Interest in gesture production has considerably increased in recent decades, yet few studies have examined the preschool population. Even fewer studies have examined the intriguing interaction between motor skills and gesture. The original intent of this study was to investigate the relationship of gesture and motor skills in individuals who stutter. However due to recruitment limitations the enrolled sample consists solely of typically developing preschoolers, 3:8 to 6:6 years. Data are presented on gestures and disfluencies during spontaneous speech, a cartoon narration, and a video narration. Additionally, disfluencies were observed during a procedural description task with restricted hand use and hand tapping. Data indicated that higher frequencies of gestures and disfluencies were seen during the cartoon narration. A greater frequency of disfluencies was also experienced with restricted hand use. Relationships between the variables were also explored. Limitations and implications of these results are discussed from both theoretical and clinical perspectives. / Rangos School of Health Sciences / Speech-Language Pathology (SLP) / MS / Thesis

The purpose of this thesis is to extend understanding of the muscle metabolic responses of children and adolescents during exercise using the non-invasive technique of 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS). The first experimental paper examined the reliability of measuring parameters of muscle metabolism in 11-12 year old children over three exhaustive incremental tests using a single-legged quadriceps ergometer. Exercise performance (peak power: ~ 10% coefficient of variation [CV]) and metabolic variables (muscle phosphate and pH intracellular thresholds [IT]: ~ 10% CV, and pH: ~ 1% CV at exhaustion) demonstrated good reliability, whereas the ratio of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine (Pi/PCr) at exhaustion had poor reproducibility (~ 50% CV). The second paper examined the influence of age and sex on the muscle metabolic responses during incremental exercise in 9-12 year old children and young adults. The Pi/PCr and pH responses before and at the ITs were independent of age and sex, although during exercise above the ITs, the anaerobic energy contribution (increase in Pi/PCr, fall in pH) was higher in adults than children and in females compared with males, indicating an intensity dependence on age- and sex-related differences in muscle energetics. The third paper examined the relationship between the dynamics of muscle PCr, a putative controller of muscle respiration, and pulmonary oxygen uptake (pVO2) in 9-10 year old children during moderate intensity quadriceps and cycling exercise respectively. No differences were found between the PCr and phase II VO2 time constants at the onset (PCr 23 s [SD 5] vs. pVO2 23 s [SD 4]; P=1.000) or offset (PCr 28 s [SD 5] vs. pVO2 29 s [SD 5]; P=1.000) of exercise, suggesting an age-related slowing of the phosphate linked controller(s) of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may underlie the faster pVO2 kinetics found in children compared to adults. The final experimental chapter tested this hypothesis, but no age or sex related differences were found in the PCr kinetic time constant at the onset (boys: 21 s [SD 4]; girls: 24 s [SD 5]; men: 26 s [SD 9]; women: 24 s [SD 7], P>0.200) or offset (boys: 26 s [SD 5]; girls: 29 s [SD 7]; men: 23 s [SD 9]; women: 29 s [SD 7], P>0.070) of exercise. In conclusion, this thesis has demonstrated that muscle metabolic parameters determined by 31P-MRS are suitable for the study of developmental exercise metabolism. During exercise below the metabolic ITs, the phosphate-linked regulation of muscle respiration is comparable between children and adults, although during exercise above the ITs children are characterised by a lower ‘anaerobic’ energy turnover than adults, indicating an age-related modulation of metabolic control during high intensity exercise.

