Environmental pollution from untreated wastewater disposal is one of the most serious environmental issues. Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is known to be a very toxic compound, frequently found in polluted industrial wastewaters, and causes major environmental problems. On the other hand, among the agro-industrial wastewaters, dairy wastewaters can also cause serious environmental pollution due to their high organic loads. Specifically, when untreated dairy wastewater is deposited into surface water bodies it can cause eutrophication and environmental toxicity. The use of constructed wetlands began 40 years ago in North America and Europe. The idea arose from the use of wetlands as final recipients to treat effluent wastewaters. After studies on their construction and improved operations, today constructed wetlands are used as a processing technology in many countries for the treatment of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, landfill leachates, etc. Due to their simplicity and low operational cost, constructed wetlands are becoming more prevalent in wastewater treatment all over the world. Their range of applications is no longer limited to municipal wastewater or industrial wastewater but has expanded to the treatment of heavily polluted wastewaters such as agro-industrial effluents. Constructed wetlands can tolerate high pollutant loads and toxic substances without reducing their removal ability, thus these systems are very effective bio-reactors even in hostile environments. The potential application of constructed wetlands in the treatment of chromium-bearing wastewaters has been reported recently. Additionally, secondary cheese whey, a nutrient-rich wastewater which has high potential of polluting surface and/or groundwater, is now being treated either by conventional or biological treatment processes. However, limited research has been conducted on the treatment of secondary cheese whey using constructed wetlands. The objectives of this PhD research were to evaluate a) the effect of different parameters (HRT, temperature, physiochemical parameters) on the treatment of wastewater containing Cr(VI) and secondary cheese whey, using pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) constructed wetlands, b) a sustainable disposal technique of chromium treated reed biomass and c) the treatment efficiency of undiluted secondary cheese whey using pilot-scale HSF constructed wetland at very low HRT and removal of Cr(VI) by providing cheese whey as source of carbon. In the 1st experimental period of this dissertation, the research focused on the study of integrated chromium removal from aqueous solutions in HSF constructed wetlands. Two pilot-scale HSF constructed wetlands (CWs) units were built and operated. One unit was planted with common reeds (Phragmites australis) and one was kept unplanted. Influent concentrations of Cr(VI) ranged from 0.5 to 10 mg/L. The effects of temperature and hydraulic residence time (8 - 0.5 days) on Cr(VI) removal were studied. Temperature proved to affect Cr(VI) removal in both units. In the planted unit, maximum Cr(VI) removal efficiencies of 100% were recorded at HRT’s of 1 day with Cr(VI) concentrations of 5, 2.5 and 1 mg/L, while a significantly lower removal rate was recorded in the unplanted unit. Harvested reed biomass from the CWs was co-composted with olive mill wastes. The final product had excellent physicochemical characteristics (C/N: 14.1-14.7, germination index (GI): 145-157%, Cr: 8-10 mg/kg dry mass), fulfills EU requirements, and can be used as a fertilizer in organic farming. In the 2nd experiment of the first experimental period of this research, two horizontal subsurface flow pilot-scale constructed wetlands were built and operated for almost two years to treat secondary cheese whey. One unit was planted with common reeds (Phragmites australis) and one was kept unplanted. The pilot-scale wetlands operated under various hydraulic residence times (8, 4, 2 and 1 day), temperatures (2.4 to 32.90C) and COD influent concentrations (1200 to 7200 mg/L) in order to examine their effect on secondary cheese whey treatment efficiency. Both units successfully removed organic matter, as COD removal efficiencies of 91% and 77.23% were recorded for the planted and unplanted unit, respectively. Hydraulic residence time affected COD removal efficiency only when limited to 1 day. Temperature significantly affected COD removal only in the unplanted unit, while the planted unit's