Although the soil solution lies at the centre of many of the processes which occur in soils, little information is available on the chemical composition of the soil solutions of field soils, or on the temporal and spatial variability of such solutions. The suitability of an immiscible fluid centrifugation method for obtaining samples of the soil solution was evaluated. The method was found to be substantially free from interferences and well suited to routine use. It was adapted for use with soils of low bulk density. Yields of soil solution from soils at or near field capacity ranged from 20 to 50% of the total water present. However little or no soil solution could be extracted from dry soils. Displaced solutions were analysed for about 20 solutes principally by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Typical solute concentrations in soil solutons from six neutral and calcareous soil series in the Oxford area were in the range 10^-2.4 to 10^-3.4 M for Na, K, Ca, S, Cl, N0₃, alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC); 10^-3.4 to 10^-4.4 M for Mg, Si and P and <10^-5.33 M for B, Li r Y, Ba, Mn, Cu, Fe, V, Zn, Al, Pb f Ni, Cd, Co, Sr and Mo. Short-range (5-10 m) variability was significantly less, and between-soil series variability significantly more, than the variability found between grass fields on the same soil series for most solutes. The main exception to this was N0₃ which exhibited a large between-field variability. In general, soil solutions from arable soils were more dilute than those from nearby pasture soils. Solutions from poorly drained sites on a heavy clay soil were more concentrated than those from freely draining sites on the same soil series. A year-long sampling programme showed that with the exception of P and alkalinity the concentrations of solutes in the soil solution changed significantly with time. The temporal range in the concentrations of solutes was found to increase in the order Si-Pandlt;alkalinity-Feandlt;Naandlt;Ca-Sr-Mg-Cuandlt;S-DOCandlt;K-Znandlt;Cl-pHandlt;Mn.

Entre os fitopatógenos habitantes do solo, o Pythium sp. é um dos mais agressivos e de difícil controle e acomete diversas culturas comerciais. Na cultura do pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) causa podridão de colo e conseqüente tombamento de plântulas. O controle deste fitopatógeno é baseado em alternativas culturais, por o tratamento químico de sementes não ser efetivo. A adição de compostos orgânicos promove alterações químicas, físicas e biológicas no solo e alterações nutricionais nas plantas. O chorume de suínos apresenta-se como uma alternativa de controle deste fitopatógeno, devido a sua disponibilidade e ao seu potencial nutricional. No entanto, o pH do solo influencia na liberação de diferentes compostos pelo chorume de suínos e, consequentemente, na sua ação sobre os patógenos. Para o gênero Pythium, não existem relatos de utilização de chorume de suínos como alternativa de controle aplicado em diferentes níveis de pH do solo. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da aplicação de chorume de suínos em solo com diferentes níveis de pH, sobre o controle da doença, sobre o desenvolvimento do fitopatógeno e sua influência nas características químicas e biológicas do solo. Três diferentes situações foram testadas, sendo em todas mantidas a aplicação de 0, 5, 10 e 15% de chorume. Em experimentos com arranjo inteiramente casualizado. Em placas de Petry, avaliou-se a aplicação dos volumes de chorume de suínos em solo com pH 4,8, 6,3 e 8,4, com 1, 2 e 3 dias de incubação sobre o crescimento micelial do Pythium sp. No solo com pH 8,4 o crescimento das colônias foi superior em todos os períodos testados, e em solo pH 4,8 e 6,3 com até dois dias de desenvolvimento, as colônias tiveram um crescimento micelial inibido. Em experimentos inteiramente casualizado, com incubação hermética dos mesmos volumes de chorume de suínos, por quatro dias em solo com pH 4,8, 6,3 e 8,4, obteve-se menor índice de tombamento de plantas no solo pH 4,8. Em outra situação, avaliou-se em experimentos com blocos ao acaso o efeito de diferentes volumes de chorume de suínos sobre o tombamento de plantas de pepino em vasos. A aplicação deste em solo com dois diferentes níveis de pH (pH 4,8 e 6,3), revelou menor número de plantas de pepino tombadas no solo com pH 4,8. Em todas as situações o efeito fungitóxico dos ácidos graxos voláteis, liberados pelo chorume de suínos, quando aplicado em solo com maior nível de acidez, foi apontado como