Previous research into children’s understanding of line of sight has led to differing conclusions as to when and how children become able to appreciate that their view of an object will be different from another persons’ view of the same object. This is probably due to the diversity of response methods required from the children as well as different types of tasks and settings being used between the experiments. The aim of the present thesis is to investigate systematically how children will fare across various settings and whether their comprehension of line of sight can be biased by the task’s setting. The first experiment assessed children’s understanding of line of sight through a tube that was bent to varying degrees of curvature and whether their response pattern would change when feedback was provided. Results showed that children have great difficulty performing correctly on this task, especially when the degree of curvature is small. The older children corrected their response pattern when feedback was provided but the younger children tended to persevere in their response pattern regardless of contradictory feedback. The second experiment looked at children’s performance when walls were used - half the walls were smooth gradual curves while the other half was walls made up of two segments that met to form an angle. Again the children were asked to predict if two dolls placed at opposite ends of each wall would be able to see each other. Results showed that though even young children have no trouble in performing correctly on the “angled” walls, performance on the curved walls was significantly poorer with the older children performing better than the younger children. The third experiment sought to quantify the point at which children deemed line of sight became possible. To do this we used a single “U” shaped trench with the children being asked if one doll could see another in various configurations. The results showed a strong bias towards over estimating visibility. The fourth experiment repeated the second experiment but used wooden trenches instead of walls but also sought to quantify the “switchover” point at which the children deem vision becomes possible between the two dolls. The difference between angles and curves was once again replicated as was the age difference. The fifth experiment compared children’s appreciation of line of sight through/along tubes, trenches and walls. This performance level varied strongly depending on the type of task the child was asked to perform upon with the tube proving to be the most difficult and the angled trench the easiest. The overall findings of the experiment pointed to a context-dependent performance, implying a piece-meal development of childrens’ comprehension of line of sight.

Following the First World War, colonial policy in West Africa underwent a transition as British administrators began to adopt indirect rule reforms to help usher in peasant-driven agricultural development in Northern Ghana. This thesis addresses the impact of these important policy changes on women and children through a study of local colonial and indigenous responses to four bodily practices: female circumcision, human trafficking (female pawning and illicit adoption), nudity and prostitution. Although much has been written about colonial and post-independence legislation of the female body, especially the female circumcision controversy in Kenya and prostitution in the mines and cities of east and southern Africa, few historical studies have fully considered the role of West African development doctrine, or the importance of ‘tradition’ and ‘community’, in colonial policies affecting women and children in Northern Ghana. Through a Parliamentary inquiry in 1930, West African departments came to reluctantly engage with questions of women and children’s status. Collectively, they decided that a gradualist path which sought to preserve community or ‘tribal’ cohesion was preferable to legislation promoting individual rights and civil society. This thesis situates this reluctance to introduce potentially destabilizing legislation in the context of development doctrine in northern Ghana. This thesis focusses on the north-eastern borderland corridor of northern Ghana where in the 1930s anthropologists and district officials investigated questions of female circumcision and as a solution to Parliamentary inquiry, sought to encourage a milder form practiced in infancy, rather than adolescence. The refusal to legislate reflected West African officials’ privileging of ‘community’ over the ‘individual’ and was repeated in their responses to ‘undesirable practices’, including nudity, pawning, and in post-independence times, illicit adoption and prostitution. In exploring state officials’ handling of these practices in a gradualist manner, this thesis illuminates the connections between development doctrine and the role of the male colonial gaze in managing undesirable practices in north-eastern Ghana, West Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2014-04-03 14:33:00.037

