CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Despite Institutions Teaching and Research possess a fundamental role in the formation of its professionals, the lack of oversight and vision, along with the improper disposal of chemical waste, have led many laboratories and, consequently, many universities, polluting the environment, promote material waste and mismanagement perform its chemical waste liabilities and assets. Within this context, this work aims to propose a system for managing chemical waste generated at the Laboratory of Environmental Sanitation, Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of CearÃ, with a focus on preventive actions to minimize waste, followed by their treatment. For this, the methodology consisted initially of completing the inventory of chemical waste liabilities followed by characterization of unidentified reagents, which are amenable to reuse. Based on a questionnaire, it was possible to know the main active chemical analyzes generating waste and the situation of how these waste materials were processed in the laboratory. These residues were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals and submitted the metal copper in waste from the analysis of NTK and silver, mercury and hexavalent chromium in the waste analysis of COD. Thus, treatments have been proposed for each metal, which were quantitated using the techniques of X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopy, flame. It was possible to characterize 85.71% of unidentified reagents and thus reuse of 58,125% of the Labosan passive chemical waste. Through the technique of atomic absorption spectroscopy, flame (FAAS), the residue of NKT analysis showed 100% removal of this cover, while the COD analysis of the residue showed removal of 99.984% 99.975% silver and chrome . Thus, it was observed that the final supernatants of chrome and copper treatments showed results within the limits established by CONAMA Resolution No. 430/2011. Through the technique of fluorescence (XRF) X-rays, it was found that solid precipitates of heavy metals showed high purities, such as silver which had purity of 99.223% and the mercury that had purity of 93.540%. Thus, the study supports the need to investigate further all waste generated in Labosan, as also with the implementation of a program of Chemical Waste Management in the UFC. / Apesar das InstituiÃÃes de Ensino e Pesquisa possuÃrem um papel fundamental na formaÃÃo de seus profissionais, a falta de fiscalizaÃÃo e de visÃo, juntamente com o descarte inadequado dos resÃduos quÃmicos, levaram muitos laboratÃrios e, consequentemente, muitas universidades, a poluir o meio ambiente, promover o desperdÃcio de material e realizar o mau gerenciamento dos seus resÃduos quÃmicos passivos e ativos. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho objetiva propor um sistema de gerenciamento dos resÃduos quÃmicos gerados no LaboratÃrio de Saneamento Ambiental do Departamento de Engenharia HidrÃulica e Ambiental da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, com enfoque nas aÃÃes preventivas de minimizaÃÃo dos resÃduos, seguido do seu tratamento. Para isso, a metodologia constituiu-se inicialmente da realizaÃÃo do inventÃrio dos resÃduos quÃmicos passivos seguido da caracterizaÃÃo dos reagentes nÃo identificados, os quais sÃo passÃveis de reaproveitamento. Com base na aplicaÃÃo de um questionÃrio, foi possÃvel conhecer as principais anÃlises geradoras de resÃduos quÃmicos ativos e a situaÃÃo de como esses materiais residuais eram tratados no laboratÃrio. Esses resÃduos foram analisados quanto à presenÃa de metais pesados, tendo apresentado o metal cobre nos resÃduos provenientes da anÃlise de NTK e prata, mercÃrio e cromo hexavalente nos resÃduos da anÃlise de DQO. Assim, foram propostos tratamentos para cada metal, os quais foram quantificados utilizando as tÃcnicas de fluorescÃncia de raios-X e espectroscopia de absorÃÃo atÃmica de chama. Conseguiu-se a caracterizaÃÃo de 85,71% dos reagentes nÃo identificados e com isso a reutilizaÃÃo de 58,125% dos resÃduos quÃmicos passivos do Labosan. AtravÃs da tÃcnica de espectroscopia de absorÃÃo atÃmica de chama (FAAS), o resÃduo da anÃlise de NTK apresentou remoÃÃo de 100% do cobre presente, enquanto que o resÃduo da anÃlise de DQO apresentou remoÃÃo de 99,984% da prata e de 99,975% do cromo. Assim, foi observado que os sobrenadantes finais dos tratamentos do cromo e do cobre apresentaram resultados dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela ResoluÃÃo CONAMA n 430/2011. AtravÃs da tÃcnica de fluorescÃncia de raios-X (FRX), verificou-se que os sÃlidos precipitados dos metais pesados apresentaram elevadas purezas, como à o caso da prata que apresentou pureza de 99,223% e do mercÃrio que apresentou pureza de 93,540%. Assim, o estudo corrobora com a necessidade de investigar mais profundamente todos os resÃduos gerados no Labosan, como tambÃm com a implantaÃÃo de um Programa de Gerenciamento de ResÃduos QuÃmicos na UFC.