a principal causa da obtenção destes resultados. / Among the soilborne plant pathogens, the Pythium sp. is one of the most aggressive and difficult to control and affects several crops. In the culture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) causes collar rot and subsequent damping-off. Control of this pathogen is based on cultural alternatives for the chemical treatment of seed not be effective. The addition of organic compounds promotes chemical changes in soil physical and biological and nutritional changes in plants. The swine manure is presented as an alternative to control this pathogen due to its availability and its nutritional potential. However, soil pH influences the release of different compounds by swine manure and consequently in its action on pathogens. For the genus Pythium, there are no reports of use of swine manure as an alternative control applied at different levels of soil pH. This study evaluated the effect of swine manure in soil with different pH levels on disease control on the development of the pathogen and its influence on chemical and biological soil. Three different situations were tested, and all maintained in the application of 0, 5, 10 and 15% manure. In experiments with randomized arrangement. In Petry plates, evaluated the implementation of the volumes of swine manure in soil with pH 4.8, 6.3 and 8.4, 1, 2 and 3 days of incubation on the mycelial growth of Pythium sp. In soil with pH 8.4 the growth of colonies was higher in all periods tested, and soil pH 4.8 and 6.3 with up to two days of development, the colonies had inhibited growth. In randomized experiments, with incubation hermetic same volumes of swine manure, for four days in soil with pH 4.8, 6.3 and 8.4, we obtained a smaller rate of damping of plants in soil pH 4.8. In another situation, it was evaluated in experiments with randomized block the effect of different amounts of swine manure on the registration of cucumber plants in pots. The application of soil with two different pH levels (pH 4.8 and 6.3) revealed a lower number of cucumber plants having fallen to the ground with pH 4.8. In all cases, the antifungal effect of volatile fatty acids, released by swine manure, when applied to soil with higher acidity level, he was appointed as the main cause of getting these results.

A atenuação da toxidez de Mn é relativamente freqüente em plantas micorrizadas. Nesse trabalho, testaram-se três hipóteses para avaliar os efeitos da micorrização sobre a manifestação da toxidez de Mn: 1) A micorrização altera a comunidade microbiana oxidante e redutora de Mn no solo, o que reflete na sua disponibilidade; 2) A micorrização propicia maior absorção de Si pela planta, o qual atenua a toxidez de Mn; 3) O maior desenvolvimento das plantas micorrizadas atenua a toxidez de Mn pelo efeito diluição. Conduziram-se cinco experimentos, empregando-se a cultivar de soja IAC-8 e, como substrato, solos classificados como NEOSSOLO QUARTZARÊNICO típico ou NITOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico típico, autoclavados para eliminar a comunidade microbiana nativa. Num experimento preliminar foi selecionada a espécie de fungo micorrízico arbuscular (FMA) G. etunicatum, eficiente em promover o crescimento da soja nos dois solos, com efeitos mais evidentes entre 9 e 12 semanas. Nesse experimento, a espécie G. macrocarpum no substrato argiloso agravou os sintomas de toxidez de Mn e foi utilizada nos experimentos posteriores para se investigar esse comportamento. No segundo experimento, G. etunicatum atenuou a toxidez de Mn em plantas que receberam doses crescentes de Mn no substrato, simultaneamente com a diminuição da deposição de calose (b-1,3-glucana) nas folhas mais novas. Houve aumento dos teores de Si nas raízes das plantas micorrizadas. No terceiro experimento, a micorrização, sem ou com o restabelecimento da comunidade microbiana nativa, aumentou o crescimento das plantas e diminuiu a toxidez de Mn, mais intensamente nos tratamentos com o restabelecimento da comunidade microbiana. Isso coincidiu com menores concentrações de Mn nas raízes e parte aérea e menor disponibilidade no substrato; comportamento semelhante foi observado para Fe na parte aérea. Bactérias redutoras e oxidantes de Mn foram isoladas e identificadas por meio de seqüenciamento da região 16S do rDNA. Dentre as redutoras, a maioria pertenceu ao gênero Streptomyces e uma ao gênero Variovorax. As oxidantes agruparam-se em três clusters dos gêneros Arthrobacter, Variovorax e Ralstonia. No quarto