efficiency was affected only by the annual plant growth cycle. It should be noted that COD effluent concentrations were below EU legislation units (120 mg/L) even when the CWs operated under the shortest hydraulic residence time ever reported in the literature (2 days) with COD influent concentrations ranging from 1200 to 3500 mg/L. In the 2rd experimental period, a mixed solution of cheese whey and hexavalent chromium was treated using pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. This study was performed in order to assess the effect of hydraulic residence time, the initial concentrations of both substances (i.e., Cr(VI) and cheese whey), the presence of vegetation, and surface load throughout the treatment process. Two hydraulic residence times (HRT) (8 and 4 days) were applied. The average electrical conductivity did not show any significance and the average pH values also did not fluctuate. COD concentrations varied between 2000 to 3000 mg/L, and Cr(VI) concentrations were between 0.5 and 5 mg/L. Regarding the removal of organic matter, the planted pilot units had the highest removal rates of around 70%, compared to the unplanted units with around 50%. The vegetation does not affect the removal of Cr(VI) whereas for COD removal, the vegetation does not perform its proper function which leads us to conclude that Cr(VI) influences the removal of COD. The overall outcome of this research is a significant contribution to the treatment of Cr(VI) and secondary cheese whey using constructed wetland technology. It could also be concluded that, constructed wetlands can potentially remove both Cr(VI) and COD at very low HRTs (1 and 2 days, respectively), when receiving moderate pollutant concentrations (5 mg Cr(VI)/L and >5000 mg COD/L), without any seasonal effect. Moreover, by using cheese whey as the carbon source, Cr(VI) can be successfully removed in constructed wetland systems with 4 days of HRT. / Η ρύπανση του περιβάλλοντος από τα ανεπεξέργαστα λύματα αποτελεί ένα από τα σημαντικότερα περιβαλλοντικά ζητήματα. Το εξασθενές χρώμιο (Cr(VI)), που είναι γνωστό για την τοξική του δράση, εντοπίζεται συχνά σε βιομηχανικά υγρά απόβλητα και προκαλεί σημαντικά περιβαλλοντικά προβλήματα. Από την άλλη τα υγρά απόβλητα τυροκομικών μονάδων επίσης αποτελούν σημαντική περιβαλλοντική απειλή, λόγω του υψηλού οργανικού τους φορτίου. Ειδικότερα όταν ανεπεξέργαστα τυροκομικά υγρά απόβλητα καταλήγουν σε επιφανειακά υδάτινα σώματα μπορούν να προκαλέσουν ευτροφισμό και τοξικά φαινόμενα. Η χρήση των τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων ξεκίνησε πριν από περίπου 40 χρόνια στη Βόρεια Αμερική και την Ευρώπη. Η ιδέα προήλθε από τη χρήση φυσικών υγροβιότοπων ως τελικών αποδεκτών επεξεργασμένων υγρών αποβλήτων. Μετά από εκτεταμένη έρευνα σήμερα οι τεχνητοί υγροβιότοποι χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως ως τεχνολογία επεξεργασίας διαφόρων ειδών υγρών αποβλήτων και απορροών (π.χ. αστικά, βιομηχανικά, δισταλλάγματα κλπ.). Λόγω της απλότητας τους και του χαμηλού λειτουργικού κόστους οι τεχνητοί υγροβιότοποι αποτελούν πλέον μια ανταγωνιστική τεχνολογία. Το εύρος των εφαρμογών τους δεν περιορίζεται πλέον μόνο στην επεξεργασία αστικών υγρών αποβλήτων, αλλά έχει επεκταθεί και στην επεξεργασία ισχυρών υγρών αποβλήτων, όπως των αγροτοβιομηχανικών. Οι τεχνητοί υγροβιότοποι είναι ανθεκτικοί σε υψηλά ρυπαντικά φορτία και σε τοξικές ουσίες χωρίς να επηρεάζεται σημαντικά η λειτουργία τους. Συνεπώς οι τεχνητοί υγροβιότοποι είναι ιδιαιτέρως αποτελεσματικοί βίο-αντιδραστήρες ακόμα και ιδιαίτερα εχθρικά περιβάλλοντα. Η δυνατότητα χρήσης τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων για την επεξεργασία υγρών αποβλήτων με χρώμιο, μόλις πρόσφατα έχει αρχίσει να μελετάται. Επί πλέον ο δευτερογενής ορρός γάλακτος (τυρόγαλα), που είναι ένα υγρό απόβλητο με υψηλό περιεχόμενο θρεπτικών, κυρίως επεξεργάζεται με τη χρήση φυσικοχημικών και βιολογικών μεθόδων, ενώ η χρήση τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων είναι περιορισμένη. Ο κύριος σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν η αξιολόγηση της επίδρασης διαφόρων παραμέτρων (υδραυλικού χρόνου παραμονής-HRT, θερμοκρασίας, φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων) στην επεξεργασία αποβλήτων που περιέχουν Cr(VI) καθώς και του δευτερογενούς ορρού γάλακτος με τη χρήση πιλοτικών μονάδων τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων οριζόντιας υπόγειας ροής. Επιπλέον η παρούσα διατριβή στόχευε και στην εξεύρεση μιας βιώσιμης τεχνικής για την