O descarte de resíduos químicos é uma prática lesiva ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população. Nesse trabalho foi realizado levantamento dos impactos socioambientais com base nos registros de descartes de resíduos químicos da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo - CETESB, no período de 2005 a 2013, tomando como referência a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP, em especial as cidades de São Paulo e Guarulhos. Dentre os resultados que nortearam o trabalho se destacam a caracterização da prática de descarte de resíduos químicos, sobrepondo a mapas temáticos georreferenciados de rodovias e recursos hídricos. Também por meio de pesquisa dirigida aos principais atores intervenientes dos cenários acidentais,foi possível conhecer os processos atuais de intervenção e de tratamento, aplicados nos descartes de resíduos químicos nas esferas municipais e estaduais. Nesse contexto, o Decreto Estadual nº 59.263/2013, que regulamenta a Lei nº 13.577/2009 sobre a proteção da qualidade do solo e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas criou o Fundo Estadual para Prevenção e Remediação de Áreas Contaminadas (FEPRAC), destinado à identificação e remediação das áreas órfãs. O FEPRAC apresentase como um instrumento econômico capaz de elidir o perigo nos casos de emergências químicas envolvendo o descarte de resíduos sem a identificação do responsável. / The disposal of chemical waste is a harmful practice to public health and the environment.This work was carried out survey of social and environmental impacts based on the records of illegal dumping of chemical waste of the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State - CETESB, in the period 2005-2013, with reference to the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo - especially cities of São Paulo and Guarulhos. Among the results that guided the work stand out the characterization of the practice of disposal of chemical waste, overlaying the GIS thematic maps of roads and water resources. Also through research aimed at key stakeholders of accident scenarios it was possible to know the current processes of intervention and treatment applied in illegal dumping of chemical waste in the municipal and state levels. In this context, the State Decree Nº 59.263/2013, which regulates Law Nº 13.577/2009 on the protection of soil quality and management of contaminated areas created the State Fund for Prevention and Remediation of Contaminated Sites (FEPRAC) for the identification and remediation of these so-called \"orphan areas. The FEPRAC presents itself as an economic instrument that can eliminate the danger in such cases of chemical emergencies involving illegal dumping of chemical wastes without identifying the responsible.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-12-10T16:58:20Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T16:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-12-10T16:58:20Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T16:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O descarte de resíduos químicos é uma prática lesiva ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população. Nesse trabalho foi realizado levantamento dos impactos socioambientais com base nos registros de descartes de resíduos químicos da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo - CETESB, no período de 2005 a 2013, tomando como referência a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP, em especial as cidades de São Paulo e Guarulhos. Dentre os resultados que nortearam o trabalho se destacam a caracterização da prática de descarte de resíduos químicos, sobrepondo a mapas temáticos georreferenciados de rodovias e recursos hídricos. Também por meio de pesquisa dirigida aos principais atores intervenientes dos cenários acidentais,foi possível conhecer os processos atuais de intervenção e de tratamento, aplicados nos descartes de resíduos químicos nas esferas municipais e estaduais. Nesse contexto, o Decreto Estadual nº 59.263/2013, que regulamenta a Lei nº 13.577/2009 sobre a proteção da qualidade do solo e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas criou o Fundo Estadual para Prevenção e Remediação de Áreas Contaminadas (FEPRAC), destinado à identificação e remediação das áreas órfãs. O FEPRAC apresentase como um instrumento econômico capaz de elidir o perigo nos casos de emergências químicas envolvendo o descarte de resíduos sem a identificação do responsável. