Czech Law concerning work safety in high school laboratory in the Czech Republic is constantly changing, while these changes in the law might go unnoticed by high school teachers. These teachers are often not informed which law is currently in effect and if it has any impact on their teaching in chemical laboratories. Therefore, this work presents compiled laws that influence teaching in chemical laboratories, translates their meaning into comprehensible sentences and then puts them together to a summary of these laws. To keep this information up to date, a basic web design is included in this work that will be put on web www.studiumchemie.cz, where it will be actualized by author of this thesis. On this web high school teachers will have the opportunity to easily access both original formulations and translated meaning of the law. Basic instructions for first aid in chemical laboratories, especially concerning exposition to dangerous chemical compounds will also be included in this work. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Las instituciones educativas y las empresas de servicios que cuenten con laboratorios de química o afines, para realizar experiencias de laboratorio o análisis químicos como parte de los servicios prestados a terceros, requieren al igual que las empresas productivas, de una gestión y un adecuado manejo de sus residuos químicos. Para ello, deben elaborar y aplicar un Plan de Manejo de Residuos Químicos de Laboratorio y dependiendo del tamaño de la institución (u organización) deberán contar con un sistema de información conocido como Bolsa de Residuos Químicos (BRQ) para el reaprovechamiento de sus residuos generados. Si los residuos no pueden ser reaprovechados, deberán realizar un tratamiento de los mismos con la finalidad de desactivarlos para su disposición final. No se debe olvidar que los costos asociados al manejo de los productos químicos tienen que incluir los costos de gestión y manejo de los residuos. / The educative institutions and the companies of services that count on compatible laboratories of chemistry, in order to bring chemical experiences of laboratory or analyses as a part of a service to third, require, like the productive companies, of an appropriate management and handling of their chemical wastes.

The Facility Manager of a laboratory environment continuously walks a fine line between safe and economical operation of that facility. The primary responsibility of the laboratory is to provide a safe environment for personnel while optimizing the space for experiment. Energy efficiency is not a necessary goal. Laboratories typically require HVAC systems utilizing 100% outside air to protect the occupants. Facilities demanding the basic design requirement of 100% outside air can result in annual energy costs 4 to 5 times greater than that of the typical office building requiring 20 CFM per person. With energy costs typically representing a substantial part of an organizations operating budget is it prudent for facility managers to seek opportunities to reduce these costs. The intent of this research is to show that participation of a knowledgeable Facility Manager, during the initial design phase of a laboratory facility, can result in a finished product capable of easily incorporating a variety of energy efficiency technologies. The scope of this research is limited to smaller chemical laboratories supported with less than 20,000 CFM of comfort air. When the Facility Manager actively participates in the design process for laboratory environments there is potential for increased HVAC energy efficiency. A substantial portion of this research has been conducted from the authors daily experience and responsibility for a small chemical laboratory. Additional data was collected using personal interviews among industry experts and fellow colleagues working in the Atlanta metropolitan area with significant laboratory experience. This research focused on the mechanical systems supporting laboratories as they represent the largest percentage in first costs, energy consumption, and offer the greatest opportunity for energy reduction. The results of this research are intended to provide guidance to Facility Managers to incorporate cost effective energy recovery systems in either new construction or at a future date. The results of this research project the impact of energy consumption in a small chemical laboratory from the hypothetical installation of a customized energy recovery system.