experimento, plantas de soja micorrizadas foram comparadas com plantas não micorrizadas que receberam dose extra de P, com a finalidade de obter plantas micorrizadas e não micorrizadas com biomassas semelhantes, eliminando-se o efeito diluição. As plantas micorrizadas apresentaram maior atenuação da toxidez de Mn em relação àquelas que receberam dose extra de P, mesmo com biomassas semelhantes. Nesse caso, as plantas micorrizadas apresentaram menores concentrações de Mn na parte aérea e raízes. No último experimento, novamente as plantas micorrizadas apresentaram atenuação da toxidez de Mn e diminuição da sua concentração na parte aérea quando cultivadas no substrato argiloso com alta disponibilidade natural de Mn. A colonização radicular pelos FMA correlacionou-se negativamente com os teores de Mn na parte aérea e raízes. O número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de bactérias oxidantes de Mn correlacionou-se negativamente com a disponibilidade de Fe e Mn no substrato, já o número UFC de bactérias redutoras de Mn correlacionou-se positivamente. Essas observações indicam que as disponibilidades do Fe e Mn nesse substrato estão sob influência da atividade biológica. / The attenuation of Mn toxicity is relatively frequent in mycorrhizal plants. In this work, three hypotheses were tested to evaluate the effects of mycorrhiza on the manifestation of Mn toxicity: 1) Mycorrhiza alters the Mn oxidizing and reducing microbial community in the soil, modifying its availability; 2) Mycorrhiza propitiates larger absorption of Si by the plant, which lessens the Mn toxicity; 3) The growth increase of mycorrhizal plants results in lower Mn toxicity due to the dilution effect. Five experiments were carried out, in which the soybean cultivar IAC-8 was used as test plant. As substratum we used soils classified as Typic Rhodudalf or Typic Quartzipsamment, autoclaved to eliminate the native microbial community. In a preliminary experiment the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) G. etunicatum was selected as effective in plant growth promotion in the two soils, with greater effects between 9 and 12 weeks after sowing. In this experiment, the species G. macrocarpum increased the Mn toxicity symptoms in the clay soil. Therefore this AMF was used in the subsequent experiments to investigate the causes of this behavior. In the second experiment G. etunicatum lessened the Mn toxicity in plants cultivated in substratum that received increasing doses of Mn, that also showed a decrease of callose (b-1,3-glucan) deposition in the youngest leaves. There was also an increase of Si concentrations in the roots of the mycorrhizal plants. In the third experiment, mycorrhiza, in combination or not with the reestablishment of the native microbial community, increased plant growth and reduced Mn toxicity more intensively in the treatments in which the microbial community was reestablished. That coincided with smaller concentrations of Mn in the roots and shoots of the plants and lower availability in the substratum; a similar behavior was observed for Fe in the shoots. Manganese reducing and oxidizing bacteria were isolated and identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA. Among the Mn reducers, most belonged to the genus Streptomyces and one to the genus Variovorax. The oxidizers were grouped in three clusters of the genera Arthrobacter, Variovorax and Ralstonia. In the fourth experiment, mycorrhizal soybean plants were compared with non-mycorrhizal ones that received an extra dose of P, with the purpose of obtaining mycorrhizal and non- mycorrhizal plants with a similar biomass, eliminating the dilution effect. Mycorrhizal plants presented greater Mn toxicity attenuation in relation to those that received extra P, even with similar biomasses. In that case, the mycorrhizal plants presented smaller Mn concentrations in the shoots and roots. In the last experiment, mycorrhizal plants once more presented attenuation of Mn toxicity and decrease of Mn concentration in the shoots when cultivated in the clay substratum with high Mn availability. Mycorrhizal root colonization correlated negatively root and shoot Mn concentrations. The number of colony forming units (CFU) of Mn oxidizing bacteria correlated negatively with the availability of Fe and Mn in the substratum, while the number of CFU of Mn reducing bacteria correlated positively. Those observations indicate that the availability of Fe and Mn in that substratum is under influence of biological activity.

