The flux of carbon in to and out of the atmosphere exerts a fundamental control over the Earth's climate. The oceans contain almost two orders of magnitude more carbon than the atmosphere, and consequently, small fluctuations within the oceanic carbon reservoir can have very significant effects on air-sea CO₂ exchange, and the climate of the planet. Pelagic carbonates represent a major long-term flux of carbon from the surface ocean to deep-sea sediments. Within sediments, the biologically produced carbonates act as a longterm carbon store, but also as chemical recorders of past surface ocean conditions. Counterintuitively, despite the production and sedimentation of carbonate acting as a CO₂ sink, over periods shorter than the mixing-time of the ocean, the pH change associated with calcium carbonate precipitation enriches the surface waters in CO₂ and elevates the equilibrium value of gaseous exchange with the atmosphere. Coccolithophores, ubiquitous marine photosynthetic plankton, produce calcium carbonate plates, coccoliths, which account for around one third of all marine calcium carbonate production. Sedimentary coccoliths therefore represent a valuable repository of surface ocean geochemical data, as well as a very significant carbon-cycle flux. This thesis examines how the mass of calcium carbonate produced by coccolithophores has changed in response to rising levels of atmospheric CO₂. A -40% increase in average coccolith mass over the last 230 years, paralleling anthropogenic CO₂ release, is demonstrated within a high-accumulation rate North Atlantic sediment core. Additionally, a flow-cytometry method is presented, which enables the automatic separation of coccoliths from clay particles in sedimentary samples, representing the first step in a coccolith cleaning procedure, which should ultimately enable down-core measurements of coccolith trace-element/calcium ratios. Complementing this work I describe results from continuous dissolution analysis of cultured coccoliths which allows a first-order evaluation of trace-element partitioning into coccoliths produced by the species Coccoliths pelagicus, and present a conceptual methodology to allow the determination of single-species coccolith chemical data.

Drilling during ODP Leg 133 offshore Cairns, northeast Queensland, provided a unique opportunity to document carbonate production and facies development on a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic margin. Recent studies have shown that variations in the sedimentology of Late Quaternary and Pliocene periplatform sediments (Schlager and James, 1978), deposited on continental slopes and in deep basins surrounding shallow carbonate platforms, are linked to changes in sea-level (Droxler et al., 1993; Schlager et al., 1994). However, considerable debate has arisen to the timing of the production and export of shallow water carbonate material, with respect to sea level change. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the response of shallow water carbonate platforms to variation in Late Quaternary sea level: I) 'highstand shedding' and 2) 'lowstand shedding'. Proponents of highstand shedding argue that depositional systems shed most of its carbonate sediments onto the platform slopes during highstands of sea level. Conversely, during lowstands of sea level bank top production and export of carbonate material is restricted, and platform slopes are largely starved of bank derived carbonate (Schlager, 1992; Schlager et al., 1994 ). Supporters of lowstand shedding maintain that significant carbonate production and export of shallow water carbonate material occurs during lowstands (and highstands) of sea level (Bosellini, 1989; Goldhammer and Harris. 1989; Grammer and Ginsburg. 1992). In order to investigate the response of mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems to variations in Late Quaternary sea level and climate change, core material was collected from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 133, Sites 819 and 823 (northeast Australian margin). These two sites form part of an eastward extending transect of drill localities, offshore Cairns, Queensland, from the outershelf/upper-slope of the Great Barrier Reef (Sites 821 /820/819), into the Queensland Trough (Site 823) and ultimately onto the flanks of the Queensland Plateau (Sites 824 and 811 /825). Pelagic to hemipelagic sediments collected from these two sites were examined for the downcore distribution of grain size, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate content, variations in carbonate mineralogy (XRD), and major and minor element (XRF) geochemistry. Using high resolution foraminiferal stable oxygen isotopes, coupled with biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic datums, well defined age models for Hole 819A and Hole 823A have been constructed, although it was not an easy task as hiatuses occur in these records. Age models for the sequences recovered from Hole 819A and Hole 823A have been further refined using correlation with existing isotopic stratigraphies in the Pacific Ocean (ODP Hole 677, Raymo et al., 1989), and comparison with high resolution sedimentologic