επεξεργασία της φυτικής βιομάζας και στην χρήση του δευτερογενούς ορρού γάλακτος, ως πηγή άνθρακα στην επεξεργασία του Cr(VI). Στη διάρκεια της 1ης πειραματικής περιόδου της παρούσας διατριβής, η έρευνα επικεντρώθηκε στη μελέτη της ολοκληρωμένης απομάκρυνσης του χρωμίου από υδατικά διαλύματα και στην επεξεργασία δευτερογενή ορρού γάλακτος από πιλοτικές μονάδες τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων οριζόντιας υπόγειας ροής. Για την ολοκληρωμένη απομάκρυνση του Cr(VI) χρησιμοποιηθήκαν δύο πιλοτικές μονάδες τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων οριζόντιας υπόγειας ροής. Η μία πιλοτική μονάδα ήταν φυτεμένη με κοινό καλάμι (Phragmites australis), ενώ η άλλη παρέμεινε αφύτευτη. Οι συγκεντρώσεις του Cr(VI) στα υδατικά διαλύματα κυμάνθηκαν από 0.5 έως 10 mg/L. Επίσης εξετάστηκε η επίδραση της θερμοκρασίας και του HRT (8 - 0.5 ημέρες) στην αφαίρεση του Cr(VI). Η θερμοκρασία αποδείχτηκε να επηρεάζει την αφαίρεση του Cr(VI) και στις 2 πιλοτικές μονάδες. Οι αποδόσεις απομάκρυνσης του Cr(VI) στην φυτεμένη πιλοτική μονάδα έφθασαν το 100% ακόμα και για HRT της 1 ημέρας, με συγκεντρώσεις εισόδου Cr(VI) 5, 2.5 και 1 mg/L. Σε αντίθεση, η αφύτευτη πιλοτική μονάδα κατέγραψε σημαντικά χαμηλότερες αποδόσεις απομάκρυνσης Cr(VI). Η φυτική βιομάζα που συλλέχθηκε από την φυτεμένη πιλοτική μονάδα κομποστοποιήθηκε μαζί με στερεά απόβλητα ελαιοτριβείου. Το τελικό προϊόν της κομποστοποιήσης είχε εξαιρετικά φυσικοχημικά χαρακτηριστικά (C/N: 14.1-14.7, δείκτης βλαστικότητας (GI): 145-157%, Cr: 8-10 mg/kg dry mass), τα οποία πληρούν τα όρια της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης για τη χρήση του ως λίπασμα σε οργανικές καλλιέργειες. Η δεύτερη πειραματική διάταξη της 1ης πειραματικής περιόδου περιελάμβανε δύο όμοιες πιλοτικές μονάδες με τις παραπάνω, που ωστόσο χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την επεξεργασία δευτερογενούς ορρού τυρογάλακτος. Οι πιλοτικές μονάδες λειτούργησαν υπό διαφόρους χρόνους παραμονής (8, 4, 2 και 1 ημέρα), θερμοκρασίες (από 2.4 έως 32.90C) και συγκεντρώσεις εισόδου COD (από 1200 έως 7200 mg/L) Οι δύο μονάδες επεξεργάστηκαν επιτυχώς το δευτερογενή ορρό γάλακτος, αφού καταγράφηκαν για την φυτεμένη και την αφύτευτη πιλοτική μονάδα, αποδόσεις αφαίρεσης COD της τάξης του 91% και 77.23%, αντίστοιχα. Ο υδραυλικός χρόνος παραμονής επηρέασε την απόδοση τω δύο πιλοτικών μονάδων μόνο όταν μειώθηκε στην 1 ημέρα. Αντιθέτως, η θερμοκρασία επηρέασε μόνο την αφύτευτη πιλοτική μονάδα, ενώ η απόδοση της φυτεμένης επηρεάστηκε μόνο από τον ετήσιο κύκλο ανάπτυξης των φυτών. Πρέπει να τονιστεί ότι οι συγκεντρώσεις εξόδου του COD ήταν χαμηλότερες των ορίων της Ε.Ε., ακόμα και για χρόνους παραμονής 2 ημερών (ο χαμηλότερος που έχει αναφερθεί μέχρι τώρα στη βιβλιογραφία) με αρχικές συγκεντρώσεις εισόδου COD από 1200 έως 3500 mg/L. Στη διάρκεια της 2ης πειραματικής περιόδου οι τέσσερεις συνολικά πιλοτικές μονάδες που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην 1η περίοδο, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επίσης και για την επεξεργασία ενός μεικτού διαλύματος δευτερογενή ορρού γάλακτος και Cr(VI). Στόχος των πειραμάτων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν ήταν η αξιολόγηση της επίδρασης του χρόνου παραμονής (8 και 4 ημέρες), των συγκεντρώσεων εισόδου του Cr(VI) (από 0.5 έως 5 mg/L) και του COD (από 2000 έως 3000 mg/L), του φυτού και του επιφανειακού φορτίου στην απόδοση των πιλοτικών μονάδων. Όσον αφόρα την αφαίρεση της οργανικής ύλης, οι φυτεμένες πιλοτικές μονάδες κατέγραψαν υψηλότερα ποσοστά απομάκρυνσης (περίπου 70%) σε σύγκριση με τις αφύτευτες (περίπου 50%). Σε αντίθεση, η απομάκρυνση του Cr(VI) έδειξε να μην επηρεάζεται από την παρουσία φυτών. Τέλος, παρατηρήθηκε ότι η ύπαρξη του Cr(VI) επηρεάζει την απομάκρυνση του οργανικού φορτίου. Τα τελικά συμπεράσματα της παρούσας διατριβής αποτελούν μια σημαντική συνεισφορά στην επεξεργασία υγρών αποβλήτων που περιέχουν Cr(VI) καθώς και του δευτερογενή ορρού γάλακτος από τεχνητούς υγροβιότοπους. Επίσης μπορεί να συμπεραθεί ότι η χρήση των τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων για την αφαίρεση Cr(VI) και COD μπορεί να επιτευχθεί ακόμη και σε πολύ χαμηλούς χρόνους παραμονής (1 και 2 ημερών, αντίστοιχα), καθώς και σε υψηλές αρχικές συγκεντρώσεις (5 mg Cr(VI)/L και >5000 mg COD/L, αντίστοιχα). Τέλος, η χρήση του δευτερογενή ορρού γάλακτος ως πηγή άνθρακα στην αφαίρεση του Cr(VI), ήταν πλήρως επιτυχημένη.

