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Effet thermoélectrique dans des dispersions colloïdales / Thermoelectric effect in colloidal dispersionsMajee, Arghya 14 September 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur le mouvement de particules colloïdales induit par l’effet thermoélectrique (ou effet Seebeck). Dans un électrolyte soumis à un gradient de température, les ions ont tendance à migrer à des vitesse qui différent d'une espèce à l'autre. On observe alors une accumulation de charge aux bords de l’échantillon. Ce déséquilibre induit un champ électrique qui agit sur les colloïdes chargés présents dans la solution. Cette contribution électrophorétique dans le champ de Seebeck s'additionne à la contribution directe de thermodiffusion. Comme résultat principal,nous obtenons la vitesse phorétique en fonction de la fraction volumique des particules et, dans le cas de polyélectrolytes, du poids moléculaire. Dans la seconde partie, nous étudions l’effet thermoélectrique pour une particule chauffée par absorption d’un faisceau laser. Le gradient de température est alors radial et l’effet Seebeck induit une charge nette dans le voisinage de la particule. Enfin, nous discutons les applications possibles de ce phénomène de thermocharge / In this work we study the motion induced in a colloidal dispersion by thethermoelectric or Seebeck effect. As its basic principle, the ions of the electrolytesolution start moving in a temperature gradient. In general, the velocity of one iondiffers from another. As a result, one observes a charge separation and a macroscopicelectric field. This thermoelectric field, in turn, acts upon the charged colloidalparticle present in the solution. Thus thermophoresis of the particle comprises of anelectrophoretic motion in the thermoelectric or Seebeck field. As an important result,we derive how the corresponding velocity of a colloidal particle depends upon thecolloidal volume fraction or on molecular weight for polymers. In a second part, westudy the thermoelectric effect due to a hot colloidal particle where a radialtemperature gradient is produced by the particle itself. In this temperature gradientthe same Seebeck effect takes place in the electrolyte solution. We find that the hotparticle carries a significant amount of charge around it. Whereas the amount ofsurface charges present at the boundaries of the sample container in the onedimensionalcase is rather insignificant. Possible applications of this thermochargingphenomenon are also discussed.
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Coloides carregados ou porosos: estudos das propriedades hidrodinâmicas e eletrocinéticas com o método Lattice Boltzmann / Charged or porous colloids: studies of studies of hydrodynamic and electrokinetic properties with Lattice Boltzmann MethodRodrigues Junior, Wagner Gomes 02 September 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como motivação experimental problemas surgidos nos laboratórios de biofísica do IF-USP em medidas com vesículas carregadas, que podem ser usadas para estudar membranas biológicas. As propriedades destes sistemas, e, em particular, como função da temperatura, só podem ser investigadas indiretamente. A interpretação dos resultados depende de uma modelagem coerente. Entre as exigências de coerência, estariam a justificativa para a discrepância entre resultados para as medidas de raio dos macroíons lipídicos, no intervalo de temperaturas próximas à transição gelfluido, obtidas por técnicas experimentais diferentes (Static Light Scattering (SLS) e Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)) e as anomalias no calor específico, na condutividade e na mobilidade eletroforética da solução coloidal iônica, no mesmo intervalo de temperatura. Estudos anteriores a este trabalho sugeriam a formação de poros em tais vesículas, como tentativa de explicar diferenças nos resultados das técnicas de espalhamento, bem como o papel da análise do equilíbrio termodinâmico da dissociação sobre as propriedades térmicas e termoelétricas. Para interpretar e dar coerência aos diversos resultados experimentais existentes, é necessário desenvolver modelos teóricos. É objetivo deste trabalho desenvolver técnicas de tratamento de modelos teóricos quanto às propriedades de transporte. Assim, neste estudo utilizamos o método computacional conhecido como ``Lattice Boltzmann\'\' (LBM) procurando focar no estudo de propriedades de meios porosos e de coloides carregados. Para melhor compreensão dos limites e justificativas do modelo, realizamos um breve estudo sobre a equação de Boltzmann e suas propriedades. Assim, depois de desenvolver um código em linguagem C para o LBM, e testá-lo com resultados conhecidos, utilizamos o ``Lattice Boltzmann\'\' para determinar o coeficiente de arrasto de esferas e cascas esféricas porosas, comparando com resultados analíticos e experimentais conhecidos. Para o estudo de sistemas coloidais carregados, acoplamos o ``Lattice Boltzmann`` a outra técnica computacional, ``Fast Multipole Method\'\' (FMM), para poder estudar efeitos elétricos e hidrodinâmicos associados aos coloides com carga. Foram feitas simulações de fluxo eletrosmótico e eletrólitos entre placas carregadas que apresentaram resultados animadores ao comparar com resultados analíticos, constatando que FMM pode ser uma alternativa à resolução da equação