records from other ODP Leg 133 marine sequences. Analysis of the mineralogical, sedimentological and geochemical records from Holes 819A and 823A indicate that, over the last 1.1 million years, highstands of sea level (and during the early regression) are characterized by increased shallow water carbonate production, and deposition on the upper slope. This pattern of carbonate deposition is consistent with the highstand carbonate shedding scenario outlined by Schlager et al. (1992), and Schlager et al. ( 1994 ). Lowstands of sea level (and particularly the early transgression) are characterized by increased deposition of non-carbonate (mainly terrigenous) material and/or were not diluted by shallow water carbonate platform material. During the lowstands of sea level the shallow water carbonate factories were switched off. Therefore, the sediments deposited during lowstands of sea level tend to record the greater influence of pelagic driven carbonate. Although the above mentioned scenario of highstand shedding applies to the entire record of 1.1 million years. mineralogical and geochemical data indicate that shallow burial diagenesis, and dissolution of solution sensitive carbonate, occurred in the lower part of the records. The diagenesis and dissolution, however, have played only a minor role in determining the composition of the Queensland margin sediments. Variations in the terrigenous input (Cr/Al and Ti/AI ratios) in Queensland margin sediments indicate that interglacial periods were generally wetter than corresponding glacials or lowstands of sea level, during the Late Quaternary.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The coastal cliff top line recession has historically been used to calculate erosion along the Southern Monterey Bay. Digital photogrammetry is used in this work to produce Digital Terrain Models (DTM), representing the coastal cliff top line of 1984. This links the historical recession data sets with the LIDAR measurements of 1997 and 1998 and a 2003 cliff top line measured using Kinematic DGPS. Recession time series starting in the 1940's are produced for several locations. Least square linear fits of the recession data are computed for the periods 1940-84, 1940-98 and 1940-03. At Fort Ord and Sand City the resulting slopes show a persistent erosion trend of 1meter/year, unchanged in the last 19 years. The mean sea level (MSL) evolution is studied using historical San Francisco MSL data because of its high correlation with Monterey MSL. Higher MSL during El NinÌ o years, coincident with higher erosion rates show the correlation between erosion and MSL. In the long term, high-erosion El NinÌ o years combine with normal years averaging to a near constant erosion trend. For Phillips Petroleum and Beach Lab a significant decrease in the erosion rate is observed after sand mining stopped in Sand City. Digital Photogrammetry provides a high-quality representation of the shoreline topography, offering useful information to the warfighter in terms of detailed beach or landing zone characterizations. / Lieutenant Commander, Spanish Navy

This thesis provides an analysis of the diminishing sea ice trend in the Arctic Ocean by examining the NPS 1/12-degree pan-Arctic coupled ice-ocean model. While many previous studies have analyzed changes in ice extent and concentration, this research focuses on ice thickness as it gives a better indication of ice volume variability. The skill of the model is examined by comparing its output to sea ice thickness data gathered during the last two decades. The first dataset used is the collection of draft measurements conducted by U.S. Navy submarines between 1986 and 1999. The second is electromagnetic (EM) induction ice thickness measurements gathered using a helicopter by the Alfred Wegener Institute in April 2003. Last, model output is compared with data collected by NASAâ s ICESat program using a laser altimeter mounted on a satellite of the same name. The NPS model indicates an accelerated thinning trend in Arctic sea ice during the last decade. The validation of model output with submarine, EM and ICESat data supports this result. This lends credence to the postulation that the Arctic not only might, but is likely to be ice-free during the summer in the near future.

Employee training is designed to help ensure successful achievement of business goals. Training's expense encourages the investigation of behavioral changes. The present study evaluated behavioral changes that occurred as a result of a Business Process training course. A performance rating measure was designed to assess the behaviors addressed in the course. A group of 52 people took the training. Performance was measured using a pretest, and then posttest three months later. A control group of 52 people also responded to the performance measure twice, without training. A second control group of 52 took a posttest only. MANOVA results showed a significant difference between change scores at the .001 level, indicating that the training did change behavior. The control group posttest scores differed somewhat between the two control groups, indicating a possible pretest effect.