A atenuação da toxidez de Mn é relativamente freqüente em plantas micorrizadas. Nesse trabalho, testaram-se três hipóteses para avaliar os efeitos da micorrização sobre a manifestação da toxidez de Mn: 1) A micorrização altera a comunidade microbiana oxidante e redutora de Mn no solo, o que reflete na sua disponibilidade; 2) A micorrização propicia maior absorção de Si pela planta, o qual atenua a toxidez de Mn; 3) O maior desenvolvimento das plantas micorrizadas atenua a toxidez de Mn pelo efeito diluição. Conduziram-se cinco experimentos, empregando-se a cultivar de soja IAC-8 e, como substrato, solos classificados como NEOSSOLO QUARTZARÊNICO típico ou NITOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutroférrico típico, autoclavados para eliminar a comunidade microbiana nativa. Num experimento preliminar foi selecionada a espécie de fungo micorrízico arbuscular (FMA) G. etunicatum, eficiente em promover o crescimento da soja nos dois solos, com efeitos mais evidentes entre 9 e 12 semanas. Nesse experimento, a espécie G. macrocarpum no substrato argiloso agravou os sintomas de toxidez de Mn e foi utilizada nos experimentos posteriores para se investigar esse comportamento. No segundo experimento, G. etunicatum atenuou a toxidez de Mn em plantas que receberam doses crescentes de Mn no substrato, simultaneamente com a diminuição da deposição de calose (b-1,3-glucana) nas folhas mais novas. Houve aumento dos teores de Si nas raízes das plantas micorrizadas. No terceiro experimento, a micorrização, sem ou com o restabelecimento da comunidade microbiana nativa, aumentou o crescimento das plantas e diminuiu a toxidez de Mn, mais intensamente nos tratamentos com o restabelecimento da comunidade microbiana. Isso coincidiu com menores concentrações de Mn nas raízes e parte aérea e menor disponibilidade no substrato; comportamento semelhante foi observado para Fe na parte aérea. Bactérias redutoras e oxidantes de Mn foram isoladas e identificadas por meio de seqüenciamento da região 16S do rDNA. Dentre as redutoras, a maioria pertenceu ao gênero Streptomyces e uma ao gênero Variovorax. As oxidantes agruparam-se em três clusters dos gêneros Arthrobacter, Variovorax e Ralstonia. No quarto experimento, plantas de soja micorrizadas foram comparadas com plantas não micorrizadas que receberam dose extra de P, com a finalidade de obter plantas micorrizadas e não micorrizadas com biomassas semelhantes, eliminando-se o efeito diluição. As plantas micorrizadas apresentaram maior atenuação da toxidez de Mn em relação àquelas que receberam dose extra de P, mesmo com biomassas semelhantes. Nesse caso, as plantas micorrizadas apresentaram menores concentrações de Mn na parte aérea e raízes. No último experimento, novamente as plantas micorrizadas apresentaram atenuação da toxidez de Mn e diminuição da sua concentração na parte aérea quando cultivadas no substrato argiloso com alta disponibilidade natural de Mn. A colonização radicular pelos FMA correlacionou-se negativamente com os teores de Mn na parte aérea e raízes. O número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de bactérias oxidantes de Mn correlacionou-se negativamente com a disponibilidade de Fe e Mn no substrato, já o número UFC de bactérias redutoras de Mn correlacionou-se positivamente. Essas observações indicam que as disponibilidades do Fe e Mn nesse substrato estão sob influência da atividade biológica. / The attenuation of Mn toxicity is relatively frequent in mycorrhizal plants. In this work, three hypotheses were tested to evaluate the effects of mycorrhiza on the manifestation of Mn toxicity: 1) Mycorrhiza alters the Mn oxidizing and reducing microbial community in the soil, modifying its availability; 2) Mycorrhiza propitiates larger absorption of Si by the plant, which lessens the Mn toxicity; 3) The growth increase of mycorrhizal plants results in lower Mn toxicity due to the dilution effect. Five experiments were carried out, in which the soybean cultivar IAC-8 was used as test plant. As substratum we used soils classified as Typic Rhodudalf or Typic Quartzipsamment, autoclaved to eliminate the native microbial community. In a preliminary experiment the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) G. etunicatum was selected as effective in plant growth promotion in the two soils, with greater effects between 9 and 12 weeks after sowing. In this experiment, the species G. macrocarpum increased the Mn toxicity symptoms in the clay soil. Therefore this AMF was used in