<p>Ambient ionization mass spectrometry enables rapid <i>in-situ</i> analysis of a plethora of analytes that are relevant to the forensic and defense communities. As the arsenal of ambient ionization techniques, aimed at solving specific targeted problems, continues to expand, the adoption of these techniques into non-academic settings has been relatively slow. At times, although the technique can provide answers in a more rapid and cheaper manner, the technique does not pass all of the required legal rules for a particular analysis when dealing with forensic evidence. This can be demonstrated with the rapid detection of drugs by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry can have drugs deposited onto the paper substrate, the paper can wipe a surface for trace analytes, and there are commercial and automated ionization sources for this process. While analysis by paper spray is rapid, the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) states that a minimum of two instrumental techniques need to be utilized. Utilizing paper substrates that have nanoparticles embedded for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, that can also be utilized for paper spray ionization mass spectrometry, makes ambient ionization more appealing as it completes that first legal requirement. </p> <p>Other times, the slow adoption of these new ambient ionization techniques is due to specific communities not being aware of ambient ionization, and specific applications have not yet been demonstrated. Swab touch spray ionization mass spectrometry follows similar processes as paper spray ionization, as the swab acts both as the sampling substrate and the ionization source and can swab for analytes in a manner where the paper substrate may be damaged and unable to perform the ionization for analysis. This can be seen for the swabbing of organic gunshot residues and explosives, both of which current methods already use a swab for sampling but then need lengthy extraction techniques. The applicability of paper spray ionization and swab touch spray ionization for these forensic and defense analyses is only furthered by the fact that they both couple extremely well with portable mass spectrometers for analysis in the field.</p> <p>There are also many fields that ambient ionization is just starting to take its place in the analytical toolbox. Two such defense fields that are just beginning to expand into ambient ionization are the analysis of pyrotechnics and microelectronics. Pyrolysis gas-chromatography mass spectrometry methods have been developed and utilized for environmental tests for pyrotechnic formulation, but they are slow and there is an abundance of cleaning steps between analyses to prevent carry over and contamination. Using paper and swabs as the collection device and ionization source for environmental analysis of these pyrotechnics allow for them to be functioned at ambient conditions at the scale at which will be utilized in the field by the Warfighter. Similarly, authenticating microelectronics by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry removes the subjectivity of the current methods, while rendering the integrated circuit intact enabling future use if deemed as a genuine part. By taking slower or more subjective tests, in a field that has not utilized ambient ionization heavily in the past and adding these new capabilities to their tool chest expands the acceptance and future applications of the technique.</p> <p>As acceptance and utilization of ambient ionization grows, the next generation of scientists need to have hands on training in these techniques. Through the development of new teaching laboratories that couple both the fundamentals of the technique at hand, while also examining an interesting application to better engage the students, a number of laboratory exercises have been developed. The creation of new laboratory exercise utilizing the next generation of instrumentation and analytical techniques is vital for the future and rapid application of these techniques. The work discussed herein chronicles the utilization and demonstration of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in monitoring clandestine activities, supporting the Warfighter, and redeveloping chemical laboratory education. </p>

[pt] Embora uma vasta área do Brasil esteja localizada em regiões que a formação de basalto se faz presente, são raros os estudos em perfis contendo solo e / ou rochas de caráter básico objetivando correlacionar características químicas e mineralógicas com características geotécnicas. A área do presente estudo localiza-se em um corte em solo na Ferrovia Norte-Sul, no Município de Arguianópolis-TO, em que durante sua execução ocorreram diversos escorregamentos. O maciço de solo do corte em questão é composto em sua maior parte por solos provenientes de alteração de basalto. O presente estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. A primeira refere-se à visita ao local do corte, onde foram realizadas coletas de amostras de solo de caráter indeformado e deformado, com as respectivas descrições morfológicas dos mesmos. A segunda refere-se aos trabalhos desenvolvidos nos laboratórios de Geotecnia e Meio Ambiente do DEC da PUC-Rio, EMBRAPA SOLOS e Departamento de Geologia do Instituto de Geociências da UFRJ, abrangendo ensaios de caracterização; ensaios mineralógicos; análises químicas; obtenção das curvas características solo-água; ensaios de erodibilidade; ensaios especiais para a determinação de parâmetros de resistência e de compressibilidade. A partir dos resultados obtidos, espera-se que os mesmos proporcionem uma contribuição para o melhor entendimento de perfis intempéricos em rochas de caráter básico. / [en] In spite of the fact that basalt formations are found in several regions in Brazil, it is difficult to find investigations on the subject relating chemical and mineralogical characteristics with geotechnical ones. The site of the present study comprises a soil slope on the North-South Railroad, at Arguianópolis, Tocantins State. Several landslides occurred during the construction of the railway. The soil mass is mostly composed by soils resulting from basalt alterations. The present study was developed in two stages. The first stage comprised a visit to the site, when a morphologic description of profiles was made and undisturbed and remoulded soil samples were extracted. The second stage refers to works developed at the Geotechnical and Environmental Laboratory of PUC-Rio, at EMBRAPA Soils and at the Geology Department of the Institute of Geosciences of the UFRJ. Such works comprised soil characterization tests; mineralogical tests; chemical analyses; definition of soil-moisture characteristic curves; erodobility tests and special tests to determine strength and compressibility parameters. The results obtained provide a contribution to a better understanding of weathering profiles in rocks of basic character.

The diploma thesis is focused on a detection and a laboratory control of hazardous substances’ leak into the environment. These hazardous substances are classified. Further, it aims to chemical laboratories of the fire-brigade of the Czech Republic, as well as which place they hold in the fire-brigade system, and it indicates their main duties. This diploma thesis contains a review of some essential types of devices and mediums, which are in terms of the fire-brigade of the Czech Republic usable to practice the detection, determination and assessment of the hazardous substances in various figures of the environment in terrain, i.e. filling of duties of the chemical survey. The output of this diploma thesis is simulation of leaks of the toluene diisocyanate using ALOHA software, TerEx software and Rozex Alarm software. Further on, the proposal of another methodical sheet focused on leak actions of the concrete hazardous industrial substance – toluene diisocyanate. This methodical sheet could therefore broaden pro tempore elaborated sheets for chlorine and ammonia.