatment. Cervical Cancer is a major threat of illness to female, however, it is also one of malignance, which can easily be found. Consequently, it needs properly ideas, knowledge and attitude and aggressive actions of health such as injection of vaccine or period body examination in order to achieve the goal of ¡§early found and early treatment¡¨. According to the research, we do believe people have different attitudes, knowledge or behaviors toward cervical cancer prevention due to diverse personal attributions. (Background and character). And it causes different results of cervical cancer healing. In this research of survey, we found the younger age of females such as single female or married without pregnancy, don¡¦t get adequate information or awareness of Cervical cancer and result in readily increasing trends of cervical cancer from 16 to 30 years old female. At the moment, they are the major concerned targets as well as it should be strengthened the way in order to ease the occurrences of cervical Cancer. In this research, we also found it should be improved from ineffectiveness of national organization; consequently, it should be aggressively reinforced on public knowledge and awareness. Finally, people always concern the matters of price, safety and effectiveness of therapy. First, we should raise the functions of effectiveness of therapy and safety in order to reinforce the knowledge and effective vaccine on public. Second, we should build up welfare such as allowance of plans between the ages of 16 to 30 female. Third, government should advocate policy of vaccine injection in order to shrink most rates of cervical cancer and to achieve the goal of ¡§early found and early treatment¡¨. Key words¡Gcervical cancer, screening

Cervical cancer is a global health problem and the most common cancer in women living in sub- Saharan Africa (SSA). Various barriers to cervical screening have been identified. These include cytology based screening. Cervical screening by means of visual inspection with 3% to 5% acetic acid (VIA) can be implemented in a wide range of settings as no laboratory processing is required. This study was a pilot study to determine the knowledge of women, employed by one institution in Tshwane, regarding cervical cancer, whether VIA screening would be acceptable, what the results of such screening would be as well as the practical lessons that could be learnt to improve the screening process. The research study was an exploratory, descriptive and contextual survey. The sampling method was convenient (n=31). Data were gathered by means of self-reports using structured interviews. The results of the screening were documented on a clinical record. The study provides evidence that VIA screening was acceptable to women. However the knowledge of women, despite having a higher level of education, was low. Although one of the participants was VIA positive, none was VIA positive/invasive cancer. Lessons learnt included that the number of women that could be screened in a given time should not be overestimated and that clinical breast examinations should be offered concurrently with cervical screening campaigns.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an invitation letter on cervical cancer screening participation among unscreened Manitoba women 30 to 69 years of age. A cluster randomized trial design was used in which unscreened women (n=31,452) were randomly assigned by the forward sortation area (FSA) of their postal code to an intervention group that was sent an invitation letter (n=17,068) or a control group that was not sent an invitation letter (n=14,384). In order to ensure access to screening, a Pap test clinic was held by a health centre in 20 of the 27 FSAs in the intervention group two to three weeks after the invitation letters were mailed. Six months after the letters were mailed, 1,010 women in the intervention group (5.92%) and 441 women in the control group (3.06%) had a Pap test. Women who were sent an invitation letter were significantly more likely to have had a Pap test in the next six months compared to women who were not sent an invitation letter (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.05, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.78-2.37, p<0.001). However, women who had a Pap test clinic in their FSA were not significantly more likely to have had a Pap test compared to women who did not have a Pap test clinic in their FSA (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.82-1.32, p=0.76). Using the Behavioural Model of Health Services Use as a theoretical framework, predisposing, enabling, and need factors that might influence screening participation were also included as covariables in multivariable logistic regression Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models. There was a significant main effect of age group (p<0.001), average household income (p=0.01), area of residence (p=0.01), residential mobility (p=0.05), and access (p=0.001). Interactions between the invitation letter and each significant variable were tested. The interaction between the invitation letter and age group remained significant (p=0.02); therefore, the effectiveness of the invitation letter was related to age. Overall, 21 women (1.45%) had a high-grade Pap test result.

