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No description available.

O isosorbídeo, juntamente com o ácido láctico, é considerado importante monômero para a preparação de materiais poliméricos derivados de fontes renováveis. O presente trabalho descreve a aplicação de catalisadores de alta eficiência na síntese de poliésteres derivados de fontes renováveis. Diésteres alifáticos, isosorbídeo, lactídeo, 2-etilhexanoato de estanho II (SnOct2), triflato de itérbio [Yb(OTf)3] e triflato de ítrio [Y(OTf)3], foram utilizados como reagentes para a produção dos polímeros em estudo. O catalisador de estanho, por ser o mais comum na literatura para esse tipo de sistema, foi utilizado como referência para a aplicação dos catalisadores de alta eficiência derivados de ítrio e itérbio. A estratégia inicial adotada para a obtenção da maior massa molar possível dos polímeros foi a execução de um planejamento fatorial para avaliação de como três variáveis principais, temperatura, tempo reacional e quantidade de catalisador influenciam o processo de polimerização. Uma vez determinada a direção a ser seguida no processo de polimerização, ajustes empíricos baseados em dados e observações experimentais foram feitos com a finalidade de se otimizar as condições reacionais. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho, ressonância magnética nuclear de 1H e 13C, espectroscopia no infravermelho, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, análise termogravimétrica e espectrometria de massas. Catalisadores de alta eficiência foram utilizados na preparação de poliésteres de alta massa molar, sintetizados a partir de lactídeo, diésteres alifáticos e diol secundário estericamente impedido, o isosorbídeo. Polímeros ramificados inéditos foram obtidos e um novo mecanismo reacional proposto, permitindo uma melhor compreensão sobre o sistema de policondensação para derivados de isosorbídeo. / The isosorbide and lactic acid are considered important monomers from renewable sources for the preparation of biodegradable materials. The present study describes the use of high performance catalysts applied in the synthesis of polyesters from renewable sources. Aliphatic diesters, isosorbide, lactide, tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, ytterbium triflate and yttrium triflate were used as starting materials for producing the polymers under study. The tin catalyst, being most common in the literature for this type of system, was used as reference for application of high performance catalysts derived from ytterbium and yttrium. The initial strategy adopted to obtain the reaction conditions to reach the highest molar mass of the polymers was the implementation of an experimental design in order to evaluate how the three main variables - temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst- influence the polymerization process. Once the direction of the polymerization process was determined based on experimental observations, further empirical adjustments were made in order to optimize the reaction conditions. The products obtained were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectrometry. High efficiency catalysts were used in the preparation of high molecular weight polyesters derived from lactide, aliphatic diesters and sterically hindered diol, the isosorbide. Novel branched polymers were obtained and new mechanism was suggested, allowing a better understanding of the polycondensation reaction for isosorbide derived polymers.

Unconventional non-covalent interactions such as halogen, chalcogen, and tetrel bonds are gaining interest in several domains including but not limited to drug design, as well as novel catalyst design. Non-covalent interactions are known as weak forces of interactions when they are considered on an individual basis, but on a molecular basis, these effects become important such that their prevalence can be seen in the construction of large biomolecules like proteins, DNA and RNA. In this work, the fundamental aspects of these interactions are looked upon using ab initio and Density Functional Theory (DFT). An essential aspect of chalcogen bonds involving Sulfur as donor atom with nitrogen, oxygen and π-system as electron sources was examined. These bonds are strong with binding energy that varies from a minimum of 3 kcal/mol in some π-system to 19 kcal/mol in primary amine systems. Decomposition of the total interaction energy reveals that the induction energy constitutes more than half of the total interaction energy. The shortness and strength of some of the chalcogen bond interactions suggest these interactions may in some cases be described as weak covalent bonds. A comparative study of π-hole tetrel bonding with σ-hole halogen bonds in complexes of XCN (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and ammonia shows that the π-hole geometry if favored for X = F, and the σ-hole structure is preferred for the heavier halogens. Also, the potential use of these non-covalent interactions in organic catalysis was explored. The energy barrier of the Aza-Diels-Alder reaction is substantially lowered by the introduction of an imidazolium catalyst with either a Hydrogen or halogen (X) atom in the 2-position.

