Thesis equivalent (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1947.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1947.

Thesis equivalent (M.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1947.

Objetivo: Estudar a concordância no diagnóstico radiológico da doença respiratória aguda baixa (DRAB) em crianças. Métodos: Sessenta radiogramas do tórax de crianças menores de cinco anos foram avaliados, individualmente, por três médicos: um radiologista pediátrico (RP), um pneumologista pediatra (PP) e 1 pediatra experiente no atendimento de sala de emergências (PE). Todas as crianças tinham procurado atendimento por apresentar um quadro agudo de infecção respiratória com aparente participação pulmonar. Os avaliadores desconheciam os diagnósticos originais, mas receberam uma ficha padrão com dados clínicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes no momento da consulta inicial. Variáveis: Agrupadas em cinco categorias: a) qualidade técnica do filme; b) localização da alteração; c) padrões radiográficos; d) outras alterações radiográficas; e) diagnóstico. Análise Estatística: Para estudar a concordância entre as três duplas posíveis de observadores, utilizou-se a estatística de Kappa, aceitándo-se os valores ajustados para viés de prevalência (PABAK). Resultados: Os valores Kappa totais de cada dupla de observadores (RP x PP, RP x PE e PP x PE) foram 0.41, 0.43, e 0.39 respectivamente, o que representa em média, uma concordância interobservadores moderada (0.41). Outras variáveis: “qualidade técnica” teve uma concordância regular (0.30); com “localização”, foi moderada (0.48); com “padrões radiográficos” foi regular (0.29); com “outras alterações radiográficas” foi moderada (0,43); e com “diagnóstico”, regular (0.33). Quanto à concordância global intraobservadores, a mesma foi moderada (0.54), com valores menores dos descritos na literatura. Conclusões: A variabilidade interobservadores é inerente à interpretação dos achados radiológicos, e determinar o diagnóstico exato da DRAB nas crianças tem seus desafíos. Nossos resultados foram similares aos descritos na literatura. / Objective: To evaluate the inter-observer agreement on the radiographic diagnosis of lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in children. Methods: Chest X-Rays (CXR) from sixty children younger than 5 years of age were evaluated by three physicians: a pediatric radiologist (PR), a pediatric pulmonologist (PP) and an experienced emergency pediatrician (EP). All children had visited the Emergency Room for having an acute respiratory infection, with apparent lower respiratory tract involvement. Observers were blinded for the original diagnostic conclusions, but clinical and laboratory data from the initial medical evaluation were handed-in with each film. Variables: Grouped in five categories: a) film quality; b) site of abnormality; c) radiographic patterns; d) other radiographic images; e) diagnosis. Statistics: Inter-observer agreement was assessed using Kappa statistics, accepting its prevalence-bias-adjusted values (PABAK). Results: Kappa values for each of the three observers pairs formed (RP x PP, RP x EP, and PP x PE) were: 0,41, 0,43, and 0,39 respectively. The overall inter-observer agreement was moderate (0.41). Agreement on other variables: regular on “technical quality” (0.30); moderate on “site of abnormality” (0.48); fair on “radiographic patterns” (0.29); moderate on “other radiographic images” (0,43); and moderate on “diagnosis” (0.33). The overall intraobserver agreement was “moderate” (0.54), although lower than the ones reported in the medical literature on CXR variability. Conclusions: Inter-observer variability is an intrinsic characteristic of CXR interpretation, and to ascertain the exact diagnosis of LRTD in children has its challenges. Our results were similar to those reported on different medical journals.