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientadores: Maria Izabel Maretti Silveira Bueno, Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T21:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Micaroni_ReginaCleliadaCostaMesquita_D.pdf: 1070226 bytes, checksum: 5f4897fe604125d1616cdf404280c2cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: Realizou-se o monitoramento das atividades geradoras de resíduo no Instituto de Química (IQ) da UNICAMP visando a implementação de propostas para a minimização da quantidade de resíduo gerada. Inicialmente fez-se um levantamento do resíduo gerado nas disciplinas experimentais oferecidas pelo IQ, concluindo-se que, ao se formar, um aluno de graduação em Química gera aproximadamente 12 kg de resíduo. Os resultados mostraram que as disciplinas mais críticas em termos de volume e toxicidade do resíduo gerado são as disciplinas de Química Analítica. Nas disciplinas experimentais de Química Analítica foram introduzidas e/ou sugeridas alterações de ensaios, inclusão de tratamento do resíduo e redução da escala dos experimentos mais críticos. A redução de escala e o tratamento de resíduo mostraram-se viáveis na redução do volume de resíduo gerado, enquanto a alteração de experimentos reduziu o potencial tóxico do mesmo. Nos Laboratórios de Pesquisa do IQ/UNICAMP obteve-se um valor médio por aluno de pós-graduação de 488 g de resíduo/ mês. Os resíduos orgânicos gerados em maior quantidade são misturas de hexano/acetato de etila e acetonitrila/água. Finalmente, foi estudada a aplicação de Processos Oxidativos Avançados na decomposição de resíduos aquosos de acetonitrila. Verificou-se que a degradação total deste resíduo pode ser feita de maneira segura e econômica por fotólise com irradiação de uma lâmpada de luz mista (vapor de mercúrio e filamento de tungstênio) / Abstract: The activities which generate chemical waste in the Chemistry Institute (IQ) of UNICAMP were monitored, aiming to minimize the quantity of residue generated. Initially a study of the residue generated in the experimental courses of IQ was carried out. It was observed that, before graduating, each undergraduate Chemistry student generates more than 12 kg of residue. The results showed that the most critical courses in terms of residue volume and toxicity are the disciplines of Analytical Chemistry. Therefore, some changes in the most critical experiments were introduced and/or suggested, such as: change of some of the reagents used, inclusion of waste treatment, and scale reduction in the experimental disciplines of Analytical Chemistry. The scale reduction and the waste treatment proved feasible in reducing the quantity of the waste generated, while the other changes reduced their potential toxicity. In the Research Laboratories of the IQ/UNICAMP a mean value of 488 g of residue/ month per graduate student was obtained. The organic residues more commonly generated are mixtures of hexane/ethyl acetate and acetonitrile/water. Thus, the application of Advanced Oxidation Processes to decompose mixtures containing acetonitrile and water was studied. It was observed that the total decomposition of this type of residue can be carried out in a safe and inexpensive way using photolysis with the light of a mixed wavelength lamp (mercury and tungsten) / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

O descarte de resíduos químicos é uma prática lesiva ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população. Nesse trabalho foi realizado levantamento dos impactos socioambientais com base nos registros de descartes de resíduos químicos da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo - CETESB, no período de 2005 a 2013, tomando como referência a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP, em especial as cidades de São Paulo e Guarulhos. Dentre os resultados que nortearam o trabalho se destacam a caracterização da prática de descarte de resíduos químicos, sobrepondo a mapas temáticos georreferenciados de rodovias e recursos hídricos. Também por meio de pesquisa dirigida aos principais atores intervenientes dos cenários acidentais,foi possível conhecer os processos atuais de intervenção e de tratamento, aplicados nos descartes de resíduos químicos nas esferas municipais e estaduais. Nesse contexto, o Decreto Estadual nº 59.263/2013, que regulamenta a Lei nº 13.577/2009 sobre a proteção da qualidade do solo