Το χρώμιο (Cr) αποτελεί έναν από τους σημαντικότερους ρύπους του φυσικού περιβάλλοντος. Η ευρεία βιομηχανική χρήση του χρωμίου έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την απελευθέρωση μεγάλων ποσοτήτων του μετάλλου στο περιβάλλον κυρίως με τη μορφή του εξασθενούς χρωμίου (Cr(VI)). Το εξασθενές χρώμιο, μία από τις σταθερές μορφές του χρωμίου στο περιβάλλον, είναι ευδιάλυτο, υψηλά τοξικό, καρκινογενές και μεταλλαξιγόνο. Οι σύγχρονες μέθοδοι επεξεργασίας του εξασθενούς χρωμίου χρησιμοποιούν μικροοργανισμούς, στηριζόμενες στη μεταβολική και κυτταρική τους δράση. Πρόκειται για διεργασίες πιο ανταγωνιστικές, αποτελεσματικές και οικονομικές έναντι των συμβατικών φυσικοχημικών μεθόδων (χημική αναγωγή, ανταλλαγή ιόντων, διήθηση, ηλεκτροχημική επεξεργασία, προσρόφηση σε ενεργό άνθρακα, αντίστροφη όσμωση και μεμβράνες) καθώς παρουσιάζουν μικρές ενεργειακές απαιτήσεις, χαμηλό πάγιο και λειτουργικό κόστος και τέλος μικρότερη παραγωγή τοξικής λάσπης. Η βιολογική αναγωγή του εξασθενούς χρωμίου απαιτεί την παρουσία ενός δότη ηλεκτρονίων. Το ρόλο αυτό παίζει ο οργανικός άνθρακας, ο οποίος είναι απαραίτητος για την πραγματοποίηση της διεργασίας αυτής. Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή μελετήθηκε η επεξεργασία υγρών χρωμικών βιομηχανικών αποβλήτων, με ταυτόχρονη εκμετάλλευση/αξιοποίηση αγροτοβιομηχανικών παραπροϊόντων/αποβλήτων (μελάσα - χαμηλού κόστους και ορρός γάλακτος – μηδενικού κόστους), χρησιμοποιώντας βιολογικές μεθόδους. Αρχικά, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα για τη βελτιστοποίηση του ρυθμού αναγωγής των μεικτών αερόβιων γηγενών καλλιεργειών σε αντιδραστήρες αιωρούμενης ανάπτυξης. Στη συνέχεια χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μεικτή καλλιέργεια για τη μελέτη της βιολογικής αναγωγής του εξασθενούς χρωμίου σε αντιδραστήρες σταθερής κλίνης πιλοτικής κλίμακας με πλαστικό πληρωτικό υλικό, σε διάφορες λειτουργικές συνθήκες, στοχεύοντας στην μέγιστη απόδοση των συστημάτων και την αποφυγή λειτουργικών προβλημάτων. Το βιολογικό σύστημα που χρησιμοποιήθηκε στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή, αποτελεί μία πολύ αποτελεσματική μέθοδο επεξεργασίας βιομηχανικών αποβλήτων επιβαρυμένων με το τοξικό εξασθενές χρώμιο, χρησιμοποιώντας οικονομικές πηγές άνθρακα όπως η μελάσα και ο ορρός γάλακτος. Η μέθοδος αυτή είναι πολλά υποσχόμενη, συνδυάζοντας υψηλά ποσοστά απομάκρυνσης με εξαιρετικά χαμηλές δαπάνες λειτουργικού κόστους. / Chromium is one of the most serious pollutants of natural environment. The widespread industrial use of chromium leads to the release of large quantities of this metal in the environment, mainly in the form of hexavalent chromium. The hexavalent chromium, one of the most stable forms that we can notice in the environment, is soluble, highly toxic carcinogenic and mutagenic. Contemporary water processing techniques of hexavalent chromium use micro-organisms, based on their metabolic and cellular activity. These procedures are more competitive, more effective and certainly financially affordable over the conventional physicochemical methods (chemical oxidation or reduction, ion exchange, filtration, electrochemical treatment, activated carbon adsorption, reverse osmosis and membrane technologies) as they show low energy demands, low maintenance cost and a smaller production of toxic mud. The biological reduction of hexavalent chromium requires the presence of an electron donor. This part is covered by organic carbon that is essential for carrying out the process. The present thesis studied the treatment of liquid industrial chromate waste and the exploitation/utilization of agroindustrial byproducts/wastewaters (molasses - low cost and cheese whey- zero cost), using biological methods. At the beginning, experiments were conducted to optimize the reduction rate of mixed aerobic indigenous cultures in suspended growth reactors. Subsequently, the mixed culture was used for the biological reduction of the hexavalent chromium, in laboratory pilot scale fixed bed reactors, with plastic media, in various functional conditions targeting to the maximum system performance and the prevention of functional problems. The biological system used in the present thesis constitutes a very effective method of processing industrial wastewater polluted with the toxic hexavalent chromium, by using affordable sources of carbon, such as molasses and cheese whey. This is a quite promising method, combining high removal rates with extremely low operating expenditure.