de Laplace para determinar o potencial eletrostático em simulações com LBM. Além disso foram feitas simulações de mobilidade eletroforética em meios sem sal, que mostram que o código pode ser utilizado como ferramenta na busca da solução para as dúvidas surgidas no estudo de vesículas carregadas. / This study was inspired by the problem of interpreting experimental results arising in the Biophysics Laboratory of the Institute of Physics - USP. Different techniques are used to investigate charged vesicles that are used as an experimental model for biological membranes. Careful measurements of vesicle radius, in the range of gel-fluid transition temperature, through different experimental techniques, namely Static and Dynamic Light Scattering (SLS and DLS) led to very different results. Previous studies of the same system suggested the formation of pores in such vesicles. In addition, specific heat and conductivity measurements on charged vesicles displayed an anomalous region, in the range of gel-fluid transition temperature, as compared to neutral vesicles. In an attempt to make progress in the understanding of the above problems, we use the computational method known as Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) seeking to focus on the study of transport properties of porous and charged colloids. To better understand the limits of the model and justifications, we make a brief study of the Boltzmann equation and its properties. Thus, after developing a code in $C$ language for LBM, and testing it with known results, we use the Lattice Boltzmann method to obtain the drag coefficient of spheres and porous spherical shells. We compare our results with analytical and experimental results from the literature and obtain good fitting. For the study of charged colloidal systems, we associate the Lattice Boltzmann method with a computational technique for the calculation of the eletrostatic potential: the Fast Multipole Method (FMM), which enables us to study electrical and hydrodynamic effects on charged colloids. We simulate electroosmotic flow and electrolytes between charged plates, with encouraging results in the comparison with known analytical result. This suggests that FMM may be a good alternative to resolution of the Laplace equation to determine the electrostatic potential simulations with LBM. Moreover we have obtained the electrophoretic mobility for charged colloids in saltless solutions, which makes our code a possible instrument for the interpretation of experimental results on charged vesicles.
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Coloides carregados ou porosos: estudos das propriedades hidrodinâmicas e eletrocinéticas com o método Lattice Boltzmann / Charged or porous colloids: studies of studies of hydrodynamic and electrokinetic properties with Lattice Boltzmann MethodWagner Gomes Rodrigues Junior 02 September 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como motivação experimental problemas surgidos nos laboratórios de biofísica do IF-USP em medidas com vesículas carregadas, que podem ser usadas para estudar membranas biológicas. As propriedades destes sistemas, e, em particular, como função da temperatura, só podem ser investigadas indiretamente. A interpretação dos resultados depende de uma modelagem coerente. Entre as exigências de coerência, estariam a justificativa para a discrepância entre resultados para as medidas de raio dos macroíons lipídicos, no intervalo de temperaturas próximas à transição gelfluido, obtidas por técnicas experimentais diferentes (Static Light Scattering (SLS) e Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)) e as anomalias no calor específico, na condutividade e na mobilidade eletroforética da solução coloidal iônica, no mesmo intervalo de temperatura. Estudos anteriores a este trabalho sugeriam a formação de poros em tais vesículas, como tentativa de explicar diferenças nos resultados das técnicas de espalhamento, bem como o papel da análise do equilíbrio termodinâmico da dissociação sobre as propriedades térmicas e termoelétricas. Para interpretar e dar coerência aos diversos resultados experimentais existentes, é necessário desenvolver modelos teóricos. É objetivo deste trabalho desenvolver técnicas de tratamento de modelos teóricos quanto às propriedades de transporte. Assim, neste estudo utilizamos o método computacional conhecido como ``Lattice Boltzmann\'\' (LBM) procurando focar no estudo de propriedades de meios porosos e de coloides carregados. Para melhor compreensão dos limites e justificativas do modelo, realizamos um breve estudo sobre a equação de Boltzmann e suas propriedades. Assim, depois de desenvolver um código em linguagem C para o LBM, e testá-lo com resultados conhecidos, utilizamos o ``Lattice Boltzmann\'\' para determinar o coeficiente de arrasto de esferas e cascas esféricas porosas, comparando com resultados analíticos e experimentais conhecidos. Para o estudo de sistemas coloidais carregados, acoplamos o ``Lattice Boltzmann`` a outra técnica computacional, ``Fast Multipole Method\'\' (FMM), para poder estudar efeitos elétricos e hidrodinâmicos associados aos coloides com carga. Foram feitas simulações de fluxo eletrosmótico e eletrólitos entre placas carregadas que apresentaram resultados animadores ao comparar com resultados analíticos, constatando que FMM pode ser uma alternativa à