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Diante da escassez de pesquisas sobre a devolução, esta dissertação teve como objetivo investigar a percepção dos profissionais que lidam com crianças/adolescentes que foram adotados e devolvidos, sobre o impacto que essa experiência pode acarretar sobre seus desenvolvimentos. Num primeiro momento, apresenta-se um histórico da adoção e da devolução, auxiliando a compreensão do respaldo histórico de práticas como a institucionalização de crianças e adolescentes e a devolução. O segundo momento é composto por informações e reflexões a respeito da adoção e, no terceiro, aprofunda-se na devolução em si. Visando a investigar o impacto da devolução para crianças e adolescentes que vivenciaram esta situação, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-dirigidas, individuais, com 21 profissionais que trabalham em casas de acolhimento na cidade do Recife. Tendo em vista a ausência de dados sobre o assunto, todas as casas de acolhimento da cidade (14) participaram da pesquisa, tornando assim possível um levantamento aproximado da quantidade de casos de devolução, no Recife, entre 2009 e 2015: 35 casos, envolvendo 24 crianças e adolescentes. Ou seja, aproximadamente uma devolução a cada dois meses, nos últimos seis anos. A partir da análise de conteúdo temática das falas dos participantes, foi possível observar algumas reações comuns nos adolescentes e crianças que vivenciaram uma, ou mais devoluções: agressividade, rejeição à nova adoção, reações de negação à devolução, dificuldade de confiar em pessoas próximas, reações depressivas (introspecção e episódios de choro), dificuldades escolares/cognitivas, autoculpabilização e distúrbios do sono. No que diz respeito às reações dos profissionais frente à devolução, foi possível observar o sentimento de frustração, frequentemente relacionado à sensação de incompetência e impotência; indignação e raiva; a ideia de que a devolução foi melhor para a criança e distanciamento afetivo do caso. Foram recorrentes, também, críticas por parte dos profissionais ao processo de adoção, principalmente no que diz respeito à preparação dos adotantes e à ausência de um trabalho conjunto entre a equipe da casa de acolhimento e a equipe do judiciário. Diante dos resultados encontrados, foi possível perceber que a devolução é uma experiência que impacta negativamente a criança e o adolescente. Esta pesquisa, portanto, visou a evidenciar os aspectos da vida da criança e adolescente impactados por essa experiência para, assim, subsidiar teoricamente as intervenções realizadas pelos profissionais que os receberem na casa de acolhimento, além de instrumentalizar os operadores do direito e os terapeutas que atendem esses jovens e os pretendentes.

No description available.

Orientadores: Cecilia Guarnieri Batista, Maria Aparecida Affonso Moyses / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T09:41:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tsuji_EneidaMiyuki_M.pdf: 1785033 bytes, checksum: ddd13c04b42bc86ef017144debaa7aba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A atuação profissional voltada para crianças com problemas de origem orgânica, com prognóstico desfavorável, merece reflexão, por sua relação com o desenvolvimento psicológico da criança. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo de caso de uma criança com diagnósticos de problemas orgânicos e queixas de comportamentos agitados e agressivos. Analisou-se sua participação, durante três anos, em projeto de intervenção em grupo especializado, com foco em seus modos de participação e interações com parceiros e adultos. Foram identificadas competências e modalidades cooperativas de participação, que se tornaram mais diversificadas e complexas ao longo do período de observação. O estudo permitiu uma ampliação do olhar para as possibilidades e dificuldades da criança, sugerindo análises mais abrangentes do desenvolvimento de crianças com múltiplas queixas. Ressaltou-se a importância da percepção do outro para a construção da identidade da criança, pois é a partir destes olhares que se poderá conduzi-la à estabilidade ou à possibilidade de mudança / Abstract: The professional practice directed to children with organic problems and unfavorable prognosis deserves attention, for being directly related to the psychological development of the child. It is presented the case study of a child with diagnoses of organic problems and behavioral complaints, characterized as agitated and aggressive. It was analyzed the participation of the child, during three years, in a project of intervention in groups, with focus on modes of participation and peer interaction. The analysis allowed the identification of competencies and cooperative modalities of participation, which became more diversified and complex during the period of observation. With this study, it was possible to take a wider perspective of the possibilities and difficulties of the child, suggesting broader analyses of the development of children with multiple developmental complaints. This work emphasizes the relevance of the perception of the Other in the building of the child's identity, because it this sight that will lead the children to stability or to make possible for her to change / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alana Tosta Martoni.pdf: 879629 bytes, checksum: d2342f4a88f93dec8ed0684036bfda63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The executive functions, which aggregates the working memory processes, cognitive