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T18:52:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLRR.pdf: 1872815 bytes, checksum: ae95127410e9ecb90c079771a265f706 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T18:52:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLRR.pdf: 1872815 bytes, checksum: ae95127410e9ecb90c079771a265f706 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T18:53:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLRR.pdf: 1872815 bytes, checksum: ae95127410e9ecb90c079771a265f706 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T18:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLRR.pdf: 1872815 bytes, checksum: ae95127410e9ecb90c079771a265f706 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The present evaluated the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT), cheese whey substrate concentration, temperature in thermophilic range (55 a 75oC) and cofermentation of sugar cane stillage and cheese whey in continuous hydrogen production in anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) and expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB). Seven reactors were used, being three of them in EGSB configuration in mesophilic temperature (30oC) feed in different cheese whey concentrations were inoculated with mesophilic sludge from the poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (RM5, RM15 e RM25). Other four reactors in AFBR configuration, inoculated with thermophilic sludge from the treatment of sugarcane stillage, were operated in thermophilic range. In these it was evaluated the effect of temperature in thermophilic range using as substrate cheese whey (RTS) and sugar cane stillage (RTV). Also, it was evaluated the cofermentation of stillage with cheese whey (RTCV e RTCVS). In the reactors RM5, RM15, RM25, RTS and RTV, it was observed the volumetric H2 production (HPR) and H2 content increase behavior from the HRT decrease. However, there was a decrease in H2 yield (HY) in lower HRT for all reactors, reaching a maximum of 5.51 ± 0.37 mmol.g DQO-1 (RTS). The increase in cheese whey substrate concentration favored the hydrogen production in EGSB reactors, with maximum HPR of 0.312 ± 0.026L H2.h-1.L-1 in the concentration of 25,000mg lactose.L-1 (RM25). The increase in temperature from 55oC to 75oC, the hydrogen production was reduced because of the difficult adaptation of the microbial community originally from a thermophilic sludge. The cofermentation strategy enabled the increase of HY in the HRT of 8h, with a maximum of 0.82 ± 0.07 mmol.g DQO-1 (RTCVS). The main soluble metabolites related to hydrogen production were acetic and butyric acids. On the other hand, higher lactate concentrations were observed in conditions with low hydrogen production. / Este estudo avaliou as influência do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH), da concentração de soro de queijo no afluente, da temperatura em faixa termofílica (55 a 75oC) e da cofermentação de vinhaça e soro de queijo na produção contínua de hidrogênio em reator anaeróbio de leito fluidizado (RALF) e em reator anaeróbio de leito granular expandido, do inglês expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB). Foram utilizados sete reatores, sendo que em três reatores foi utilizada a configuração EGSB em temperatura mesofílica (30oC) alimentados em diferentes concentrações de soro de queijo inoculados com lodo mesofílico proveniente do tratamento de águas residuárias do abatedouro de aves (RM5, RM15 e RM25). Outros quatro reatores na configuração RALF foram operados na faixa termofílica foram inoculados com lodo termofílico proveniente do tratamento de vinhaça de cana de açúcar. Nestes foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura em faixa termofílica alimentado com soro de queijo (RTS) e vinhaça (RTV). Também foi avaliada cofermentação de vinhaça com soro de queijo (RTCV e RTCVS). Nos reatores RM5, RM15, RM25, RTS e RTV, foi observado o comportamento de elevação da produtividade volumétrica de H2 (PVH) e na composição de H2 no biogás partir da redução do TDH. No entanto, verificou-se redução do rendimento de H2 (HY) em todos os reatores em valores reduzidos de TDH, alcançando valor máximo de 5,51 ± 0,37 mmol.g DQO-1 (RTS). O aumento da concentração de soro de queijo no afluente favoreceu a produção de hidrogênio em reatores EGSB, com PVH máxima de 0,312 ± 0,026L H2.h-1.L-1 na concentração de 25.000mg lactose.L-1 (RM25). Com a elevação da temperatura de 55oC para 75oC, a produção de hidrogênio foi reduzida devido dificuldade de adaptação da comunidade microbiana proveniente de inóculo originalmente termofílico. A estratégia de cofermentação possibilitou o aumento do HY no TDH de 8h, com valor máximo de 0,82 ± 0,07 mmol.g DQO-1 (RTCVS). Os principais metabólitos relacionados com a elevada produção de hidrogênio foram os ácidos acético e butírico. Por outro lado, foram observadas elevadas concentrações de lactato em condições com baixa produção de hidrogênio. Palavras-chave: Água residuária agroindustrial, co-substrato, vinhaça de cana de açúcar, soro de queijo, reator anaeróbio de leito fluidizado e reator anaeróbio de leito granular expandido.