Natural, plant-based tannin antioxidants are capable of inhibiting lipid oxidation in ground beef and may be possible alternatives to industry synthetic and natural standards of BHA/BHT and rosemary extract, respectively. Ground beef was purchased on three different days, each defining a batch during study 1. Treatments, added based on meat weight, included a control, 0.2 percent rosemary (RM), 0.02 percent BHA/BHT, 0.5 percent Chardonnay grape seed flour (CG), 0.1 percent and 0.25 percent chestnut wood flour (CN), and 0.25 percent and 0.5 percent of four sorghum bran varieties: black (BS), black with tannin (BTS), white (WS), and high tannin (TS). Patties, formed in duplicate, were randomly designated as cooked or raw and by 0 to 5 day storage, and were aerobically stored at 4 degrees C. Cooked patties were analyzed using the TBARS method. Raw patties were analyzed for subjective and objective color, number of ingredient specks, and pH. In study 2, six treatments were chosen for sensory evaluation including a control, 0.2 percent RM, 0.02 percent BHA/BHT, 0.5 percent CG, 0.1 percent CN, and 0.5 percent BTS. Preparation, and raw and cooked analysis occurred similar to study 1. Additional patties were made for day 1 consumption by consumer panelists. In study 1, all treatments except 0.25 percent WS reduced TBARS values over time compared to 0.2 percent RM. Four treatments (0.5 percent BTS, 0.5 percent CG, 0.25 percent CN, and 0.1 percent CN) showed no significant increase in TBARS values over storage. BS and BTS yielded the lowest color space values (CIE L*, a*, and b*; P<0.0001). Ingredient specks were possible color measurement influences. In both studies antioxidant addition reduced TBARS values over time compared to the control (P<0.0001), and percent discoloration was highest in patties containing a sorghum treatment (P<0.0001). Patties containing 0.1 percent CN were significantly favored in terms of overall like (P<0.0002) and flavor like (P<0.0001). Patties containing 0.2 percent RM were ranked lowest in overall and flavor like, and ground beef-like bite. Patties containing 0.5 perent CG were least liked according to tenderness level (P<0.005). These results indicate that CG, CN, and certain varieties of sorghum bran can be added to pre-cooked ground beef products and provide better antioxidant protection than currently used ingredients of BHA/BHT and rosemary extract.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on Jan. 22, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Delaware, 2008. / Principal faculty advisor: Katherine C. Grier, Winterthur Program in Early American Culture. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 93 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-83).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 79 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-75).

SANTOS, Samuel José Mendes dos. Estudo comparativo de raízes de Jatropha mollissima sertão/praia, das castanhas de caju (anacardium occidentale l.) de diferentes plantios e estudo in vitro e in silico de compostos com potencial de inibição da enzima conversora de angiotensina. 2014. 59 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em química)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T20:45:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_sjmsantos.pdf: 1924053 bytes, checksum: 7d727e2fc5af42e80e6ca8de52c2d6cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-07-20T20:38:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_sjmsantos.pdf: 1924053 bytes, checksum: 7d727e2fc5af42e80e6ca8de52c2d6cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T20:38:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_sjmsantos.pdf: 1924053 bytes, checksum: 7d727e2fc5af42e80e6ca8de52c2d6cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Hypertension is a disease that affects millions of people around the world and among its main causative factors include an unhealthy diet, lack of physical exercise and obesity. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has been identified as a therapeutic target for controlling high blood pressure because the octapeptide angiotensin II, which has vasoconstrictor activity, have minimized their activity in blood vessels. Compounds found in the bark of cashew nuts were separated and identified, and their potential for ACE inhibition was studied. It was observed that the anacardic acids possess this activity, being the 3-anacardic acid inhibitor best among the largest phenolic compounds extracted from the bark of cashews. In silico studies are currently performed to predict the bioavailability and the ability to penetrate the central nervous system (CNS) of a drug. We attempted to conduct this study to verify these properties in anacardic acids, as well as compare with other ACE inhibitors. It was observed that the anacardic acids infringe only one of the five rules of Lipinski, and as the rule states that at least three of these requirements must be satisfied, it is concluded that the anacardic acids exhibit good oral bioavailability and CNS penetration. Thus, the search for a cashew that provides a greater mass of LCC per extraction well as a greater amount of anacardic acid per kilogram of LCC becomes important. From this, it was found among five crops of dwarf cashew (CCP-76, CCP- 09, Embrapa-110, Embrapa-119 and Embrapa-109) which could offer a LCC with greater amount of anacardic acids. The cashew labeled CCP-76 gave a higher amount of LCC to about 30 grams per 50 grams of chestnut bark used for extraction and obtained a concentration of 185 grams per kilogram of anacardic acids LCC to be the best extraction of alkylphenols, among studied. In parallel to these studies, we sought to investigate differences existing compounds in Jatropha mollissima grown in different regions, and it was found that the stress of Ceará hinterlands increases the synthesis of substances for their survival. Thus, these plants can be used in preventive medicine, however, further study should be conducted. / A hipertensão arterial é uma doença que afeta milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo e dentre seus principais fatores causadores destacam-se uma dieta pouco saudável, falta de exercícios físicos e obesidade. A inibição da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) foi identificada como um alvo terapêutico para controlar a pressão arterial elevada, pois o octapeptídeo angiotensina II, que possui atividade vasoconstritora, terá sua atividade minimizada nos vasos sanguíneos. Compostos encontrados na casca da castanha de caju foram separados e identificados e seu potencial de inibição da ECA foi estudado. Observou-se que os ácidos anacárdicos possuem essa atividade, sendo o ácido 3-anacárdico o maior inibidor entre os compostos fenólicos extraídos da casca da castanha de caju. Estudos in silico são realizados atualmente para predizer a biodisponibilidade oral e a capacidade de penetração no sistema nervoso central (SNC) de uma droga. Buscou-se realizar este estudo para verificar essas propriedades nos ácidos anacárdico, assim como também, comparar com outros inibidores da ECA. Observou-se que os ácidos anacárdicos violam somente uma das cinco regras de Lipinski, e como a regra estabelece que pelo menos três destes requisitos devam ser satisfeitos, conclui-se que os ácidos anacárdicos apresentam uma boa biodisponibilidade oral e penetração no SNC. Desse modo, a busca por uma espécie de clone que forneça uma maior massa de LCC por extração assim como uma maior quantidade de ácidos anacárdicos por quilograma de LCC se torna importante. A partir disso, verificou-se entre cinco cultivos de cajueiros anões (CCP-76, CCP-09, Embrapa-110, Embrapa-119 e Embrapa-109) o que poderia oferecer um LCC com maior quantidade de ácidos anacárdicos. O cajueiro identificado como CCP-76 forneceu uma maior quantidade de LCC com cerca de 30 gramas para cada 50 gramas de casca de castanha utilizada para extração e se obteve uma concentração de 185 gramas de ácidos anacárdico por quilograma de LCC, sendo o melhor para extração dos alquilfenóis, entre os estudados. Em paralelo a esses estudos, procurou-se verificar a diferença de compostos existentes na raiz de Jatropha mollissima cultivada em regiões diferentes e verificou-se que o estresse do sertão cearense aumenta a síntese de substâncias para a sua sobrevivência, sendo a raiz a região da planta escolhida por ser rica em metabolitos secundários. Assim, essas plantas podem ser utilizadas na medicina preventiva, porém, estudos mais profundos devem ser realizados.