The aim of this study was to investigate putative progression markers in cells from normal and dyskariotic cervical smears. Specifically, the pattern of cytokeratin expression in normal and abnormal cervical cells was investigated using well characterised monoclonal antibodies, and the role and prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the cervix was determined using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Cytospin prepared from cells from normal cervical smears were stained using the APAAP method with monoclonal antibodies to specific cytokeratins. No meaningful results were obtained, and the pattern of expression of cytokeratins within cells from smears found to be normal and satisfactory could not be determined. No investigations of abnormal smears was undertaken. DNA was extracted from cells obtained from cervical smears and assayed by PCR of the presence of EBV. Overall the prevalence of EBV in the adult uterine cervix in the NE of Scotland was determined to be 42.8%. A total of 200/467 patient samples, investigated for the presence of EBV, were positive. Of these 98/235 (41.7%) were Control patients, 59/151 (39.1%) were Birthright patients, and 43/81 (53%) were Colposcopy patients. When the 98/235 (41.7%) Normal (Control group) and 102/232 (43.9%) Abnormal (Birthright and Colposcopy group) patients were compared, no significant differences (p=0.05) were observed in positivity to EBV. These results would seem to preclude a primary role in carcingenesis for Epstein-Barr virus, but does not exclude its role as a promoting agent for further events leading to carcinoma of the cervix.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an invitation letter on cervical cancer screening participation among unscreened Manitoba women 30 to 69 years of age. A cluster randomized trial design was used in which unscreened women (n=31,452) were randomly assigned by the forward sortation area (FSA) of their postal code to an intervention group that was sent an invitation letter (n=17,068) or a control group that was not sent an invitation letter (n=14,384). In order to ensure access to screening, a Pap test clinic was held by a health centre in 20 of the 27 FSAs in the intervention group two to three weeks after the invitation letters were mailed. Six months after the letters were mailed, 1,010 women in the intervention group (5.92%) and 441 women in the control group (3.06%) had a Pap test. Women who were sent an invitation letter were significantly more likely to have had a Pap test in the next six months compared to women who were not sent an invitation letter (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.05, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.78-2.37, p<0.001). However, women who had a Pap test clinic in their FSA were not significantly more likely to have had a Pap test compared to women who did not have a Pap test clinic in their FSA (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.82-1.32, p=0.76). Using the Behavioural Model of Health Services Use as a theoretical framework, predisposing, enabling, and need factors that might influence screening participation were also included as covariables in multivariable logistic regression Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models. There was a significant main effect of age group (p<0.001), average household income (p=0.01), area of residence (p=0.01), residential mobility (p=0.05), and access (p=0.001). Interactions between the invitation letter and each significant variable were tested. The interaction between the invitation letter and age group remained significant (p=0.02); therefore, the effectiveness of the invitation letter was related to age. Overall, 21 women (1.45%) had a high-grade Pap test result.

No description available.

Objective: Describe the prevalence of HPV genotypes via PCR and DNA sequencing in 397 women who attended to the gynecological outpatient center in the Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca from March to September 2017. Results: A positive PCR result for HPV was observed in 121 cervical samples. A high-risk genotype was found in 63.6% (77/121) of patients, a probably oncogenic type in 23.1% (28/121) and a low-risk type in 7.4%. Among the high-risk genotypes, HPV-31 was the most common one present in 20% (21/77), followed by HPV-16 in 11.4% (12/77). Coinfections between two or more genotypes were observed in 12 cases. / This work was supported by 4th research incentive of the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (Grant: UPC‑EXP‑02‑2017). Lima, Peru. / Revisión por pares

D.Litt et Phil. / Cervical cancer has debilitating symptoms that affect the physical, emotional, social and spiritual dimensions of self-schema. This study adopted a qualitative method to explore the experiences of women living with the disease and focused on self-perceptions. Purposive sampling was used to select 16 women undergoing follow-up treatment for cervical cancer. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed through thematic analysis. The main themes included physical symptoms, sexual intimacy, family obligations, support and coping, effects of treatment, illness schemas, disclosure and spirituality. The findings indicate the impact of cervical cancer on women’s self-schema and a need for a holistic intervention to manage the illness.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Nursing Johannesburg, 2017 / Quality of life is a multidimensional, subjective and individualized concept influenced by culture and value systems. Cancer as a disease remains a major health problem globally and it’s estimated that 528 000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer annually whilst 266 000 will die each year. In Africa cervical cancer statistics indicate that there are 99 038 incidences and 60,098 cervical cancer related deaths (International Agency for Research in Cancer and World Health Organization, 2012). Women with cervical cancer experience physical, psychological and sex-related problems as the consequences of both the disease and treatment and this affects their quality of life. Research Question: What is the quality of life of women treated for cervical cancer at an academic hospital in Gauteng? Purpose of the study was to explore the quality of life in cervical cancer during treatment, at six months and twelve months post treatment at an academic hospital in Gauteng. Aims of the study: The objectives of the study were (1) to explore the quality of life in cervical cancer patients treated with radiation therapy and (2) to compare with the quality of life of women at six months and twelve months after completion of treatment at an academic hospital in Gauteng. Research Design: This is a cross sectional and explorative study. A sample of 153 women was recruited using a convenience sampling for the three groups and data were collected using the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-CX24 questionnaires. The data were captured on an excel spreadsheet and analysed using SPSS IBM 22.0. Results: The overall quality of life of the respondents was affected by the acute side effects experienced during treatment. Cancer related symptoms improved with radiotherapy treatment. Physical functioning was reported as the most affected domain while social functioning was the least affected. / MT2017

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Refer to document