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Grettya Maria Assuncao.pdf: 2495923 bytes, checksum: 815b6e9d74269efe9f6ba6585d9b8a4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / The whey is a dairy industry effluent. Due to its high nutritional content , is used in the production of whey protein concentrate by ultrafiltration. This process generates another residue, cheese whey permeate which also contains high nutritional content, it is rich in lactose, and some minerals (P, K, Mg, Na and Ca). Can be reused in fermentation processes as a source of nutrients. One of these processes is the production of cell biomass from the growth of yeasts for use in food for human and animal consumption. Yeasts are used to obtain the GRAS (generally regarded the safe), in other words, be considered safe for use in foods. Some are: S. cerevisiae, used as a standard micro-organism to have its well-defined characteristics; S. boulardii, used in medicine as probiotic and marketed as a medicine, there are no reports of its production from waste; K. marxianus with potential of metabolizing lactose present in the permeate. This work aims to study the growth of three yeasts, using culture medium as the residue of cheese whey permeate, for the production of biomass. Two experimental design were performed to enzymatic hydrolysis in order to obtain the best condition for this process, and an experimental design was carried out for the fermentations in order to assess which variables are significant in the production of yeast biomass process. The analyzes carried out during the process were: absorbance, reducing sugars, indirect and direct dry weight and pH. Fermentation was carried out with addition of oxygen, aiming an increase in the production of cell biomass, BOD and COD analysis and analysis of the final concentration of ethanol. The best condition for the hydrolysis was obtained using [enzyme] 0.125% , T 35.35 °C and pH 7,7. For the production of biomass without added oxygen, the best values achieved for all yeasts were from 150 g L-1 and permeate temperature of 30 °C, the results were: 14.22 g L-1 of S. cerevisiae at pH 4, 1 g L-1 [(NH4)2SO4], 0.5 g L-1 [MgSO4], and 4 g L-1 [KH2PO4 ]; 22.85 g L-1 of S. boulardii at pH 5,5, 9 g L-1 [(NH4)2SO4], 1.2 g L-1 [MgSO4] and 9 g L-1 [KH2PO4]; and 16.90 g L-1 of K. marxianus at pH 6,5, 2 g L-1 [(NH4)2SO4], 2.5 g L-1 [MgSO4] and 1 g L-1 [KH2PO4]. The results of cell biomass obtained in these process conditions and with the addition of oxygen to the fermentation medium were 16.54 g L-1 of S. cerevisiae, 30.58 g L-1 of S. boulardii and 21.12 g L-1 K. marxianus. The ethanol concentration at the end of the process for each yeast was 28.8 g L-1 of ethanol from S. cerevisiae; 27 g L-1 of ethanol from S. boulardii and 52.1 g L-1 of ethanol from K. marxianus. And the reduction in BOD and COD parameters was 69.31% in COD and 97.19% in BOD using S. cerevisiae; 97.67 % in COD and 99.53 % in BOD using S. boulardii; and 83.53 % in COD and 93.14 % in BOD using K. marxianus. Thus, the study demonstrated that permeate cheese whey is a residue with a potential application in the production of yeast biomass, which allow the end of the fermentation process reduced the initial organic load of the waste being one of the bound parameters to reduce the environmental impact as well as the decreasing cost of the wastewater treatment processes. / O soro de queijo é um efluente da indústria láctea. Devido ao seu alto teor nutricional, é utilizado na produção de concentrado proteico de soro por ultrafiltração. Esse processo gera outro resíduo, o permeado de soro de queijo que também contém elevado teor nutricional, pois é rico em lactose, além de alguns sais minerais (P, K, Mg, Na e Ca). Pode ser reutilizado em processos fermentativos como fonte de nutrientes. Um destes processos é a produção de biomassa celular proveniente do crescimento de leveduras, para uso em alimentos para consumo