Some of weeds have disappeared owing to the plant production specialization; some of them have become more resistive. Those weeds have taken significant role due to its danger and frequency of presence. The thesis is mainly focused on description of biology and morphology of weeds, possibilities of weeds spread and weed control. Methods of mechanical and chemical regulation are described based on these facts. The experiments, which were carried on maize, determined the effect of selected herbicide and its active substance on weed control. Following precautions, which were suggested, have led to successful suppression of specific significant weeds.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-01T13:55:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Gomes Correa.pdf: 1508268 bytes, checksum: a32990bd4e7db41baae0a2448dea3298 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T13:55:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Gomes Correa.pdf: 1508268 bytes, checksum: a32990bd4e7db41baae0a2448dea3298 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-01 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The leaf, the major photosynthetic plant organ, has the important function to adjust the plants to different habitats through morphological, chemical and physiological changes as a defense against the environmental factors. The chewing insects, the major consumers of leaf tissues, prejudice the behavior of the plants through the consumption of the photosynthetic tissue. Some plants survive developing chemical and structural strategies of defense. This study evaluated the anatomical and chemical characteristics of defense in plants responsible to the acceptability or resistance to the herbivorous chewing insects in leaves, young and mature, in individuals of species occurring in restinga vegetation. The studied species were: Andira fraxinifolia Benth. (Fabaceae), Annona crassiflora Mart. (Annonaceae), Casearia javitensis Kunth (Flacourtiaceae), Guettarda platypoda DC. (Rubiaceae), Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), Marlierea cf. regeliana (Myrtaceae), Myrcia bergiana O. Berg.(Myrtaceae), Ouratea fieldingiana (Gardner) Engl. (Ochnaceae), Sacoglottis mattogrossensis Malme (Humiriaceae) e Tetracera breyniana Schlechtd (Dilleniaceae). Ten young and ten mature leaves from five indivuals of each species were collected. All leaves were digitized in scanner and after fiexd in FAA 50. The phytochemical tests and the histological slides were made following the respective methods. The anatomical analyses were made using an optical microscope and a program of image analysis. Ouratea fieldingiana showed higher values to thickness of cuticle and epiderm, comparing with other studied species. However, Annona crassiflora exhibit greater leaf thickness and it was the third specie less attacked by herbivores. The species H. speciosa and S. matogrossensis showed smaller leaf lamina taken off by herbivorous, probably as a response to the presence of latex and rutine, indicating a chemical defense. The anatomical characters and the herbivory percentage showed a negative correlation without significance. However, the phytochemical and anatomical analysis exhibited a great variety of defensive strategies, as a positive result to the major secondary compounds classes (alkaloids, phenolic metabolites, and saponosides) and anatomical characters (cuticle and epidermal thickness, presence of trichomes, crystals and schlerenchymatic tissues). / A restinga apresenta uma flora marcada por fatores como elevadas temperaturas, luminosidade, solo arenoso e deposição de substâncias salinas. A desordenada exploração dos recursos naturais vem alterando processos biológicos como as interações entre planta e herbívoro, promovendo um maior investimento em defesa.As defesas relativas à supressão de tecido fotossintético são classificadas como constitutivas ou induzidas, diferindo na forma como a planta expressa a resistência, podendo ser, ainda, classificadas como químicas e físicas. Defesas físicas abrangem características estruturais da planta, enquanto que as defesas químicas são representadas por compostos secundários tóxicos ou repelentes. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar características anatômicas e fitoquímicas de defesa em folhas, jovens e adultas, de indivíduos de espécies ocorrentes numa vegetação de restinga sob a ação de insetos mastigadores. Foram coletadas dez folhas jovens e dez folhas adultas de cinco indivíduos das seguintes espécies: Andira fraxinifolia Benth. (Fabaceae), Annona crassiflora Mart. (Annonaceae), Casearia javitensis Kunth (Flacourtiaceae), Guettarda platypoda DC. (Rubiaceae), Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), Marlierea cf. regeliana (Myrtaceae), Myrcia bergiana O. Berg.(Myrtaceae), Ouratea fieldingiana (Gardner) Engl. (Ochnaceae), Sacoglottis mattogrossensis Malme (Humiriaceae) e Tetracera breyniana Schlechtd (Dilleniaceae). O material botânico foi digitalizado em scanner de mesa e fixado em FAA 50. Os testes fitoquímicos e a confecção de lâminas histológicas seguiram metodologia apropriada. A análise das secções histológicas foi realizada sob microscopia óptica e programa de análise de imagens. A porcentagem de herbivoria variou entre 0-21%. O. fieldingiana exibiu os maiores valores referentes à espessura da cutícula superior (12,77μm) e inferior (6,55μm), assim como da epiderme nas faces adaxial (76,01μm) e abaxial (25,57μm). Andira fraxinifolia, Annona crassiflora e C. javitensis apresentaram tricomas simples restritos a face abaxial. G. platypoda, Myrcia bergiana e T. breyniana apresentaram tricomas simples em ambas as faces. As análises para polifenóis e terpenóides nas espécies estudadas mostraram resultados positivos, enquanto que o teste para alcalóides exibiu resultado positivo apenas em A. crassiflora. As análises mostraram uma grande variedade de estratégias defensivas, entretanto os parâmetros anatômicos e porcentagem deherbivoria não apresentaram resultados significantes.

