ABSTRACT: Temporary migration, especially men moving to their place of work, was an intrinsic feature of the former Apartheid system in South Africa. Since the demise of Apartheid an increasing proportion of women have also been migrating to their place of work, and oscillating between work place and home. Temporary migration can be defined as oscillating migration between a home base and at least one other place, usually for work, but also for other reasons like education. This study demonstrates that in the Agincourt study population, in the rural northeast of South Africa, adult female temporary migration is an increasing trend. By conducting a survival analysis, the study evaluates the mortality outcomes, specifically infant and child mortality rates, of children born to female temporary migrants compared with children of non-migrant women. Based on the findings presented we accept the null hypothesis that there is presently no discernable impact (positive or negative) of maternal temporary migration on infant and child mortality. There seems to be a slight protective factor associated with mother’s migration when tested at a univariate level. However, through multivariate analysis, it is shown that this advantage relates to the higher education status of migrating mothers. When women become tertiary educated there is a survival advantage to their children and these women are also more likely to migrate. The study highlights greater child mortality risks associated with settled Mozambicans (former refugees) and unmarried mothers. Both of these risk factors reflect the impact of high levels of social deprivation.

Division of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Medicine In the Health Science Faculty University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg 2014 / Within the field of paediatric pathology dominant universal trends have emerged with child abuse related fatalities and child murders being at the forefront. However, several authors have noted that such trends have not been documented within the South African context. This is due to the lack of data collection and research within South Africa. Patterns of injury and prevalence of paediatric fatalities received at the Johannesburg Forensic Pathology Service (JHB FPS) over three years were observed through a descriptive, retrospective study. Data were collected from FPS case files and Police reports (SAPS180) accompanying the body to the mortuary. The results indicated that the majority of paediatric deaths were due to blunt force injuries, natural disease processes and drowning. Subdural and subarachnoid haematomas, multiple blunt force internal injuries, hyperinflation and consolidation of the lungs and features of dehydration were the dominant patterns of injuries and disease. Additionally, results exhibited a significant difference in age range when correlated to category of death as well as a high risk of mortality within the first year of life. This study highlights the alarming figures of accidental and socio-economic paediatric death cases which are received at the JHB FPS. Keywords: Child mortality, Injury patterns, Forensic Pathology

Background Knowledge of the state of health of a population is necessary for planning for health services for that population. It is  a paradox that the health of populations is most commonly measured by mortality and cause of death patterns, but the absence of medical services available to a majority of the world population has made it unavoidable to equate “state of health” with “cause of death pattern”. In the absence of population registration, mortality and causes of death must be studied in samples from the population. The research presented in this thesis mainly has been done within such a sample in a collaborative project between Umeå university and the Addis Ababa university in Ethiopia. This research started 1986 and has run continuously since then. The thesis attempts to measure the effect that social and geographical inequalities has had on the mortality of the children in the study population. Population and Methods The population that is included in the demographic surveillance is the children under five years of age in nine rural and one urban community in central Ethiopia. Mortality and causes of death among the children have been followed since 1987. Results The mortality of the children in the study is high by international comparisons. The most important reason for mortality differences within the population is the difference in living conditions and societal services between the rural and urban areas. Approximately 45% of the child deaths could have been prevented if living conditions and services had been equal to rural and urban children. Conclusions Information concerning mortality and cause of death patterns are essential to planning. In order to empower the population, knowledge of the mortality and most common causes of death must be known to them.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2007. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-01, page: 0341. Adviser: Asha Kapadia. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Cette thèse traite du bien-être des enfants dans le contexte des sociétés de l'Afrique de l'ouest marqué par une forte instabilité économique et par un mode d'organisation familiale susceptible d'entretenir de forts niveaux d'inégalités entre les membres d'un même ménage. La forte exposition des ménages au risque de chocs engendre des mécanismes susceptibles d’enfermer les individus les plus vulnérables dans des trappes à pauvreté intergénérationnelles. L’intensité des chocs endurés mais aussi la période de la vie auxquels ils ont lieu et les stratégies mises en place ex post et ex ante pour gérer ces risques sont autant de canaux de transmission possibles de la vulnérabilité. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse exploite le choc naturel que représente les invasions de criquets pour analyser l’impact d’un choc de revenu sur le bien être à long terme des enfants, estimé par des indicateurs de réussite scolaire. Le deuxième chapitre examine les conséquences du mariage précoce, pratique encore très largement répandue en Afrique de l’ouest sur la mortalité des enfants au Sénégal. Le troisième chapitre investit les conséquences des naissances hors mariage, phénomène en très forte croissance en Afrique de l’ouest alors que les niveaux de fécondité globale tendent à diminuer, sur le bien être des femmes et des enfants. / This doctoral thesis analyzes children welfare in Western African where societies are characterized by a large economic instability and an unequal access to resources among members of a same household. Exposure to high downside risk to income and livelihoods generates inter-generational poverty traps mechanisms for the most exposed individuals. Shocks intensity, life periods and the strategies implemented both ex ante and ex post to cope with risk are many potential channels for enhanced vulnerability. The first essay exploits a natural shock i.e. locust plague, to investigate the long-term impact of income shocks on the well-being of children, estimated by educational outcomes. The second essay focus on the consequences of early marriage, a marital practice still very widespread in West Africa, on child mortality in Senegal. Finally, the third essay studies the consequences of out-of-wedlock births, a rising phenomenon contrasting with the overall fertility decline observed in the region, on women and children’s welfare.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-12-01T14:44:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão para impressão.pdf: 1407646 bytes, checksum: 9afaf49d19c973fac29c7a5d9f519aeb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T14:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão para impressão.pdf: 1407646 bytes, checksum: 9afaf49d19c973fac29c7a5d9f519aeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-05 / Qual o efeito da capacidade local sobre a mortalidade infantil nos municípios brasileiros? Este trabalho analisa a capacidade local dos 5.570 municípios brasileiros na oferta de política de saúde e seu efeito sobre a variação da mortalidade infantil, a partir de duas dimensões: administrativa e Institucional. Dados do perfil dos municípios brasileiros do IBGE e dos indicadores Municipais do rol de Indicadores, Diretrizes, objetivos, metas e indicadores 2013 do DATASUS, são usados como medida de capacidade local. Como fator explicativo para a variação da mortalidade infantil são usadas nove variáveis distribuídas nas duas dimensões. Os dados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva e regressão linear múltipla pelo modelo dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO). Com o uso do modelo de regressão para a dimensão administrativa, os resultados apontam que quanto maior a proporção de estatutários, médicos e equipes de atenção básica menor a mortalidade infantil. Com o uso da regressão linear múltipla para a dimensão institucional, os resultados apontam que as variáveis Plano, Conselho e reuniões apresentaram o sinal esperado. Os resultados gerais indicam que os municípios com maior capacidade apresentam mortalidade infantil menor. / What is the effect of local capacity on infant mortality in Brazilian municipalities? This dissertation analyzes the local capacity of 5,570 Brazilian municipalities in health policy supply and its effect on the variation in infant mortality, from two dimensions: administrative and institutional. Data from IBGE’s “Profile of Brazilian Municipalities” and DATASUS’s 2013 municipal indicators list, guidelines, goals, targets, and indicators are used as a measure of local capacity. As an explanatory factor for the variation in infant mortality are used nine variables distributed in two dimensions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model by ordinary least squares (OLS). With the use of the regression model for the administrative dimension, the results indicate that the higher the proportion of civil servants, doctors and basic care teams the smaller the child mortality. With the use of multiple linear regression for the institutional dimension, the results indicate that the variables Plan, Council, and meetings presented the expected sign. The overall results indicate that municipalities with greater capacity have lower infant mortality.