Small volume experiments with varying formula were set up into photoeclectors in the greenhouse of the Biology Centre AS CR to find an optimal technology of composting leaves of horse chestnut, in which Cameraria ohridella hibernates. Part of the work is measurements of infested leaf, presence of horse chestnut in the České Budějovice district and estimating the volume of the leaves for composting. The results show very high mortality of Cameraria ohridella. This was observed when the compost was covered even with a small layer of soil.

The American chestnut tree (Castanea dentata) is a deciduous tree that largely exists in the eastern United States along the Appalachian Mountain range. Approximately 100 years ago, a fungal pathogen (Cryphonectria parasitica) decimated chestnut populations, resulting in the loss of billions of trees. Disease-resistant American chestnut populations have been developed, but the introgression of wild adaptive diversity into these breeding populations will be necessary to develop locally adapted and disease resistant chestnut trees for reintroduction. In this dissertation, I presented our findings which addressed previous gaps in knowledge regarding the population genomics of wild and backcross American chestnut populations. I 1) estimated the genomic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of remnant wild American chestnut populations; 2) revealed the genomic basis of local climate adaptation in American chestnut, developed a novel method to make tree sampling estimates for germplasm conservation, and defined unique seed zones for American chestnut based on climate and genotype, and 3) determined the amount of wild adaptive diversity captured by the backcross breeding program and made recommendations for their replanting region. These results will inform the development of a breeding plan for the introgression of adaptive diversity into backcross and transgenic chestnut populations. / Doctor of Philosophy / The American chestnut tree (Castanea dentata) is a deciduous tree that largely exists in the eastern United States along the Appalachian Mountain range. Approximately 100 years, a fungal disease (Cryphonectria parasitica) decimated chestnut populations, resulting in the loss of billions of trees. The American Chestnut Foundation developed disease-resistant American chestnut backcross trees by breeding American chestnut trees with Chinese chestnut trees (Castanea mollissima). These trees will need additional breeding with wild American chestnut trees so that their offspring will have both the disease-resistant traits and the adaptations to the local environment where they will be replanted. This is important, because trees that are both disease-resistant and locally adapted will be most likely to survive and thrive in their replanting location. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the genomic basis for local adaptation in American chestnut populations is lacking. In this dissertation, I presented our findings which addressed previous gaps in knowledge regarding the population genomics of wild and backcross American chestnut populations. I 1) estimated the genomic diversity, number of unique populations, and population size changes over time in wild American chestnut; 2) revealed the genes related to local adaptation in American chestnut, developed a novel method to make tree sampling estimates for conserving wild American chestnut diversity, and defined unique seed zones (areas within the species range that have unique adaptations to environment) for American chestnut based on climate (ie, precipitation and temperature values) and genotype (DNA), and 3) determined the amount of wild genomic diversity related to local adaption captured by the backcross breeding program and made recommendations for their replanting region. These results will inform the development of a breeding plan of wild American chestnut with backcross and transgenic chestnut populations to create locally adapted and disease-resistant chestnut populations for reintroduction.

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