White and brown-rot fungi damage wood by production of enzymes that attack the structural components. The objective of this study was to characterize decay related genes and proteins that are expressed on three different wood types undergoing decay over 18 months. Variation in gene expression, presence of decay enzymes and proteins were determined for untreated pine (non-resistant), western red cedar (naturally durable), and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) treated pine (chemically resistant) exposed in a soil decay bed test. Decay was assessed by visual decay ratings, dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE), and microscopy. There were no significant differences in decay between cedar and ACQ-treated pine over the 18 month period. However, there were significant differences in decay between pine and cedar and between pine and ACQtreated pine. The fungal mycelia penetrated the cell walls of pine and were continually observed over 18 months, but were not observed in cedar or ACQ-treated pine. Basidiomycetes containing decay genes lignin peroxidase (Lip), manganese peroxidase (Mnp), and laccase (Lcc) were detected on pine and ACQ-treated pine which also a greater diversity of fungi had compared to cedar. Phlebia radiata specific-lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase genes were expressed approximately equally on pine and ACQ-treated pine at most sampling times. The expression of P. radiata specific Lcc was higher on ACQ-treated pine than untreated pine. No basidiomycete genes were expressed and only a few basidiomycetes were identified on cedar, which also showed little decay. ACQ-treated pine also showed little decay, however basidiomycetes were present and active. Proteins were first detected on pine and ACQ-treated pine at 6 months and continued to increase through 18 months, but were not detected on cedar until 14 months exposure. There were greater numbers of total proteins on pine than on cedar and ACQ-treated pine at each time period. Decay genes were only found on pine but not on cedar and ACQ-treated pine. Additionally, the types of proteins and their score were different among the three wood types. From these results, the natural durability of cedar reduced the wood decay community and its activities. It appears that ACQ-treated wood did not stop the production of the decay enzymes but the chemical treatment did inhibit the effectiveness of the wood decay genes.

The present PhD thesis comprises four published research papers and two manuscripts in preparation dealing with importace of particular parts of the warning signal in protection of insect prey against avian predators.