Objetivo: Estudar a concordância no diagnóstico radiológico da doença respiratória aguda baixa (DRAB) em crianças. Métodos: Sessenta radiogramas do tórax de crianças menores de cinco anos foram avaliados, individualmente, por três médicos: um radiologista pediátrico (RP), um pneumologista pediatra (PP) e 1 pediatra experiente no atendimento de sala de emergências (PE). Todas as crianças tinham procurado atendimento por apresentar um quadro agudo de infecção respiratória com aparente participação pulmonar. Os avaliadores desconheciam os diagnósticos originais, mas receberam uma ficha padrão com dados clínicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes no momento da consulta inicial. Variáveis: Agrupadas em cinco categorias: a) qualidade técnica do filme; b) localização da alteração; c) padrões radiográficos; d) outras alterações radiográficas; e) diagnóstico. Análise Estatística: Para estudar a concordância entre as três duplas posíveis de observadores, utilizou-se a estatística de Kappa, aceitándo-se os valores ajustados para viés de prevalência (PABAK). Resultados: Os valores Kappa totais de cada dupla de observadores (RP x PP, RP x PE e PP x PE) foram 0.41, 0.43, e 0.39 respectivamente, o que representa em média, uma concordância interobservadores moderada (0.41). Outras variáveis: “qualidade técnica” teve uma concordância regular (0.30); com “localização”, foi moderada (0.48); com “padrões radiográficos” foi regular (0.29); com “outras alterações radiográficas” foi moderada (0,43); e com “diagnóstico”, regular (0.33). Quanto à concordância global intraobservadores, a mesma foi moderada (0.54), com valores menores dos descritos na literatura. Conclusões: A variabilidade interobservadores é inerente à interpretação dos achados radiológicos, e determinar o diagnóstico exato da DRAB nas crianças tem seus desafíos. Nossos resultados foram similares aos descritos na literatura. / Objective: To evaluate the inter-observer agreement on the radiographic diagnosis of lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in children. Methods: Chest X-Rays (CXR) from sixty children younger than 5 years of age were evaluated by three physicians: a pediatric radiologist (PR), a pediatric pulmonologist (PP) and an experienced emergency pediatrician (EP). All children had visited the Emergency Room for having an acute respiratory infection, with apparent lower respiratory tract involvement. Observers were blinded for the original diagnostic conclusions, but clinical and laboratory data from the initial medical evaluation were handed-in with each film. Variables: Grouped in five categories: a) film quality; b) site of abnormality; c) radiographic patterns; d) other radiographic images; e) diagnosis. Statistics: Inter-observer agreement was assessed using Kappa statistics, accepting its prevalence-bias-adjusted values (PABAK). Results: Kappa values for each of the three observers pairs formed (RP x PP, RP x EP, and PP x PE) were: 0,41, 0,43, and 0,39 respectively. The overall inter-observer agreement was moderate (0.41). Agreement on other variables: regular on “technical quality” (0.30); moderate on “site of abnormality” (0.48); fair on “radiographic patterns” (0.29); moderate on “other radiographic images” (0,43); and moderate on “diagnosis” (0.33). The overall intraobserver agreement was “moderate” (0.54), although lower than the ones reported in the medical literature on CXR variability. Conclusions: Inter-observer variability is an intrinsic characteristic of CXR interpretation, and to ascertain the exact diagnosis of LRTD in children has its challenges. Our results were similar to those reported on different medical journals.

Objetivo: Estudar a concordância no diagnóstico radiológico da doença respiratória aguda baixa (DRAB) em crianças. Métodos: Sessenta radiogramas do tórax de crianças menores de cinco anos foram avaliados, individualmente, por três médicos: um radiologista pediátrico (RP), um pneumologista pediatra (PP) e 1 pediatra experiente no atendimento de sala de emergências (PE). Todas as crianças tinham procurado atendimento por apresentar um quadro agudo de infecção respiratória com aparente participação pulmonar. Os avaliadores desconheciam os diagnósticos originais, mas receberam uma ficha padrão com dados clínicos e laboratoriais dos pacientes no momento da consulta inicial. Variáveis: Agrupadas em cinco categorias: a) qualidade técnica do filme; b) localização da alteração; c) padrões radiográficos; d) outras alterações radiográficas; e) diagnóstico. Análise Estatística: Para estudar a concordância entre as três duplas posíveis de observadores, utilizou-se a estatística de Kappa, aceitándo-se os valores ajustados para viés de prevalência (PABAK). Resultados: Os valores Kappa totais de cada dupla de observadores (RP x PP, RP x PE e PP x PE) foram 0.41, 0.43, e 0.39 respectivamente, o que representa em média, uma concordância interobservadores moderada (0.41). Outras variáveis: “qualidade técnica” teve uma concordância regular (0.30); com “localização”, foi moderada (0.48); com “padrões radiográficos” foi regular (0.29); com “outras alterações radiográficas” foi moderada (0,43); e com “diagnóstico”, regular (0.33). Quanto à concordância global intraobservadores, a mesma foi moderada (0.54), com valores menores dos descritos na literatura. Conclusões: A variabilidade interobservadores é inerente à interpretação dos achados radiológicos, e determinar o diagnóstico exato da DRAB nas crianças tem seus desafíos. Nossos resultados foram similares aos descritos na literatura. / Objective: To evaluate the inter-observer agreement on the radiographic diagnosis of lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in children. Methods: Chest X-Rays (CXR) from sixty children younger than 5 years of age were evaluated by three physicians: a pediatric radiologist (PR), a pediatric pulmonologist (PP) and an experienced emergency pediatrician (EP). All children had visited the Emergency Room for having an acute respiratory infection, with apparent lower respiratory tract involvement. Observers were blinded for the original diagnostic conclusions, but clinical and laboratory data from the initial medical evaluation were handed-in with each film. Variables: Grouped in five categories: a) film quality; b) site of abnormality; c) radiographic patterns; d) other radiographic images; e) diagnosis. Statistics: Inter-observer agreement was assessed using Kappa statistics, accepting its prevalence-bias-adjusted values (PABAK). Results: Kappa values for each of the three observers pairs formed (RP x PP, RP x EP, and PP x PE) were: 0,41, 0,43, and 0,39 respectively. The overall inter-observer agreement was moderate (0.41). Agreement on other variables: regular on “technical quality” (0.30); moderate on “site of abnormality” (0.48); fair on “radiographic patterns” (0.29); moderate on “other radiographic images” (0,43); and moderate on “diagnosis” (0.33). The overall intraobserver agreement was “moderate” (0.54), although lower than the ones reported in the medical literature on CXR variability. Conclusions: Inter-observer variability is an intrinsic characteristic of CXR interpretation, and to ascertain the exact diagnosis of LRTD in children has its challenges. Our results were similar to those reported on different medical journals.