This study explores the longitudinal changes among a sample of early adolescent girls in China throughout their transition from primary to junior high school. Early adolescence is a time of multiple transitions and is associated with a range of mental health outcomes in Western literature. This study will be the first to examine developmental changes in early adolescence among Chinese girls. A sample of 425 Chinese girls completed a self‐report questionnaire at three time points: the end of primary school, the start of the first year of junior high, and the end of the first year of junior high. The questionnaire comprised a range of measures relating to bodily changes, puberty, and gender issues, social changes in family, peers and school, and a series of standardised measures of mental health including: life satisfaction, self‐esteem, psychosomatic symptoms, loneliness, anxiety, depression, and coping. Results were analysed using ANOVA to examine longitudinal changes in measures. Following an overview of the interrelations between all the variables in this study using One‐way ANOVA, longitudinal results were reported in three chapters: physical changes, social changes, and mental health. Findings relating to physical growth highlighted the co‐occurrence of pubertal development and school transition. Significant increases in body dissatisfaction and social comparisons of physical appearance were identified, indicating girls’ growing self‐consciousness about their physical changes. Specifically, apart from weight concerns, an interesting finding of this study was that girls in this study reported consistently higher and significantly growing concerns about their height stature. A significant decline in positive feelings of gender typing was also identified. In terms of social development, there were no longitudinal changes in the overall quality of attachment with parents or peers, as well as peer norms, suggesting that although variance exists across individuals, these constructs remained longitudinally stable in this sample. On the other hand, a significant decline was found in parental involvement. In contrast to the negative outcomes reported widely in Western literature following the primary to middle school transition, this study revealed an overall positive school transition experience. To be specific, overall school climate was reported to be more positive in junior high school, girls’ personal goals and school behaviours were improved longitudinally, and school transition problems were significantly smaller than expected prior to the transition. Analysis of developmental changes in mental health revealed no changes in global life satisfaction and depression. However, self‐esteem in general significantly reduced over time; simultaneously and interestingly, psychosomatic health, loneliness, and overall anxiety significantly improved after the transition. Furthermore, longitudinally girls adopted a wider range of coping strategies to deal with stressful events, although both the selection and efficacy evaluation varied across coping strategies among individuals. This study is the first to explore Chinese girls’ development during early adolescence. Developmental trends are established in Chinese adolescent girls’ physical, social, and psychological domains. Despite evidence consistent with the universalities of this life stage as established in Western literature, this study also highlights cultural differences in the developmental experiences of Chinese adolescents. Taken together, the findings reveal a positive developmental phase with little evidence of increases in adaptation difficulties or mental health outcomes. These empirical findings are in contrast to Western research, which often highlights early adolescence as a time of adaptation difficulties. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on adolescent development. The role of culture and implications for future research and practice are also discussed.

Tree-ring records from long-lived trees are instrumental for understanding climate variability during the Common Era. Some of the oldest and most valuable conifers used to reconstruct past climate exhibit strip-bark morphology, in which vertical segments of the tree have died in response to environmental stress. This form of localized stem mortality, also referred to as partial cambial dieback, is particularly common on conifers growing in xeric, cold, or exposed environments. Some studies note that strip-bark trees have increasing ring-width trends relative to trees with a fully living stem circumference, but there is substantial uncertainty as to what extent partial cambial dieback can influence tree-ring records and subsequent climate reconstructions. This dissertation explores the environmental drivers of partial cambial dieback on Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) from Mongolia, the effect of cambial dieback on the radial growth and physiology of affected trees, and methods for reducing strip-bark biases in tree-ring records. Chapter 1 assesses the causes and radial growth impacts of partial cambial dieback on Siberian pine trees growing on an ancient lava flow in central Mongolia. Using a combination of field observations and dendrochronological methods, this chapter demonstrates that strip-bark trees from this site exhibit dieback primarily on the southern side of stems, and that dieback was most common during a cold and dry period in the mid-19th century. Given the directionality and timing of dieback on these strip-bark trees, it is hypothesized that localized mortality events are linked to physiological injuries spurred from solar heating combined with unfavorable climatic conditions. This chapter also reveals that strip-bark trees from this site have increasing radial growth trends relative to trees with a full circular morphology (“whole-bark” trees). Strip-bark trees showed an especially rapid increase in ring widths following the cambial dieback period in the mid-19th century, providing initial evidence that dieback events can lead to increasing ring widths in strip-bark Siberian pine. Chapter 2 seeks to discern the physiological mechanisms of increasing radial growth trends in the Siberian pine strip-bark trees using stable carbon and oxygen isotopes from tree rings. One simple hypothesis is that strip-bark trees show increasing ring-width trends because radial growth is restricted to a smaller stem area after cambial dieback events. Conversely, some