Fiction has emerged as a major medium for modern Chinese to express their imagination and 'narrate' the country since Liang Qichao advocated the importance of 'New Fiction'. Over the past century, fiction (including both its form and content) has undergone various changes in response to the transformation of the modern Chinese society. In 1993, David Der-wei Wang initiated a discussion on 'Imagination of China', examining how Chinese people imagined the past, present and future of the country through fiction as a means of fabricated narration. While diegesis is a literary concept central to Realism and lyric constitutes a typical form of Romanticism, visual expression is the technique representative of Modernism. This method was first introduced to Shanghai by Liu Na'ou from colonial Taiwan and it exerted tremendous impacts on the works of Mu Shiying and Eileen Chang subsequently. The present dissertation sought to address two main questions pertaining to 'visuality'. First, how did the fictions of Liu Na'ou, Mu Shiying and Eileen Chang use visual expression for imagination of China? A related concern was how this approach reflected and molded the modern experience of China. Second, how was this particular mode of imagination related to other forms of imagination of the time? Also, what was its association with the politics and ideology in the arena of power? This dissertation did not only analyze the visual properties of this particular mode of imagination, but also examined the power issues underlying the technique, including colonialism and post-colonialism, literature and image, as well as man and woman. / There are five chapters in the dissertation. The first chapter introduces the framework, method, and background of the research. Chapter two examines how Liu Na'ou, Mu Shiying and Eileen Chang imported, migrated and mimicked the visual perceptions of colonists when expressing their imagination of China. On the one hand, this kind of imagination closely resembled the mentality of colonists such as France and Japan. On the other hand, the three authors strived to make modifications, formed critical judgments and reflected on the roles of the colonizer and the colonized during the process of imagination. All these were manifested in the changes in the form of presentation characterizing their fictions. As such, examination of these changes relative to the literature from the 1930s to 1940s is another focus of this chapter. Chapter three explores how Liu Na'ou, Mu Shiying and Eileen Chang incorporated the visual features of movies into fictions when expressing their imagination of modern China. The interaction between literature and image (especially the influence of movie on the presentation of fiction) inspired the three authors to come up with an alternative perceptive regarding imagination of China. The intersection of fiction and movie also allowed more room for fictitious creation, giving rise to a different mode of imagination beyond those featuring Realism and Romanticism. Some other issues covered in this chapter include why and how this approach guided the imagination of readers in designated time and space, as well as its relationship with the national discourse. Chapter four discussed the problems concerning imagination of China with reference to visuality and alternation in sexual subjectivity. Male vision could be identified in the fictions of Liu Na'ou and Mu Shiying. However, under the symbolic system of patriarchal culture, such male vision, when compared with the vision of the colonizer, is apparently less prominent in terms of male subjectivity. In their fictions, female characters are usually 'seen' through the lens of others and such female images are largely consistent with the male authors' perceptions of national subjectivity. This chapter also investigated how Eileen Chang used vision as a way to reflect on the male perceptions of female images, as well as how she was imagined and defined as a female author in the field of literature. Chapter five is the conclusion, which highlights the significance of visual expression in Liu Na'ou's, Mu Shiying's and Eileen Chang's fictions. / 梁慕靈. / Adviser: Hang Fung Carole Hoyan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 269-306). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liang Muling.