flexibility, planning, inhibitory control and selective attention, are crucial to the adaptation of the individual to the routines of daily leif, being also the bases to the development of new abilities. Changes in these different aspects of the executive functions have shown to be related to various disorders, such as the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and they can be identified fairly early on, in preschool age. The executive functions can be observed in different environments, such as at home and at school, however, parents and teachers tend to have differing reports about the performance and/or behavior of certain child. Thus, the objective of this research was to verify the relationship between performance in tests of selective attention/inhibitory control and parents and teachers reports about symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity and executive functioning. As well as verifying the progression of these measures with the school grade increase.137 children studying in nursery, preschool, elementary and junior high school in Grande São Paulo , as well as their parents and teachers have participated. In order to assess the inhibitory control and the selective attention abilities, the Computerized Stroop Test has been applied to preschoolers. Their parents and teachers have answered the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the MTA-SNAP-IV. Kruskal-Wallis analysis have shown that the children s performances have increased with the school progression. The correlation between the reports of parents and teachers has tended to be significant, but low, suggesting trend in difference between such reports, once the parents have tended to point to more symptoms assessed by the MTA-SNAP-IV and the teachers more difficulties in the BRIEF abilities. In general, the StroopTest performances were more related to the teachers than to the parents reports. Such study corroborated the importance of listening to different informants by working with small children, and it suggests that, in this specific case, the teachers reports were closer to the child performance than the parents reports. / As funções executivas, que agregam os processos de memória de trabalho, flexibilidade cognitiva, planejamento, controle inibitório e atenção seletiva, são cruciais para a adaptação do indivíduo às rotinas do cotidiano, sendo também a base para o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades. Alterações nesses diferentes aspectos das funções executivas têm se mostrado relacionadas a vários transtornos, como o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), e podem ser identificadas precocemente, ainda em idade pré-escolar. As funções executivas podem ser observadas em diferentes ambientes, como em casa e na escola, entretanto pais e professores tendem a ter relatos divergentes acerca do comportamento de determinada criança. Sendo assim, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi verificar a relação entre o desempenho de crianças em testes de atenção seletiva / controle inibitório e os relatos de pais e professores sobre sinais de desatenção/hiperatividade e sobre funcionamento executivo, bem como verificar a progressão dessas medidas com o aumento das séries. Participaram 137 crianças do Ensino Infantil e Fundamental I da grande São Paulo, bem como seus pais e professores. Para avaliar as habilidades de controle inibitório e atenção seletiva, foi aplicado o Teste de Stroop versão computadorizada para pré-escolares. Os pais e professores responderam o Inventário de Funcionamento Executivo Infantil (IFEI) e o MTA-SNAP-IV. Análises de Kruskal-Wallis mostraram que os desempenhos das crianças aumentaram com a progressão da escolaridade. A correlação entre os relatos de pais e de professores tendeu a ser significativa, porém baixa, sugerindo tendência de divergência entre tais relatos, sendo que os pais tenderam a apontar mais sintomas avaliados pelo MTA-SNAP-IV e os professores mais dificuldades nas habilidades do IFEI. De modo geral, os desempenhos do Teste de Stroop estiveram mais relacionados aos relatos dos professores do que ao relato dos pais. Tal estudo corroborou a importância de ouvir diferentes informantes ao trabalhar com crianças pequenas e sugere que, nesse caso específico, o relato dos professores foi mais próximo ao desempenho da criança do que o relato dos pais.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:09:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 flavia_moura_rocha_parente.pdf: 1556192 bytes, checksum: d39df7503b8b3ea26fad5478db52b460 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Given the scarcity of research about "disruptions", this work aimed to investigate the perception of professionals who deal with children/adolescents who were adopted and "disrupted" about the impact that this experience may have on their development. At first, it presents the history of the adoption and "disruption" aiding the understanding of the historical support practices such as the institutionalization of children and the "disruption" of adopted children. The second chapter consists of information and reflections about adoption and, in the third, deepens the "disruption" itself. Aiming to investigate the impact of the "disruption" for children and adolescents who have experienced