O isosorbídeo, juntamente com o ácido láctico, é considerado importante monômero para a preparação de materiais poliméricos derivados de fontes renováveis. O presente trabalho descreve a aplicação de catalisadores de alta eficiência na síntese de poliésteres derivados de fontes renováveis. Diésteres alifáticos, isosorbídeo, lactídeo, 2-etilhexanoato de estanho II (SnOct2), triflato de itérbio [Yb(OTf)3] e triflato de ítrio [Y(OTf)3], foram utilizados como reagentes para a produção dos polímeros em estudo. O catalisador de estanho, por ser o mais comum na literatura para esse tipo de sistema, foi utilizado como referência para a aplicação dos catalisadores de alta eficiência derivados de ítrio e itérbio. A estratégia inicial adotada para a obtenção da maior massa molar possível dos polímeros foi a execução de um planejamento fatorial para avaliação de como três variáveis principais, temperatura, tempo reacional e quantidade de catalisador influenciam o processo de polimerização. Uma vez determinada a direção a ser seguida no processo de polimerização, ajustes empíricos baseados em dados e observações experimentais foram feitos com a finalidade de se otimizar as condições reacionais. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho, ressonância magnética nuclear de 1H e 13C, espectroscopia no infravermelho, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, análise termogravimétrica e espectrometria de massas. Catalisadores de alta eficiência foram utilizados na preparação de poliésteres de alta massa molar, sintetizados a partir de lactídeo, diésteres alifáticos e diol secundário estericamente impedido, o isosorbídeo. Polímeros ramificados inéditos foram obtidos e um novo mecanismo reacional proposto, permitindo uma melhor compreensão sobre o sistema de policondensação para derivados de isosorbídeo. / The isosorbide and lactic acid are considered important monomers from renewable sources for the preparation of biodegradable materials. The present study describes the use of high performance catalysts applied in the synthesis of polyesters from renewable sources. Aliphatic diesters, isosorbide, lactide, tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, ytterbium triflate and yttrium triflate were used as starting materials for producing the polymers under study. The tin catalyst, being most common in the literature for this type of system, was used as reference for application of high performance catalysts derived from ytterbium and yttrium. The initial strategy adopted to obtain the reaction conditions to reach the highest molar mass of the polymers was the implementation of an experimental design in order to evaluate how the three main variables - temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst- influence the polymerization process. Once the direction of the polymerization process was determined based on experimental observations, further empirical adjustments were made in order to optimize the reaction conditions. The products obtained were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectrometry. High efficiency catalysts were used in the preparation of high molecular weight polyesters derived from lactide, aliphatic diesters and sterically hindered diol, the isosorbide. Novel branched polymers were obtained and new mechanism was suggested, allowing a better understanding of the polycondensation reaction for isosorbide derived polymers.

Abstract While numerous publications deal with the properties and applications of porous silicon (PS), some of the related topics are not complete or could be investigated from different aspects. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to provide novel information associated with the optical and chemical properties of PS. For the investigations, various PS samples are manufactured by electrochemical dark etching of boron-doped p+-type Si wafers. Amongst others, (i) the wavelength-dependent refractive indices of freestanding PS monolayers having different porosities were obtained from optical transmission and reflection spectra in the 700–1700 nm wavelength range, and compared to those calculated from Bruggeman's effective medium approximation (EMA). The refractive indices of the PS samples are shown to be described well with the EMA. In addition, optical scattering at the air-PS interface was demonstrated. (ii) Multilayer stacks are created by alternating the porosities of PS layers within the same sample to form Bragg filters. The Bragg conditions of the filters are calculated and compared to optical transmission measurements. (iii) The oxidation of PS membranes in dry air is investigated with emphases on the reaction kinetics and on the structural changes of the porous matter. As revealed, oxidation proceeds faster in PS than in Si bulk. The formed SiO2 is amorphous and causes stress in the lattice of the residual Si skeleton. (iv) The effect of oxidation extent of PS layers on the growth mechanism of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is investigated. The density of the CNT network is found proportional to the oxidation extent of the substrates. (v) Finally, the chemically-reductive nature of PS is studied and exploited via the immersion plating method to deposit palladium and silver nanoparticles in the nanopores and on the surface of PS samples. The presented novel results have potential in silicon-based technologies, including integrated active and passive optical components (waveguides, filters, antireflection coatings, optical gas/liquid sensors), electronic devices (electrochemical gas/liquid sensors, diodes, field effect devices) and selective chemical catalysis (substrates, growth templates).

No description available.