This paper concentrates on the discussion of the relationship between 1930s Chinese modern writer Shi Zhecun and "translated modernity." The basic assumption behind this paper is that the work of fiction by Shi Zhecun is a kind of translingual practice, which is inextricably bound up with translation. It is through such a broad sense of translational activity that Shi Zhecun began his pursuit of modernity and finally obtained a kind of modernity different from the Western, the translated modernity. Looking from the perspective of translingual practice, the fictional work by Shi Zhecun is never an isolated mental work, but the consequence of cultural exchange and vigorous bombardment between Chinese and Western literature. On one hand, his fiction fails to stand outside of the progress of modernity in China, while his work is also deeply embedded in the network of Western literature on the other hand. By mean of a series of mimicry, appropriation and rewriting, he translates text from various times, spaces and media into his own work. In the fiction by Shi Zhecun, we may see the process of how foreign literature and other cultural factors rise, circulate and eventually gain legitimacy in the 1930s China. At the same time, we can also know of how they have changed the observation and conception of modern Chinese writers towards literature and the outer world. Therefore, not only does fiction by Shi Zhecun comprise the modernity experience of Shanghai, a metropolitan city in the 1930s, to synchronize with the world, but they also record responses and changes of modern Chinese fiction in the face of the progress of modernism. / This paper is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is an introduction, which briefly introduces the background of investigation of Shi Zhecun's fiction and expounds the theoretical framework of "translated modernity". Chapter two to six are the core part of this paper. By introducing related literary and cultural theories, they serve to probe into fiction by Shi Zhecun. Chapter two draws an outline of historical materials and observes the frequent mimicry and rewriting phenomena on his early work with regard to his fictional work and translational activities, in order to grasp how he transplants forms and techniques from the Western fiction into the Chinese situation. Chapter three deepens discussion on the previous chapter and examines how Shi Zhecun employs western psychoanalytic method and narrative mechanism in his "old stories retold" to construct the interiority unique to modern fiction. Chapter four intervenes from the viewpoint of technologized visuality to analyze the relationship between psychoanalytic fiction by Shi Zhecun and modern visual text. Through the discussion of mode of space in fiction, chapter five looks at how Shi Zhecun's fiction transform modern urban space into fictional text, producing a range of thoughts concerned with modernity. Chapter six, by reconstructing his literal tradition, interprets the traditional elements found in his fiction and analyzes with different aspects his re-creation of Chinese traditional literature. Chapter seven is the conclusion, which attempts to consolidate what has been discussed before in this text, in order to contemplate the important significance of modernity in China brought about by Shi Zhecun's fiction. / Translation, since the Late Qing Dynasty, has been exhibiting great influence on China's road towards modernity. Scholars Lydia Liu and David Wang present "translated modernity" as a way to delve into the relationship between translation, Chinese Late Qing fiction and May Fourth literature. From Late Qing to May Fourth, translation has been highly influential on the period when old literature was superseded by new one. Thus, when radical anti-traditionalism wanes, would translation, among the relatively mature 30s literature, have a new significance? / 郭詩詠. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 220-233). / Adviser: Hang Fung Hoyan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0575. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 220-233). / Guo Shiyong.