Orientadores: Roberto Wagner Lourenço, Maria Rita Donalisio Cordeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T01:35:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vedovato_MariaAparecida_M.pdf: 3058198 bytes, checksum: 089898e03e21b107835a01e5356048ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A mortalidade infantil em populações urbanas é de grande importância para as políticas de saúde pública. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico exploratório com dados espaciais com o objetivo de contribuir para o entendimento das causas contextuais da mortalidade infantil, tendo em vista a distribuição territorial dos eventos. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados obtidos das análises estatística e espacial realizadas por meio de técnicas de geoprocessamento da mortalidade neonatal, mortalidade de crianças com até um ano de idade e de natimortos entre o período de 2000 a 2007, bem como da construção de seus coeficientes por áreas de abrangência em unidades de atendimento da saúde na área urbana do município de Rio Claro, SP, Brasil. Foram identificadas durante o período estudado as tendências do comportamento espaçotemporal da distribuição da mortalidade infantil e da natimortalidade no cenário urbano que neste trabalho se mostraram distribuídos irregularmente pela área de estudo com grande oscilação nos dados e que apesar de apresentar correlação positiva com as variáveis sócio-ambientais, estas foram pouco significativas. A correlação mais significativa observada foi entre o coeficiente de natimortalidade e o índice de qualidade sócio ambiental que registrou maior valor de correlação estatística linear de Pearson (r=0.2733), mostrando ser uma variável de influencia significativa na MI. Espera-se que com os resultados obtidos o estudo possa auxiliar no entendimento de determinantes de agravos à saúde e ajudar na implementação de programas de gestão e planejamento de diversos setores administrativos em áreas urbanas, inclusive o setor de saúde / Abstract: The child mortality in urban populations is of great importance for the policies of public health. An exploratory and ecological study using spatial data was carried out aiming to contribute for the understanding of the contextual causes of child mortality considering the territorial distribution of the events. This paper presents the results obtained in the spatial and statistical analysis carried out through geoprocessing techniques considering neonatal mortality, mortality of children up to one year old and stillbirths between 2000 and 2007 as well as the construction of coefficients considering the areas serviced by health centers in the urban area of Rio Claro, São Paulo state, Brazil. During the studied period spatial and temporal tendencies of the distribution of child mortality and stillbirths could be identified in the urban setting and were irregularly spread over the studied area with large oscillation in the data and, although they showed a positive correlation with the social and environmental variables this correlation was little significant. The most significant correlation was between the stillbirths between coefficient and the social environmental quality index which showed the higher Pearson statistical correlation linear value (r=0.2733) turning out to be influential in CM. It is expected that the study can help in the understanding of health hazards determiners and in the implementation of administrative programs of several sectors in the urban areas, including the health sector / Mestrado / Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Saude Coletiva