humano e animal. As leveduras utilizadas devem obter o GRAS (generally regarded as safe), ou seja, ser consideradas seguras para o uso em alimentos. Algumas são: S. cerevisiae, utilizada como micro-organismo padrão por ter suas características bem definidas; S. boulardii, utilizada na medicina como probiótico e comercializada como medicamento, não havendo relatos da sua produção a partir de resíduos; K. marxianus com potencial de metabolizar a lactose presente no permeado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o crescimento das três leveduras utilizando como meio de cultivo o resíduo permeado de soro de queijo, para a produção de biomassa. Dois planejamento experimentais foram realizados para a hidrólise enzimática visando obter a melhor condição para esse processo, e um planejamento experimental foi realizado para as fermentações com o intuito de avaliar quais as variáveis são significativas no processo de produção de biomassa de leveduras. As análises realizadas durante o processo foram: absorbância, açúcares redutores, massa seca indireta e direta e pH. Foi realizada uma fermentação com adição de oxigênio, objetivando um aumento na produção de biomassa celular, análises de DBO e DQO e análise da concentração final de etanol. A melhor condição obtida para a hidrólise foi utilizando [enzima] 0,125%, T 35,35ºC e pH 7,7. Para a produção de biomassa sem adição de oxigênio, os melhores valores alcançados para todas as leveduras foram a partir de 150 g L-1 de permeado e a temperatura de 30 ºC, cujos resultados foram respectivamente: 14,22 g L-1 de S. cerevisiae em pH 4, 1 g L-1 [(NH4)2SO4], 0,5 g L-1 [MgSO4] e 4 g L-1 [KH2PO4]; 22,85 g L-1 de S. boulardii em pH 5,5, 9 g L-1 [(NH4)2SO4], 1,2 g L-1 [MgSO4] e 9 g L-1 [KH2PO4]; 16,90 g L-1 de K. marxianus em pH 6,5, 2 g L-1 [(NH4)2SO4], 2,5 g L-1, [MgSO4] e 1 g L-1 [KH2PO4]. Os resultados de biomassa celular obtidos nessas condições de processo e com a adição de oxigênio ao meio fermentativo foram 16,54 g L-1 de S. cerevisiae, 30,58 g L-1 de S. boulardii e 21,12 g L-1 de K. marxianus. A concentração de etanol ao final do processo para cada levedura foi de 28,8 g L-1 de etanol a partir de S. cerevisiae; 27,0 g L-1 de etanol a partir de S. boulardii e 52,1 g L-1 de etanol a partir de K. marxianus. E a redução nos parâmetros DBO e DQO foi de 69,31% na DQO e 97,19% na DBO utilizando S. cerevisiae; 97,67% na DQO e 99,53% na DBO utilizando S. boulardii; e 83,53% na DQO e 93,14% na DBO utilizando K. marxianus. Desta forma, o estudo demonstrou que o permeado de soro de queijo é um resíduo com grande potencial de aplicação na produção de biomassa de leveduras, as quais possibilitam ao final do processo fermentativo uma redução da carga orgânica inicial do resíduo sendo esse um dos parâmetros vinculados à redução do impacto ambiental, bem como à diminuição dos custos de processos de tratamento do efluente.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denise A Zempulski.pdf: 2130382 bytes, checksum: 374994e9876ab99db94941e030ce4a28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cassava is a crop widely throughout the national territory. In 2011, the national production of cassava was estimated at 27.1 million tons, achieving an increase of 9.2% compared to the 2010 harvest. Among the liquid waste processing cassava, cites the Manipueira, it is the water content of the root mass extracted in pressing grated, in making flour. Manipueira residue is more problematic, because it has high pollution load and toxic potential due to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides, may cause serious problems to the environment and aquatic life if released into waterways. Other big environmental waste when discarded improperly, are waste dairy industries. The fractionation of milk constituents by ultrafiltration results in derivatives with great nutritional value and commercial, such as the retentate (concentrate fraction composed of protein and fat) and permeates (fraction diluted comprising lactose, minerals, electrolytes, nitrogen and water). Recently there is a higher quest for use of agro-industrial waste in order to recover substances and/or materials and thus increase economic efficiency of production processes. The application of agro-industrial residues in bioprocesses is used like alternative substrate, and a help to solve the problem of pollution in the processes of industrialization, where anaerobic digestion stands out due to its many favorable characteristics. One way to minimize