studies have hypothesized that increasing ring widths in strip-bark trees reflect a CO2 fertilization effect on growth that is not readily apparent in whole-bark trees. This chapter finds that strip-bark and whole-bark trees responded similarly to increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate variability in their radial growth and leaf-level gas exchange inferred from tree-ring stable isotopes. However, strip-bark and whole-bark trees showed notably different behavior following documented cambial dieback events. After dieback events, strip-bark trees exhibited an increase in ring widths and an enrichment in stable carbon and oxygen isotopes that was not apparent in whole-bark trees. These results further support the notion that partial cambial dieback leads directly to increasing ring widths in strip-bark trees, and that this response could reflect an increase in the ratio of leaf to live stem area after dieback occurs. Chapters 1 and 2 demonstrate that partial cambial dieback events and morphological changes impact the radial growth and physiology of strip-bark trees. Therefore, prior to developing climate reconstructions, it is necessary to remove variance associated with these non-climatic, morphological changes in tree-ring series. Chapter 3 outlines two chronology development methods for reducing strip-bark biases in tree-ring records. These methods, applied to Siberian pine and Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva Bailey), successfully reduce a strip-bark bias without removing low-to-medium frequency climate variance inferred from whole-bark trees, which were not impacted by dieback activity. While one approach directly corrects the bias in strip-bark series using a whole-bark chronology as a target, another method is based on the development of a low-percentile chronology, which can be applied to a site collection where the stem morphology of individual trees is unknown. Some limitations and caveats of these methods are discussed in context of the analyzed tree species. The findings from this dissertation have significantly contributed to our understanding of the radial growth and physiological responses of Siberian pine to partial cambial dieback and environmental changes. This dissertation also provides new methods for removing strip-bark biases in tree-ring chronologies. The conclusions presented here have important implications regarding the potential effects of partial cambial dieback on tree-ring records from other tree species and climate reconstructions derived from them. Continued and detailed study of the causes and impacts of partial cambial dieback on other tree species will be critical for understanding the interactions between ancient trees and their environment, and for improving the reliability of climate reconstructions based fully or partly on strip-bark trees.

A dissertation submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (MSc) (Geography Archaeology and Environmental Studies) Faculty of Science. University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, March 2016. / The southern African sardine run is an annually recurring phenomenon involving vast schools of sardines travelling northwards along the east coast of South Africa. Climate change is assumed responsible for recently observed changes in the occurrence of sardine runs, yet data have been absent to quantify any phenological changes over time. The National Library of South Africa has extensive archives of Kwa-Zulu Natal based newspapers which were scrutinized to determine the annual arrival of sardines at specific places along the east coast between 1946 and 2012. In particular, ‘The Natal Mercury’, ‘South Coast Herald’ and ‘South Coast Sun’ newspapers were consulted. This yielded an uninterrupted sardine run record spanning 66 consecutive years. This is the first such study examining historical fish phenology in the southern Hemisphere. A variety of environmental conditions is thought to influence the sardine runs and may include, oceanic temperatures, oceanic currents, visibility of the water, wind speed/direction and air temperature. We thus also demonstrate historical climate variability and change along the east coast for the period between 1936 and 2012, based on data obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the South African Weather Service. In particular, we examine the parameters: temperature, wind, the occurrence of westerly wave disturbances (i.e. cold fronts), the El Nino Southern Oscillation, and the Southern Oscillation Index. The sardine run data are then compared against the various climate parameters to ascertain which variables most influence their phenology. It is found that the sardine runs have become more temporally delayed during recent years, particularly since the late 1960s/early 1970s, and may be associated with considerable increases in Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) since that time. / TG2016

Climate change education, at both primary and secondary school levels, has been recognised as a key approach through which to enhance the knowledge and understanding of climate change among learners. The success of climate change education is largely dependent on the resources through which learners acquire knowledge of climate change, namely teachers and textbooks. This two dimensional study investigates FET geography teachers’ knowledge and perceptions of climate change, and provides a critique of the geography textbooks used most frequently by these teachers in climate change education. To investigate teachers’ understandings of climate change, the study employed a qualitative non-experimental research design, which encompassed semi-structured interviews conducted with 32 geography teachers in Gauteng province, South Africa. A number of key inconsistencies, misconceptions and gaps were found to exist in teachers’ knowledge and perceptions of climate change. The value of the nine FET level geography textbooks for climate change education was assessed, and critiqued using a classification process based on criteria developed by the researcher. This assessment revealed a number of shortfalls in the textbooks’ provision of relevant, accessible and accurate information on climate change. It is important that these flaws and shortfalls in both teachers’ knowledge and textbooks representations of climate change are rectified as they are likely to have implications for the ultimate success of climate change education in schools.