This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of the influence of three different pre-crops on the spring wheat growing in real conditions of a chosen agricultural business. In 2018, a pilot plant test was established on the property in KÚ Dolní Svince, č.p. 0802/23 with the total area of 13,19 ha. For the establishment of the pilot plant test, an area of 5 ha had been used, which, due to its position, occupied the area of all thre pre-crops (corn for silage, winter barley, winter triticale). During the vegetation period, the occurence of weeds had been monitored and the crop yield elements for all stages of all spring wheat had been evaluated. After the harvest, the real crop yield of the wheat had been evaluated and a final economical evaluation had been made. The average crop yield concerning the first option, (pre-crop corn for silage) reached the yield value of 5,65 t.ha-1 , which was a 0,42 t.ha-1 more than the second option (pre-crop winter barley), in which case the value of harvest was 5,23 t.ha-1. Concerning the third monitored option (pre-crop winter triticale), the harvest value was almost similar to the second option - 5,36 t.ha-1. The most suitable pre-crop for the highest harvest of spring wheat is corn for silage, which has reached the highest profit when compared to the other options. In spite of a less advantageous pre-crop, the third option reached the highest-quality of nitrogen and nitrogen compouns.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1253123 bytes, checksum: 10d2730e30805f09a7de54191207b48f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The dung beetle, from the subfamily Scarabaeinae, use feces and carrion as a food source and for their breeding. The ephemeral nature of these resources creates a strong intra and interspecific competition between species that use them. The rolling of dung is a mechanism to relocate food and hence avoid competition. The main interspecific competitors of the roller beetles are flies, including those belonging to the Calliphoridae family. To prevent attack of their food by flies, the dung beetles can cover the ball with a layer of soil. However, this does not seem to be the only mecanism, since when scrolling the ball they may secrete substances that impregnate the ball and possibly act as chemical defense against these competitors. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of rolled food balls and pygidiales secretions produced by the copro-necrophagous beetle Deltochilum furcatum on oviposition of Lucilia cuprina, a fly with high preference to oviposite in carrion. The results showed that, when the food ball is rolled, females and males of D. furcatum impregnate substances to the ball of food that significantly affects L. cuprina oviposition. The male pygidial secretion presented a greater dissuasive effect on L. cuprina compared to the female pygidial secretion. It is possible that the pygidial secretion acts together with other secretions produced by D. furcatum as allomones in the oviposition of L. cuprina and other potential competitors. In situations where there is no possibilities of resource selection for oviposition, the pygidiales secretions of males and females of D. furcatum show no dissuasive effects on L. cuprina. The results are discussed in the context of the biological behavior of dung beetles and the possibility of using glandular secretions during nesting. / Os besouros roladores da subfamília Scarabaeinae utilizam fezes e carcaças como fonte de alimento e para a reprodução. A natureza efêmera desses recursos dá origem a uma forte competição intra e interespecífica entre os organismos que os utilizam, de modo que rolar o alimento é um mecanismo e de realocação do recurso para evitar a competição. Os principais concorrentes interespecíficos dos besouros roladores são os dípteros, incluindo os da família Calliphoridae. Para prevenir ataques de seu alimento por moscas, os besouros roladores podem cobrir a esfera com uma camada de terra. No entanto, isso parece não ser o único mecanismo, já que durante a rolagem podem secretar substâncias que impregnam na bola e que, possivelmente, agem como defesa química contra esses concorrentes. Assim, o presente estudo investigou o efeito de bolas de alimento roladas e das secreções pigidiais produzidas pelo besouro rolador copro-necrófago Deltochilum furcatum sobre o a oviposição de Lucilia cuprina, uma mosca com preferência de postura de ovos em carniça. Os resultados mostraram que, durante a rolagem do alimento, machos e fêmeas de D. furcatum impregnam substâncias à esfera de alimento que afeta significativamente a oviposição de L. cuprina. A secreção pigidial do macho apresentou um efeito dissuasório, afetando a oviposição de L. cuprina em comparação com a secreção pigidiA secreção pigidial do macho apresentou um efeito dissuasório, afetando a oviposição de L. cuprina em comparação com a secreção pigidial da f mea. E c ̃ c ̃ e ıvel a secre ̧ao pigidial aja em conjunto com outrasal da fêmea. É possível que a secreção pigidial aja em conjunto com outras secreções produzidas por furcatum atuando como alomônios na oviposição de L. cuprina e de outros possíveis competidores. Em situações onde não há escolha dos recursos para a oviposição, L. cuprina não demonstra um efeito dissuasivo às secreções pigidiais de machos e fêmeas de D. furcatum. Os resultados são discutidos no contexto do comportamento biológico dos besouros roladores e da possível utilização de secreções glandulares durante a nidificação.

Diploma work is based on constructing of electronic informative system about greenhouse growns damaging pests - growtheal vegetables, concretely forced on forwarding cucumbers and tomatoes. The aim of diploma work is to make out the given information system with division of pests according to kind of the growth, place of damage and integrated locator of pests based on their Czech or Latin title, eventually based on information about pests and bioagens. The system contains detailed information about individual pests, their bionomii, enlargement and protection, including the biological protection. A part of this informative system is a large number of photographs of individual pests, biological preparations or injured plants with apparent symptoms.