the subsequent experiments to investigate the causes of this behavior. In the second experiment G. etunicatum lessened the Mn toxicity in plants cultivated in substratum that received increasing doses of Mn, that also showed a decrease of callose (b-1,3-glucan) deposition in the youngest leaves. There was also an increase of Si concentrations in the roots of the mycorrhizal plants. In the third experiment, mycorrhiza, in combination or not with the reestablishment of the native microbial community, increased plant growth and reduced Mn toxicity more intensively in the treatments in which the microbial community was reestablished. That coincided with smaller concentrations of Mn in the roots and shoots of the plants and lower availability in the substratum; a similar behavior was observed for Fe in the shoots. Manganese reducing and oxidizing bacteria were isolated and identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA. Among the Mn reducers, most belonged to the genus Streptomyces and one to the genus Variovorax. The oxidizers were grouped in three clusters of the genera Arthrobacter, Variovorax and Ralstonia. In the fourth experiment, mycorrhizal soybean plants were compared with non-mycorrhizal ones that received an extra dose of P, with the purpose of obtaining mycorrhizal and non- mycorrhizal plants with a similar biomass, eliminating the dilution effect. Mycorrhizal plants presented greater Mn toxicity attenuation in relation to those that received extra P, even with similar biomasses. In that case, the mycorrhizal plants presented smaller Mn concentrations in the shoots and roots. In the last experiment, mycorrhizal plants once more presented attenuation of Mn toxicity and decrease of Mn concentration in the shoots when cultivated in the clay substratum with high Mn availability. Mycorrhizal root colonization correlated negatively root and shoot Mn concentrations. The number of colony forming units (CFU) of Mn oxidizing bacteria correlated negatively with the availability of Fe and Mn in the substratum, while the number of CFU of Mn reducing bacteria correlated positively. Those observations indicate that the availability of Fe and Mn in that substratum is under influence of biological activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 615488 bytes, checksum: 625e0d53d08b1efc7faa6681cabab74c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-07 / The low availability of phosphorus (P) in tropical soils makes it one of the most studied plant nutrients in the world. Phosphorus fertilization is essential for economically satisfactory yields and the assessment of its long-term availability has become indispensable for the management of this nutrient in agricultural systems. This study was based on two experiments: experiment I, to evaluate the wear of Mehlich-1 (M-1), used in routine analyses of soil available P, and the resulting changes in the currently used critical P levels. For comparison, extractor wear of available sulfur (S) was tested in the same way, using the same soil samples. Twenty soil samples were selected to cover the range of remaining P (P-rem) from 0 to 60 mg L-1 P, as a measure of the phosphate buffering capacity (PBC) in the soil. The extractors M-1 and monocalcium phosphate in acetic acid (MCPa) were routinely applied to determine P and S, respectively, according to protocols used in the Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Viçosa. The pH variation of the two extractors, SO42- of M-1 and of H2PO4- of MCPa, was determined in the soil extract after a rest period of 16 h. A slight but significant wear of acidity (increase in pH) occurred with increasing PBC (decrease in P-rem). On the other hand, SO42- of M -1 was exhausted with increasing PBC, according to a linear-plateau model. This fact indicates the need to adopt an equally discontinuous model for the interpretation of P-available soil with different values of P-rem or PBC. On the other hand, S extractor wear was continuous, linear, with decreased P-rem or increased PBC, which proves that the currently adopted relationship between available S and PBC is correct. For experiment II, samples of Bayovar Rock Phosphate (RP) in an aqueous suspension were placed in a dialysis cassette (Slide-A-Lyzer Dialysis Cassette G2) and this in a 200 mL beaker with 150 mL of an aqueous suspension with drains of P and/or Ca:anionic resin (AR), cationic resin (CR), mixed resin (MR), goethite (Goe), Goe+AR, Goe + RC, and a control treatment (only natural