environmental impacts and add value to the effluent is its use in the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) production via anaerobic fermentation, which is the main objective of this work. All fermentations were performed at 30 ° C and 80 rpm with pig inoculum. Initially made up four fermentations, changing the substrate used (cassava, starchy hydrolyzate, whey permeate and synthetic medium) where obtained better results of VFA concentrations with cheese whey permeated and Manipueira. So, with these two substrates, was done the test without light (dark fermentation), and this new detail was responsible to increase the production of VFA in 38% for the manipueira and 20% for the permeate. Following an experimental design 22 was carried out with in quadruplicate central point for Manipueira, where they were tested three levels of glucose concentration (9, 19 e 29 g.L-1) and sodium bicarbonate (0.21, 1.71 and 3.21 g.L-1), and glucose concentrations of 29 g.L-1 and bicarbonate 3.21 g.L-1 that resulted in the increased production of VFA (1941,4 mg L-1 in 23 h) representing an increase of 77,3% in production. For the cheese whey permeate also was done test changing the glucose (75, 45 e 25 g.L-1) and alkalinity (7,7, 8,14, 9,2, 10,26 e 10,7 g.L-1). The best levels founded in this work for the permeate are 45 g.L-1 of glucose and 10,26 g.L-1 of alkalinity, resulting in 4115,16 mg.L-1 of VFA in 41 h. / A mandioca é uma cultura amplamente difundida por todo o território nacional. Em 2011, a produção nacional de mandioca foi estimada em 27,1 milhões de toneladas, obtendo uma variação positiva de 9,2% em relação à safra de 2010. Entre os resíduos líquidos do processamento da mandioca, cita-se a manipueira, que caracteriza a água de constituição da raiz, extraída na prensagem da massa ralada, na confecção da farinha. A manipueira é o resíduo mais problemático, por possuir elevada carga poluente e potencial tóxico devido à presença de glicosídeos cianogênicos, podendo causar sérios problemas ao meio ambiente e à vida aquática quando descartada inadequadamente. Outros resíduos de grande impacto ambiental quando descartados incorretamente, são os resíduos de indústrias de laticínio. O fracionamento dos constituintes do leite por ultrafiltração resulta em derivados de grande valor nutricional e comercial, como o retentado (fração concentrada composta por proteínas e gordura) e o permeado (fração diluída composta por lactose, sais minerais, eletrólitos, compostos nitrogenados e água). Recentemente há uma maior busca pelo uso de resíduos agroindustriais visando recuperar substâncias e/ou materiais e deste modo aumentar a eficiência econômica dos processos de produção. A aplicação de resíduos agroindustriais em bioprocessos é uma alternativa observada na forma de substratos, e uma ajuda para solucionar o problema da poluição nos processos de agroindustrialização, onde a digestão anaeróbia destaca-se devido as suas diversas características favoráveis. Uma das maneiras de minimizar os impactos ambientais e agregar valor ao efluente é a sua utilização na produção de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGVs) via fermentação anaeróbia, sendo este o objetivo principal deste trabalho. Todas as fermentações foram realizadas a 30ºC e 80 rpm com inoculo suíno. Inicialmente fez-se 4 fermentações, variando o substrato utilizado (manipueira, hidrolisado amiláceo, permeado de soro de queijo e meio sintético) onde obteve-se maiores resultados de concentração de AGVs com a manipueira e o permeado. Seguiram-se os estudos com estes dois substratos, fazendo-se o teste de ausência de luminosidade (fermentação escura), sendo esta estratégia responsável pelo aumento de 38% na produção de AGVs para a manipueira e 20% para o permeado. A seguir foi realizado um planejamento experimental 22 com quadruplicata no ponto central para a manipueira, onde foram testados 3 níveis de concentração de glicose (9, 19 e 29 g.L-1) e bicarbonato de sódio (0,21, 1,51 e 3,21 g.L-1), sendo as concentrações de glicose de 29 g.L-1 e bicarbonato de 3,21 g.L-1 as que resultaram em maior produção de AGV (1941,4 mg.L-1 em 23 h) representando um acréscimo de 77,3% na produção. Para o permeado de soro de queijo também foram realizados testes variando níveis de glicose (75, 45 e 25 g.L-1) e alcalinidade do meio (7,7, 8,14, 9,2, 10,26 e 10,7 g.L-1). Os níveis que apresentaram melhor resultado foram 45 g.L-1 de glicose e 10,26 g.L-1 de alcalinidade, resultando em 4115,16 mg.L-1 de AGVs em 41h.