resolução da equação de Laplace para determinar o potencial eletrostático em simulações com LBM. Além disso foram feitas simulações de mobilidade eletroforética em meios sem sal, que mostram que o código pode ser utilizado como ferramenta na busca da solução para as dúvidas surgidas no estudo de vesículas carregadas. / This study was inspired by the problem of interpreting experimental results arising in the Biophysics Laboratory of the Institute of Physics - USP. Different techniques are used to investigate charged vesicles that are used as an experimental model for biological membranes. Careful measurements of vesicle radius, in the range of gel-fluid transition temperature, through different experimental techniques, namely Static and Dynamic Light Scattering (SLS and DLS) led to very different results. Previous studies of the same system suggested the formation of pores in such vesicles. In addition, specific heat and conductivity measurements on charged vesicles displayed an anomalous region, in the range of gel-fluid transition temperature, as compared to neutral vesicles. In an attempt to make progress in the understanding of the above problems, we use the computational method known as Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) seeking to focus on the study of transport properties of porous and charged colloids. To better understand the limits of the model and justifications, we make a brief study of the Boltzmann equation and its properties. Thus, after developing a code in $C$ language for LBM, and testing it with known results, we use the Lattice Boltzmann method to obtain the drag coefficient of spheres and porous spherical shells. We compare our results with analytical and experimental results from the literature and obtain good fitting. For the study of charged colloidal systems, we associate the Lattice Boltzmann method with a computational technique for the calculation of the eletrostatic potential: the Fast Multipole Method (FMM), which enables us to study electrical and hydrodynamic effects on charged colloids. We simulate electroosmotic flow and electrolytes between charged plates, with encouraging results in the comparison with known analytical result. This suggests that FMM may be a good alternative to resolution of the Laplace equation to determine the electrostatic potential simulations with LBM. Moreover we have obtained the electrophoretic mobility for charged colloids in saltless solutions, which makes our code a possible instrument for the interpretation of experimental results on charged vesicles.
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Colloidal Interactions in Aquatic Environments: Effect of Charge Heterogeneity and Charge AsymmetryTaboada-Serrano, Patricia Larisse 21 November 2005 (has links)
The classical theory of colloids and surface science has universally been applied in modeling and calculations involving solid-liquid interfaces encountered in natural and engineered environments. However, several discrepancies between the observed behavior of charged solid-liquid interfaces and predictions by classical theory have been reported in the past decades. The hypothesis that the mean-field, pseudo-one-component approximation adopted within the framework of the classical theory is responsible for the differences observed is tested in this work via the application of modeling and experimental techniques at a molecular level. Silica and silicon nitride are selected as model charged solid surfaces, and mixtures of symmetric and asymmetric indifferent and non-indifferent electrolytes are used as liquid phases.
Canonical Monte Carlo simulations (CMC) of the electrical double layer (EDL) structure of a discretely charged planar silica surface, embedded in solutions of indifferent electrolytes, reveal the presence of a size exclusion effect that is enhanced at larger values of surface charge densities. That effect translates into an unexpected behavior of the interaction forces between a charged planar surface and a spherical particle. CMC simulations of the electrostatic interactions and calculations of the EDL force between a spherical particle and a planar surface, similarly charged, reveal the presence of two attractive force components: a depletion effect almost at contact and a long-range attractive force of electrostatic origin due to ion-ion correlation effects. Those two-force components result from the consideration of discreteness of charge in the interaction of solid-liquid interfaces, and they contradict the classical theory predictions of electrostatic repulsive interaction between similarly charged surfaces. Direct interaction force measurements between a charged planar surface and a colloidal particle, performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), reveal that, when indifferent and non-indifferent electrolytes are present in solution, surface charge modification occurs in addition to the effects on the EDL behavior reported for indifferent electrolytes. Non-uniformity and even heterogeneity of surface charge are detected due to the action of non-indifferent, asymmetric electrolytes.
The phenomena observed explain the differences between the classical theory predictions and the experimental observations reported in the open literature, validating the hypothesis of this work.
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