RP). The pH of all treatments was adjusted to 4.5 or 6.0, in five replications. These treatments were stirred for 12 h daily for 18 days, in a horizontal shaker at 130 opm, and then left to stand until completing 30 days of equilibrium due to mechanical deterioration (breaking) of the membranes. In each treatment, solution P, labile P residual P, and total P (the sum of the previous and fractions) were determined. Goethite as P drain caused greater RP solubilization than the other drains at pH 4.5 and than the other drains containing no additional AR or RC. Similarly, AR (P drain) caused similar solubilization to that of RC (Ca drain), indicating that the P drain was as effective in solubilizing RP as the Ca drain. The presence of AR and RC strongly inhibited the action of Goe at pH 4.5, as solubilizing agent of RP. The higher solubilization generally caused by Goe resulted in lower levels of labile P. The effect of higher acidity solubilizing RP was generally less effective than that of the separate or combined drains. / A baixa disponibilidade de fósforo (P) em solos tropicais o torna um dos nutrientes para as plantas mais pesquisados no mundo. A adubação com P é prática essencial para a obtenção de produtividades economicamente satisfatórias e a avaliação de sua disponibilidade ao longo dos anos tem sido imprescindível para o manejo desse nutriente nos sistemas agrícolas. Assim, para este trabalho, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um (experimento I) com o objetivo de avaliar o desgaste do extrator Mehlich-1 (M-1), utilizado em análises de rotina do P disponível de solos, e a consequente alteração dos níveis críticos deste nutriente atualmente utilizado. Comparativamente, foi conduzido um estudo semelhante com o enxofre (S) disponível, com o mesmo objetivo, utilizando as mesmas amostras de solos. Vinte amostras de solos foram escolhidas de modo a cobrir a faixa de amplitude do P remanescente (P-rem), de 0 a 60 mg L-1 de P, como uma medida do Poder Tampão de Fosfato (PTF) do solo. Nas determinações de rotina de P e de S, foram utilizados os extratores M-1 e fosfato monocálcico em ácido acético (FMCa), respectivamente, segundo protocolos adotados no Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. A variação do pH dos dois extratores, de SO42- do M-1 e de H2PO4- do FMCa, foram determinados no extrato solo-extrator após um período de repouso de 16 h. O desgaste da acidez (aumento dos valores de pH) ocorreu com o aumento do PTF (diminuição do P-rem), embora pouco expressiva, mas significativa. Por outro lado, houve o desgaste do SO42- do M-1 com o aumento do PTF, segundo um modelo linear-plateau. Este fato indica a necessidade de adoção de um modelo igualmente descontínuo para a interpretação do P-disponível de solos com diferentes valores de P-rem ou de PTF. Por outro, lado o desgaste do extrator de S foi contínuo, linear, com a diminuição do P-rem ou aumento do PTF, o que mostra ser correta a relação entre S disponível e PTF, atualmente adotada. Para o experimento II, amostras do fosfato natural reativo de bayóvar (FN), em uma suspensão aquosa, foram colocadas em um compartimento de diálise (Slide-A-Lyzer G2 Dialysis Cassette) e este em um becker de 200 mL com 150 mL de uma suspensão aquosa com os drenos de P e, ou, de Ca: resina aniônica (RA), resina catiônica (RC), resina mista (RM), goethita (Goe), Goe+RA, Goe+RC e um tratamento controle (FN natural apenas), com todos estes tratamentos com os valores de pH ajustados em 4,5 ou 6,0, em cinco repetições. Esses tratamentos foram agitados por 12 h diárias, durante 18 dias, em agitador horizontal a 130 opm e não mais até completar 30 dias de equilíbrio, devido a deterioração mecânica (rompimento) das membranas. Foram determinados P-solução, P- lábil, P-residual, e P-total (este como somatória das frações anteriores) de cada tratamento. A Goe, como dreno-P, causou a maior solubilização do FN, em comparação aos demais drenos, a pH 4,5, e aos demais drenos que não continham RA ou RC adicionalmente. De modo semelhante, a RA (dreno-P) causou solubilização semelhante à da RC (dreno Ca), indicando ser o dreno-P tão efetivo na solubilização do FN quanto o dreno- Ca. As presenças das RA e RC inibiram fortemente a ação da Goe, a pH 4,5, como agente solubilizador do FN. A maior solubilização causada, de modo geral, pela Goe causou os menores teores de P-lábil. O efeito da maior acidez solubilizando o FN mostrou-se, de modo geral, menos efetivo que os drenos individualmente ou combinados.