this, individual, semi-structured interviews, were conducted with 21 professionals working in shelters in the city of Recife. Given the lack of data on the subject, all shelters in the city (14) participated in the survey, thus making possible a rough survey of the number of cases of "disruptions", in Recife, between 2009 and 2015: 35 cases involving 24 children and adolescents. Approximately one "return" every other month for the past six years. From the thematic analysis of the speeches of the participants, we observed some common reactions in children who experienced one or more disruption : aggression, rejection of a new adoption, denial reactions to the "disruption", depressive reactions (introspection and crying episodes), learning/cognitive difficulties, self-blaming and sleep disorders. In regard of the reactions of the professionals facing the "disruption of the child, it was observed the feeling of frustration, often related to the feeling of incompetence and impotence; indignation and anger; the idea that the "disruption" was best for the child and emotional detachment from the case. The professionals also critized the adoption process, especially about the preparation of adopters and the absence of a joint effort between the team of the shelters and the judiciary staff. Considering the results, it was revealed that the "disruption" is an experience that negatively impacts the children and adolescents. This study therefore aimed to highlight aspects of the child's life that are affected by this experience, thus theoretically subsidize interventions to be made by professionals who receive them when they return to the shelter, as well as law workers and therapists that work with these children and adoptees. / Diante da escassez de pesquisas sobre a devolução , esta dissertação teve como objetivo investigar a percepção dos profissionais que lidam com crianças/adolescentes que foram adotados e devolvidos , sobre o impacto que essa experiência pode acarretar sobre seus desenvolvimentos. Num primeiro momento, apresenta-se um histórico da adoção e da devolução , auxiliando a compreensão do respaldo histórico de práticas como a institucionalização de crianças e adolescentes e a devolução . O segundo momento é composto por informações e reflexões a respeito da adoção e, no terceiro, aprofunda-se na devolução em si. Visando a investigar o impacto da devolução para crianças e adolescentes que vivenciaram esta situação, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-dirigidas, individuais, com 21 profissionais que trabalham em casas de acolhimento na cidade do Recife. Tendo em vista a ausência de dados sobre o assunto, todas as casas de acolhimento da cidade (14) participaram da pesquisa, tornando assim possível um levantamento aproximado da quantidade de casos de devolução , no Recife, entre 2009 e 2015: 35 casos, envolvendo 24 crianças e adolescentes. Ou seja, aproximadamente uma devolução a cada dois meses, nos últimos seis anos. A partir da análise de conteúdo temática das falas dos participantes, foi possível observar algumas reações comuns nos adolescentes e crianças que vivenciaram uma, ou mais devoluções : agressividade, rejeição à nova adoção, reações de negação à devolução , dificuldade de confiar em pessoas próximas, reações depressivas (introspecção e episódios de choro), dificuldades escolares/cognitivas, autoculpabilização e distúrbios do sono. No que diz respeito às reações dos profissionais frente à devolução , foi possível observar o sentimento de frustração, frequentemente relacionado à sensação de incompetência e impotência; indignação e raiva; a ideia de que a devolução foi melhor para a criança e distanciamento afetivo do caso. Foram recorrentes, também, críticas por parte dos profissionais ao processo de adoção, principalmente no que diz respeito à preparação dos adotantes e à ausência de um trabalho conjunto entre a equipe da casa de acolhimento e a equipe do judiciário. Diante dos resultados encontrados, foi possível perceber que a devolução é uma experiência que impacta negativamente a criança e o adolescente. Esta pesquisa, portanto, visou a evidenciar os aspectos da vida da criança e adolescente impactados por essa experiência para, assim, subsidiar teoricamente as intervenções realizadas pelos profissionais que os receberem na casa de acolhimento, além de instrumentalizar os operadores do direito e os terapeutas que atendem esses jovens e os pretendentes.

The American public is bombarded with chemically fragranced products every day, typically in combination with each other. These products can include cosmetics, perfumes, detergents, air fresheners, soaps, and deodorants. Contained in these fragranced products are chemicals that can be harmful to child health and development. Many articles have been published examining the chemicals found in fragranced products and the effects that these chemicals can have on the human body. This integrated literature review examines empirical evidence related to the health and safety of particular chemicals used in these products. Nurses need to be aware of the actual and potential harms from the chemicals used in the self-regulating cosmetic industry and can advocate for public policies that promote a safer environment, therefore protecting the health and wellbeing of children.