No description available.

No / Neonatal chest radiography is a frequently performed diagnostic examination, particularly in preterm infants where anatomical and/or biochemical immaturity impacts on respiratory function. However, the quality of neonatal radiographic images has been criticized internationally and a prevailing concern has been that radiographers (radiologic technologists) fail to appreciate the unique nature of neonatal and infant anatomical proportions. The aim of this study was to undertake a retrospective evaluation of neonatal chest radiography image acquisition techniques against key technical criteria. Methods Hundred neonatal chest radiographs, randomly selected from all those acquired in 2014, were retrospectively evaluated. Inclusion criteria for radiographs acquisition were as follows: anterior-posterior supine; within 30 days of birth; and with all preprocessed collimation boundaries visible. Image evaluation was systematically undertaken using an image assessment tool. To test for statistical significance, Student's t-test, χ2 test, and logistic regression were undertaken. Results Only 47% of the radiographs were considered straight in both upper and lower thoraces. The cranial collimation border extended beyond the upper border of the third cervical vertebra in 30% of cases, and the caudal border extended below the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra in 20% of cases, suggesting high possibility of neonatal overirradiation. Upper thorax rotation was significantly associated with head position (χ2 = 10.907; P < .001) as has been stated in many published textbooks internationally, but arm position had no apparent influence on rotation of the upper thorax (χ2 = 5.1260; P = .275). Birth weight was associated with accurate midline centering of central ray (logistic regression; OR = 1.0005; P = .009; CI, 1.00139–1.000957) with greater accuracy observed in images of neonates with higher birth weight. Conclusion This study has highlighted areas for neonatal chest radiography improvement. Importantly, the findings bring into question commonly advocated radiographic techniques relating to arm positioning and assessment of rotation while confirming the importance of other technical factors. These findings begin the work toward developing the evidence base to underpin neonatal chest radiograph acquisition, but further prospective work and multicenter/multinational data comparison are required to confirm the findings.

No description available.

Pneumoni är globalt sett den största orsaken till sjukdom och mortalitet bland barn under fem år, med 920 000 dödsfall under 2015. I Sverige är pneumoni den största orsaken till sjukdom bland barn, med ett hastigt insjuknande med allmänpåverkan, feber, frossa och andningsproblem. I dagsläget ställs diagnos med hjälp av kliniska symtom och lungröntgen, vilket utsätter barnen för joniserande strålning. Med ultraljud är det möjligt att undersöka lungorna på ett sätt som är harmlöst mot kroppens vävnader. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på om ultraljud kan ersätta konventionell lungröntgen för att diagnostisera barn med misstänkt pneumoni. Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturöversikt där 13 kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Ultraljud är en tillförlitlig metod som har högre sensitivitet och specificitet när det gäller att detektera pneumoni än vad lungröntgen har. Ultraljud är även bättre på att detektera små förändringar i lungorna och pleurautgjutningar jämfört med lungröntgen. Ultraljud kan användas för att diagnostisera barn med pneumoni. Att införa den som en alternativ undersökningsmetod till lungröntgen när det kommer till att diagnostisera pneumoni skulle leda till minskade stråldoser för de barn som söker vård med misstänkt pneumoni. / Pneumonia is globally the largest cause of disease and mortality among children under the age of five years, with 920,000 deaths in 2015. In Sweden, pneumonia is the major cause of childhood disease, with a rapid onset of malaise, fever, chills and respiratory problems. It’s currently diagnosed with the help of clinical signs and chest x-ray, which exposes the children to ionizing radiation. With ultrasound it is possible to examine the lungs in a way that’s not harmful to the body tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ultrasound can replace conventional chest x-ray to diagnose children with suspected pneumonia. The study was conducted as a general literature review where 13 quantitative scientific articles were examined. Ultrasound is a reliable method that has higher sensitivity and specificity when it comes to detecting pneumonia compared to chest x-ray. Ultrasound is also better at detecting small consolidations in the lungs and the presence of pleural effusion compared to chest x-ray. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose children with suspected pneumonia. Introducing it as an alternative method of examination to chest x-ray when it comes to diagnosing pneumonia would lead to reduced radiation doses for those seeking pediatric care with suspected pneumonia.