<p dir="ltr">Globally, soils hold more carbon than both the atmosphere and aboveground terrestrial biosphere combined. Changes in land use and land cover have the potential to alter soil carbon cycling throughout the soil profile, from the surface to meters deep, yet most studies focus only on the near surface impact (< 25 cm deep). This research bias toward shallow soil carbon cycling has ramifications for understanding the full impacts of agricultural and restoration management practices on soil organic and inorganic carbon dynamics. The primary objective of my thesis research is to evaluate the factors controlling the impact of deep-rooting perennial grass on soil carbon cycling during prairie restoration of soil following long term, row crop agriculture. Paired soil pits were established to compare the effects of restoration on soil C dynamics in a corn-soy cropping system (minimal tillage) and restored prairie sites in Nebraska and Illinois. At each site, soil organic carbon (SOC) and inorganic carbon (SIC) content, stock, and stable carbon isotope analysis were preformed to ~2 m depth to assess long term integrated C dynamics. Estimating the contribution of prairie carbon inputs to the SOC in the soil profile was examined using stable carbon isotopic signatures in the SOC in relation to the above ground vegetation changes in C₃ and C₄ photosynthetic pathway plant community composition. Comparative analysis of edaphic properties and soil carbon suggests that deep loess deposits in Nebraska permit enhanced water infiltration and SOC deposition to depths of ~100 cm in 60 years of prairie restoration. In Illinois, poorly drained, clay/lime rich soils on glacial till and a younger restored prairie age (15 years) restricted the influence of prairie restoration to the upper 30 cm. Comparing the δ¹³C values of SOC and SIC in each system demonstrated that SIC at each site is likely of lithogenic origin. This work indicates that the magnitude of influence of restoration management is dependent on edaphic properties inherited from geological and geomorphological controls. Future work should quantify root structures and redox properties to better understand the influence of rooting depth on soil carbon concentrations. Fast-cycling C dynamics can be assessed using continuous, in-situ CO₂ and O₂ soil gas concentration changes. The secondary objective of my thesis was to determine if manual, low temporal resolution gas sampling and analysis are a low cost and effective means of measuring soil O₂ and CO₂, by comparing it with data from in-situ continuous (hourly) sensors. Manual analysis of soil CO₂ and O₂ from field replicates of buried gas collection cups resulted in measurement differences from the continuous sensors. Measuring CO2 concentration with manual methods often resulted in higher concentrations than hourly, continuous measurements across all sites. Additionally, O₂ concentrations measured by manual methods were higher than hourly values in the restored prairie and less in agricultural sites. A variety of spatial variability, pressure perturbations, calibration offsets, and system leakage influences on both analysis methods could cause the discrepancy.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1349952 bytes, checksum: 7c1d8a7ee6647c7d23f9e903f8120640 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-30 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The emission of gases of the greenhouse effect has increased dramatically since the geological era until the present days. Currently the use of fossil fuels and the changing of the use of the Earth are most responsible for the emission of these gases to the atmosphere.The carbon in the soil represents more than three times the carbon in the terrestrial biomass and about two times the carbon in the atmosphere, been a potential source of CO2 and CH4.The biogeochemical process that occurs in the soil or sediments for the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are controlled by process like the reduction of mineral compounds mainly oxides and amorphous and poor crystalline in anaerobic environment. These process leads to the formation of a favorable habitat suitable to the population grows of Methanogenic bacteria consequently with the production of gases of greenhouse effective. Nowadays there are several projects that defend that the hydroelectric dam offers a great contribution to the emission of the effective of greenhouse gases. This project has the purpose of study what the characteristics has more influence for the production of the emission of greenhouse effective in flood soils in hydroelectric lakes. The chapter one is dedicated to literature review where are addressed the more relevant topics. The chapter II had the purpose of studying the electrochemical dynamics of the soil at Zona da Mata mineira subject to flood due to the construction of hydroelectric. As a result we obtained that how bigger is the of Fe, bigger will be reduction of the soil, which lead us to establish the habitats proper for the establishment of the growth of Methanogenic bacteria&#8223;s. population. The