by Sea Man Mei, Mandy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-214). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / LIST OF ABBREVAIATIONS --- p.vi / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter1 --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- DEFINITION --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- MOTIVATION OF THE ONSET OF WEIGHT CYCLING --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WEIGHT CYCLING --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- """Dieting-Induced Obesity"" Hypothesis" --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Food Efficiency --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Proposed Mechanisms for the Increase of Food Efficiency --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Change in Body Fat --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Association with Increased Mortality and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Depletion of Linoleic Acid and α-Linolenic Acid Caused by Weight Cycling is Independent of the Extent of Calorie-Restriction / Chapter 2.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Nomenclature of Fatty Acids --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Metabolism and Physiological Roles of LA and α-LnA --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- "LA, α-LnA and their Derivatives as Structural Components" --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Production of Eicosanoids from LA and α-LnA --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Other Physiological Roles --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Dietary LA and α-LnA Relative to CHD --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Dietary LA and CHD --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Dietary α-LnA and CHD --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- WC-Induced Alteration in the Composition of Tissue Lipids --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Animals and Diets --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Lipid Analysis --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Triacylglycerol Species Analysis --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Other Assays --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Statistics --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- RESULTS --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Food Intake --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Change of Body weight --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Weight of Liver and Adipose Tissues --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Serum Cholesterol and Triglycerides --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Carcass Total Fatty Acids --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Adipose Tissue Fatty Acids --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Liver Fatty Acids --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5 --- DISSCUSION --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter3 --- Influence of Dietary Fat Level on Fatty Acid Composition and Adiposity in Weight-Cycled Rats / Chapter 3.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Fat Preference and Intake in Humans --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Alteration of Lipid Metabolism Induced by Dietary Fat --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Interaction Between Weight Cycling and Fat Intake --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2 --- OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Animals and Diets --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Analysis of Adipocytes --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Fatty Acid Analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- "Determination of Serum Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Glucose" --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Statistics --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4 --- RESULTS --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Body Weight --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Food Intake and Food Efficiency --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Weight of Liver --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Weight of Adipose Tissue --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Number and Size of Adipocytes --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- "Serum Triglycerides, Cholesterol and Glucose" --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- Fatty Acid Composition --- p.92 / Chapter 3.5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.145 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Weight Cycling-Induced Obesity Only with a High-Fat Diet --- p.145 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Effect of Weight Cycling on the Size of Adipocytes --- p.147 / Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- Food Efficiency during Weight Cycling --- p.148 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Weight-Cycling Induced Specific Alteration of Fatty Acid Metabolism --- p.149 / Chapter Chapter4 --- Weight Cycling Altered the Activities of Lipoprotein Lipase and Lipogenic Enzymes in Rats / Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.152 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Fatty Acid Metabolism --- p.152 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Fatty Acid Synthesis --- p.152 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Fatty Acid Storage --- p.155 / Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- Fatty Acid Oxidation --- p.156 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Hormonal Control of Fatty Acid Metabolism During Fasting and Refeeding --- p.158 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Fatty Acid Metabolism During Fasting --- p.158 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Fatty Acid Metabolism During Fed-State --- p.160 / Chapter 4.2 --- OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.161 / Chapter 4.3 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Samples --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Enzymatic Analysis --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL; EC 3.1.1.34) --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS; EC 2.3.1.85) --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Malic Enzyme (ME; EC 1.1.1.40) --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Pyruvate Kinase (PK; EC 2.7.1.40) --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.2.5 --- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC; EC 6.4.1.2) --- p.167 / Chapter 4.3.2.6 --- "Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK, EC 4.1.1.32)" --- p.168 / Chapter 4.3.2.7 --- Determination of Protein Content --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Determination of Serum Insulin and Serum Glucagon --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Statistics --- p.169 / Chapter 4.4 --- RESULTS --- p.170 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Enzymatic Analysis --- p.170 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Lipoprotein Lipase --- p.170 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Fatty Acid Synthase --- p.175 / Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- Malic Enzyme --- p.182 / Chapter 4.4.1.4 --- Pyruvate Kinase --- p.182 / Chapter 4.4.1.5 --- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase --- p.187 / Chapter 4.4.1.6 --- Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase --- p.187 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Level of Serum Insulin and Glucagon --- p.192 / Chapter 4.5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.196 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effect of Weight Cycling on Activity of Lipoprotein Lipase and Lipogenic Enzymes Activity --- p.196 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- The Overshoot of Enzymatic Activities in Relation to Tissue Fatty Acid Composition --- p.198 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- No Elevation of Plasma Insulin in Weight Cycled Rats --- p.199 / Chapter Chapter5 --- Conclusion --- p.200 / References --- p.203