e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas criou o Fundo Estadual para Prevenção e Remediação de Áreas Contaminadas (FEPRAC), destinado à identificação e remediação das áreas órfãs. O FEPRAC apresentase como um instrumento econômico capaz de elidir o perigo nos casos de emergências químicas envolvendo o descarte de resíduos sem a identificação do responsável. / The disposal of chemical waste is a harmful practice to public health and the environment.This work was carried out survey of social and environmental impacts based on the records of illegal dumping of chemical waste of the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State - CETESB, in the period 2005-2013, with reference to the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo - especially cities of São Paulo and Guarulhos. Among the results that guided the work stand out the characterization of the practice of disposal of chemical waste, overlaying the GIS thematic maps of roads and water resources. Also through research aimed at key stakeholders of accident scenarios it was possible to know the current processes of intervention and treatment applied in illegal dumping of chemical waste in the municipal and state levels. In this context, the State Decree Nº 59.263/2013, which regulates Law Nº 13.577/2009 on the protection of soil quality and management of contaminated areas created the State Fund for Prevention and Remediation of Contaminated Sites (FEPRAC) for the identification and remediation of these so-called \"orphan areas. The FEPRAC presents itself as an economic instrument that can eliminate the danger in such cases of chemical emergencies involving illegal dumping of chemical wastes without identifying the responsible.

Las instituciones educativas y las empresas de servicios que cuenten con laboratorios de química o afines, para realizar experiencias de laboratorio o análisis químicos como parte de los servicios prestados a terceros, requieren al igual que las empresas productivas, de una gestión y un adecuado manejo de sus residuos químicos. Para ello, deben elaborar y aplicar un Plan de Manejo de Residuos Químicos de Laboratorio y dependiendo del tamaño de la institución (u organización) deberán contar con un sistema de información conocido como Bolsa de Residuos Químicos (BRQ) para el reaprovechamiento de sus residuos generados. Si los residuos no pueden ser reaprovechados, deberán realizar un tratamiento de los mismos con la finalidad de desactivarlos para su disposición final. No se debe olvidar que los costos asociados al manejo de los productos químicos tienen que incluir los costos de gestión y manejo de los residuos. / The educative institutions and the companies of services that count on compatible laboratories of chemistry, in order to bring chemical experiences of laboratory or analyses as a part of a service to third, require, like the productive companies, of an appropriate management and handling of their chemical wastes.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Water shortages in the Western United States have intensified the search for new sources. Wastewater reuse is being increasingly called upon to augment existing supplies. One potential impediment to the continued expansion of wastewater reuse efforts is the accumulation of toxic heavy metals and other salts in the recycled water. Conventional and advanced wastewater treatment effect the removal of a portion of the heavy metals added during use. Removal is by chemical precipitation and adsorption and disposed of with the sludges. Potential uses of treated wastewater effluents include irrigation and groundwater recharge. Care must be taken to prevent contamination of groundwater, especially since existing wells have been reported to have concentrations of heavy metals in excess of drinking water standards. Percolation of wastewaters through soils (especially fine soils) results in a reduction in heavy metal concentrations. It is postulated that removal of these metals is by a combination of chemical precipitation with filtration of the precipitates, and adsorption on soil particles (thus the effectiveness of fine soils). Long term saturation of the soils with heavy metals may result in a "breakthrough" contamination of the groundwater. A predictive model of heavy metal-wastewater-soil interactions is proposed to aid in the design and regulation of wastewater reuse systems to eliminate or minimize this problem.