contents of Fe, CO and N have more influence in the ox reduction of flood soil. The chapter III had the purpose of studying dynamics and reactivity of the soil organic carbon (SOC) such as it is also dedicated to estimate the production of CH4 in soils flooded by hydroelectric dams lake with the purpose of identifying which characteristics has more influence in the production of methane comes from an eventually flooded of soils. As a result were obtained that the reactivity of SOC receives influence of the texture of the soil, and the finer is the texture greater is the presence of free fractions. The N shows an important factor to be analyzed due to its relation with the degradation of organic compound and microbial activity. / As emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) têm aumentado vertiginosamente desde eras geológicos até os dias atuais. Atualmente a utilização de combustíveis fósseis, e alterações no uso da Terra, são as maiores responsáveis pelas grandes emissões destes gases para a atmosfera. O carbono contido no solo representa mais de três vezes o carbono contido em toda a biomassa terrestre e cerca de duas vezes o carbono contido na atmosfera, sendo, dessa forma, uma potencial fonte emissora de CO2 e CH4. Os processos biogeoquímicos que ocorrem em solos e ou sedimentos para emissão de gases como o dióxido de carbono e metano, são controlados por processos como a redução de compostos minerais, principalmente óxidos, amorfos e mal cristalizados em ambientes anaeróbios. Estes processos levam a formação de um habitat propício para o crescimento populacional de bactérias metanogênicas, com a conseqüente produção de gases do efeito estufa. Atualmente há diversos trabalhos que defendem que barragem de usinas hidroelétricas oferece uma grande contribuição na emissão de gases do efeito estufa. Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se estudar quais as características do exercem mais influencia para a produção de gases do efeito estufa em solos alagados em lagos de hidroelétricas. O capítulo I é dedicado a revisão de literatura, onde são abordados temas que se julgam relevantes. No capítulo II se objetivou estudar a dinâmica eletroquímica de solos da zona da mata mineira passíveis de serem submetidos a alagamento devido a construção de hidroelétricas. Como resultado obteve-se que quanto maior for a atividade de Fe, maior será o potencial de redução do solo, o que leva ao estabelecimento de habitats, apropriados para o estabelecimento de populações de bactérias metanogênicas. Os teores de Fe, CO e N, são os que mais exercem influencia no processo de oxiredução de solos alagados. O capítulo III teve por objetivo estudar dinâmica e reatividade do carbono orgânico do solo (COS), bem como dedicado a estimar a produção de CH4 em solos alagados por lagos de usinas hidroelétricas, com o intuito de identificar quais características exerce mais influência na produção de metano, provinda do eventual alagamento dos solos. Como resultados foram obtidos que a reatividade do COS recebe influencia da textura do solo, sendo que quanto mais fina a textura maior a presença de frações livres. O N total se mostra um importante fator a ser analisado devido sua relação com a degradação de compostos orgânicos e atividade microbiana.

<p>Current watershed-scale, nonpoint source (NPS) pollution models do not represent the processes and impacts of agricultural best management practices (BMP) on water quality with sufficient detail. To begin addressing this gap, a novel process-based, watershed-scale, water quality model (WEPP-WQ) was developed based on the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models. The proposed model was validated at both hillslope and watershed scales for runoff, sediment, and both soluble and particulate forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. WEPP-WQ is now one of only two models which simulates BMP impacts on water quality in ‘high’ detail, and it is the only one not based on USLE sediment predictions. Model validations indicated that particulate nutrient predictions were better than soluble nutrient predictions for both nitrogen and phosphorus. Predictions of uniform conditions outperformed nonuniform conditions, and calibrated model simulations performed better than uncalibrated model simulations. Applications of these kinds of models in real-world, historical simulations are often limited by a lack of field-scale agricultural management inputs. Therefore, a prototype tool was developed to derive management inputs for hydrologic models from remotely sensed imagery at field-scale resolution. At present, only predictions of crop, cover crop, and tillage practice inference are supported and were validated at annual and average annual time intervals based on data availability for the various management endpoints. Extraction model training and validation were substantially limited by relatively small field areas in the observed management dataset. Both of these efforts contribute to computational modeling research and applications pertaining to agricultural systems and their impacts on the environment.</p>