Thesis submitted in the requirements for the degree Doctor Technologiae: Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2013 / To date, limited information has been published on textile wastewater treatment, for re-use, in South Africa (SA), with treatment processes focusing on conventional wastewater treatment methods. A large contributor to the contamination of water within textile industries is from dyehouse processes. A major concern in textile wastewater treatment is the release of azo dyes and their metabolites, some of which are carcinogenic and mutanogenic, into the environment since they are xenobiotic and aerobically recalcitrant to biodegradation. A necessity therefore exists to find an effective treatment method capable of removing both the strong colour and the toxic organic compounds from textile wastewater. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are favoured when treating high-strength wastewater, since the membrane area is determined by the hydraulic throughput and not the biological load; no sludge is wasted and all bacteria are retained within the reactor, including specific bacteria capable of degrading the toxic, non-biodegradable constituents present in textile wastewater. MBR systems, using various configurations have been utilised extensively in the rest of the world to treat textile wastewater at both lab and pilot-scale. This DTech project formed part of a collaborative Water Research Commission (WRC) funded project K5/1900 - Pilot application of a dual-stage membrane bioreactor (dsMBR) for industrial wastewater treatment. The main purpose of this study was the on-site evaluation of a pilot-scale dsMBR incorporating two ultrafiltration (UF) sidestream membrane modules for the treatment, recovery and re-use of textile wastewater. The objectives of this project were to determine the treatment efficiency of the system; to evaluate the degree of colour removal from the textile wastewater; to improve residual colour removal within the system using treatment processes, such as NF and RO, as well as to propose a design and cost for a full-scale plant. A textile industry located in Bellville, Western Cape, was chosen as the industrial partner for the on-site evaluation of a semi-automated pilot wastewater treatment MBR plant using two 5.1 m2 Norit X-flow AirliftTM membrane modules. Since the wastewater treatment system was located on the premises, real continuously changing industrial wastewater was being treated. The industrial textile wastewater was treated in a series of tanks: 1) an anaerobic tank, which cleaved the azo bonds of the reactive dyes; 2) an anoxic tank containing reduced amounts of dissolved oxygen, in which denitrification occurred; and 3) an aerobic tank, in which i) nitrification, as well as ii) mineralisation of the aromatic amines occurred. The UF-membrane modules would account for the removal of any organic material. The wastewater stream was characterised by a chemical oxygen demand (COD) range of between 45 to 2,820 mg/L and an average biological oxygen demand (BOD) of 192.5 mg/L. The dsMBR achieved an average COD reduction of 75% with a maximum of 97% over the 220 day test period. The COD concentration obtained after dsMBR treatment averaged at 191 mg/L, which was well within the City of Cape Town industrial wastewater discharge standard. The average reduction in turbidity and TSS was 94% and 19.6%, respectively, during the UF-MBR stage of the system. Subsequent treatment of the UF permeate with nanofiltration (NF) for 4 days, alternated with reverse osmosis (RO) for 14 days removed both the residual colour and salt present in the UF permeate. A consistent reduction in the colour of the incoming wastewater was evident. The colour in the wastewater was reduced from an average of 659 ADMI units to ~12 ADMI units in the NF permeate, a lower American dye manufacturing index (ADMI) (i.e. method of colour representation) compared to the potable water (~17 ADMI units) utilised by the industrial partner in their dyeing processes. The colour was reduced from an average of 659 to ~20 ADMI units in the RO permeate, a lower ADMI and therefore colour when compared to the potable water. An average conductivity rejection of 91% was achieved with conductivity being reduced from an average of 7,700 to 693 μS/cm and the TDS reduced from an average of 5,700 to 473 mg/L, which facilitated an average TDS rejection of 92%. Based on the composition of the UF permeate fed to the RO membrane a maximum removal of 98.7% was achieved for both conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS). The proposed full-scale plant would incorporate a UF-MBR system, followed by NF, RO, flocculation and a filter press. Therefore, the two waste products produced during operation of the proposed full-scale plant, would be the solid filter cakes and the liquid filtrate from the filter press. Implementing the proposed full-scale plant it would cost the industrial partner an operating cost of ZAR 113.85 and ZAR 3,415.49 to treat 97.1 m3 and 2,913 m3 of textile wastewater, respectively, per day and per month. This results in an annual saving of ZAR 845,848 on potable water expenses. This research, would provide SA textile industries, with an option to: 1) reduce their water consumption, thereby utilising less of a valuable decreasing commodity; 2) meet the SA government discharge standards and reduce their discharge costs; 3) reduce their carbon footprint (i.e. reduce their impact on the environment) by re-using their treated wastewater and therefore using less water from the municipality; and 4) decrease their annual expenditure on water, since the treated wastewater would be available for re-use.