張思靜. / "2010年11月". / "2010 nian 11 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leave 128-133) / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Zhang Sijing. / Chapter 第一章： --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節： --- 研究範圍及研究對象之性質 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節： --- 彈詞研究綜述 --- p.5 / Chapter 第三節： --- 研究緣起及問題意識 --- p.8 / Chapter 第四節： --- 具體文本選擇背後的考慮 --- p.10 / Chapter 第五節： --- 《再生緣》、《筆生花》相關研究提要 --- p.15 / Chapter 第六節： --- 本論文結構 --- p.17 / Chapter 第二章： --- 敘事重心的轉移與美學風格的變換：從《再生緣》到《筆生花》 --- p.19 / Chapter 第一節: --- 作者、主題、文學趣味：《再生緣》與《筆生花》的審美差異 --- p.19 / Chapter 第二節： --- 「女性出走故事」發展脈絡中的《再生緣》 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三章： --- 閨閣內的探險：《筆生花》的傳承與新變 --- p.42 / Chapter 第一節： --- 《筆生花》中的「出走」與「回歸」 --- p.42 / Chapter 第二節： --- 「三仙祠」：對「閨閣内探險」的再思考 --- p.52 / Chapter 第四章： --- 「貧窮恥向人前道，富貴何妨紙上誇」：《筆生花》中的「夢」與「貧窮」 / Chapter 第一節： --- 敘事治療：《筆生花》與中國文學中「白日夢」的傳統 --- p.70 / Chapter 第二節： --- 倫理與道德：邱心如筆下的「貧窮」主題 --- p.77 / Chapter 第三節： --- 《筆生花》與清代中國的貧窮知識女性 --- p.84 / Chapter 第五章： --- 彈詞小說的文學史定位：以《再生緣》、《筆生花》的接受為例 --- p.96 / Chapter 第一節： --- 同調異趣：陳寅恪《論再生緣》與二十世紀的彈詞接受視野 --- p.96 / Chapter 第二節： --- 時間感與生命體驗：陳寅恪眼中的《再生緣》 --- p.102 / Chapter 第三節： --- 《再生緣》、《筆生花》的文學史定位及其對彈詞研究的啟示 --- p.108 / Chapter 第六章： --- 結論 --- p.116 / 附錄：邱心如生年考 --- p.123 / 參考文獻 --- p.128 / 後記 --- p.134

翁逸敏. / "2007年9月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(leaves 166-172). / "2007 nian 9 yue". / Abstract also in English. / Weng Yimin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 166-172). / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 「三言」簡介 --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- 「三言」的版本 --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- 「三言」的編撰者 --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- 「三言」硏究槪況 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- 「三言」的體裁 --- p.15 / Chapter 第三章 --- 重複的理論框架 --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- 有關重複的硏究 --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- 蘇利民的重複理論 --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- 重複的原因 --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4 --- 結語 --- p.31 / Chapter 第四章 --- 正話中的重複 --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1 --- 故事層次的重複 --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2 --- 敷演層次的重複 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3 --- 故事層次與敷演層次之間的重複 --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4 --- 結語 --- p.110 / Chapter 第五章 --- 入話與正話的重複 --- p.113 / Chapter 5.1 --- 故事層次的重複 --- p.116 / Chapter 5.2 --- 敷演層次的重複 --- p.128 / Chapter 5.3 --- 故事層次與敷演層次之間的重複 --- p.134 / Chapter 5.4 --- 敘述者口中的重複 --- p.140 / Chapter 5.5 --- 結語 --- p.143 / Chapter 第六章 --- 重複的意義 --- p.146 / Chapter 6.1 --- 減少歧義，突出主題 --- p.147 / Chapter 6.2 --- 多面論述，互補意義 --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3 --- 推動情節，構成故事 --- p.152 / Chapter 6.4 --- 事前鋪墊，作爲預敘 --- p.154 / Chapter 6.5 --- 重現特質，塑造人物 --- p.156 / Chapter 6.6 --- 結語 --- p.159 / Chapter 第七章 --- 總結 --- p.160 / 參考文獻 --- p.166

四個男作家指王統照, 許地山, 葉聖陶及鄭振鐸 / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院中國語言及文學學部,1994. / 參考文獻: leaves 322-342 / 陳亞鳳. / 提要 / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒諭 --- p.1 ´ؤ16 / Chapter 第二章 --- 研究的範圍與方法 --- p.17 ´ؤ20 / Chapter 第三章 --- 由“人的文學´ح到“婦女解放´ح題材 --- p.21 ´ؤ31 / Chapter 第四章 --- 王統照小說中的女性 --- p.32 ´ؤ74 / 小引 --- p.32 / Chapter 第一節 --- 王統照的“愛´ح和“美´ح的美學觀 / Chapter 第二節 --- 王統照對婦女的期望 --- p.37 / Chapter 第三節 --- 王統照的文學觀 --- p.39 / Chapter 第四節 --- 王統照小說中的女性 / Chapter 一 --- “美´ح和“愛´ح的化身 --- p.45 / Chapter 二 --- 為愛情而自我犧牲的女性 --- p.56 / Chapter 三 --- 王統照理想中的妻子 --- p.65 / Chapter 四 --- 無夢可紀的霍君素 --- p.69 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小结 --- p.73 / Chapter 第五章 --- 許地山小說中的女性 --- p.75´ؤ145 / 小引 --- p.75 / Chapter 第一節 --- 許地山的創作三寶 --- p.76 / Chapter 第二節 --- 許地山的宗教精神 --- p.79 / Chapter 第三節 --- 許地山對愛情的執著 --- p.85 / Chapter 第四節 --- 許地山的婦女觀 --- p.89 / Chapter 第五節 --- 許地山小說中的女性 / Chapter 一 --- 愛情理想的追求者 --- p.96 / Chapter 二 --- 理想人生哲學的追隨者 --- p.108 / Chapter 三 --- 對男性忠心耿耿的女性 --- p.123 / Chapter 四 --- 被“愛父母的民族´ح犧牲的女性 --- p.133 / Chapter 五 --- 走上絶路的母親 --- p.139 / Chapter 第六節 --- 小結 --- p.142 / Chapter 第六章 --- 葉聖陶小說中的女性 --- p.146´ؤ196 / 小引 --- p.146 / Chapter 第一節 --- “真實´ح與“真誠´ح的文學觀 / Chapter 一 --- “不能超越認識與理解´ح的創作 --- p.149 / Chapter 二 --- 講求創作獨特的作品 --- p.150 / Chapter 三 --- 本著真情實感創作 --- p.154 / Chapter 第二節 --- 葉聖陶對女子人格的重視 --- p.156 / Chapter 第三節 --- 葉聖陶小說中的女性 / Chapter 一 --- 體現母愛的女性 --- p.160 / Chapter 二 --- 願為男人奴僕的女性 --- p.169 / Chapter 三 --- 處在家庭矛盾中的母親 --- p.181 / Chapter 四 --- 保持人格獨立的萬女士 --- p.192 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.194 / Chapter 第七章 --- 鄭振鐸小說中的女性 --- p.197 ´ؤ236 / 小引 --- p.197 / Chapter 第一節 --- 鄭振鐸的“文學為人生´ح的思想體糸 / Chapter 一 --- 文學是感情的產物 --- p.200 / Chapter 二 --- 表現個性的文學 --- p.203 / Chapter 三 --- 血和淚的文學 --- p.205 / Chapter 四 --- 推崇悲劇文學 --- p.207 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《新社會》旬刊與改革社會的熱忱 / Chapter 一 --- 熱忱之火燃於五四運動 --- p.208 / Chapter 二 --- 言論涉及婦女解放的《新社會》 --- p.212 / Chapter 第三節 --- 鄭振鐸小說中的女性 / Chapter 一 --- 追逐理想愛情的女性 --- p.215 / Chapter 二 --- 以婚姻為唯一出路的女性 --- p.224 / Chapter 三 --- 自願為丈夫犧牲的紫涵 --- p.231 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小结 --- p.234 / Chapter 第八章 --- 總結 --- p.237 ´ؤ243 / 〔附錄1〕-〔附錄6〕 --- p.244´ؤ263 / 第一章注釋-第八章注釋 --- p.264 ´ؤ321 / 參考書籍 --- p.322 ´ؤ331 / 參考論文 --- p.332 ´ؤ341 / 後記 --- p.342

自八十年代始，中國大陸文藝雜誌相繼出現一批帶筆記風格或直接以筆記體寫作的短篇小說。研究者不僅探討此等作品轉化運用傳統文體的寫作現象及美學特徵，更為配合「新時期」之文藝氣象，進而以「新筆記小說」的文類加以歸納，突出其「舊瓶新酒」的現代意義。新筆記小說與筆記傳統的連繫，無疑為論者提供最佳範本，展開「傳統」與「現代」對話和融合的可能性的探討。相關討論嘗試為新筆記小說爭取文學史位置，卻無法脫離「新」與「舊」、「傳統」與「現代」簡單的二分框架，弱化了這些短篇小說作為探索新時期寫作出路的尖兵角色。本文重新提出新筆記小說的研究，認為是理解八十年代文藝界重新定義、拓展現實主義和小說實踐的關鍵。新筆記小說作家結合筆記與小說的特性，其實已觸及敘事的真實與虛構的辯證，在中國的紀實傳統中力尋書寫現實的可能。本文分別以汪曾祺 (1920-1997)、林斤瀾 (1923-2009)和鍾阿城 (1949- )的新筆記小說為研究個案，探討三位作家如何借用筆記小說的文體結構和敘事特質，形構現實主義小說的另類形式，突破意識形態對「現實主義」小說的制約。與此同時，當「現實主義」在「現代性的追求」壓力下面臨一元性的崩解，新筆記小說作家堅持「擬真」的嘗試，顯得意味深長，本文將作進一步的討論。 / Since the 1980s, a number of fictions written in the note-form have emerged in literary magazines on Mainland China. These works were put under a genre named "New Anecdote" (XinBiji Xiaoshuo, 新筆記小說) which implies the transformation from the classical anecdote to the modern anecdote. Researchers put emphasis mainly on the classical aesthetic characteristics found in the new form of the anecdote. However, it is observed that their studies were limited to the simple framework based on the binary oppositions of "old" and "new" as well as "traditional" and "modern". Such discussion had obscured the actual role of the new anecdotes being taken in the particular historical context of China in the New Era. / The form of "New Anecdote" is, in fact, a fusion of note and fiction, which can possibly hit the border of realistic and imaginary narratives. The practice of "New Anecdote" is closely related to the development of Realism in China in the Twentieth Century. Based on the discussion about "reality" from the writers of new anecdotes, this thesis attempts to point out that the "New Anecdote" is a key to understand how the writers of the time re-defined the realistic writings and their relationship to the society in China in the 1980s. / This thesis gives an in-depth analysis of the new anecdotes written by three contemporary writers, namely Wang Zengqi 汪曾祺 (1920-1997), Lin Jinlan 林斤瀾 (1923-2009) and Zhong Acheng (Ah Cheng) 鍾阿城 (1949- ). It will illustrate how these three writers make use of the structure and the narrative style of the anecdote to re-create new forms of realistic fiction, and to achieve their aims of breaking through the ideological constraints of Realism. Meanwhile,since realistic fiction has been considered as an antiquated and declining form under the development of aesthetic modernity in China in the 1980s, it is crucial to profoundly discuss the essence of the new anecdotes with reference to the socio-historical background of the New Era. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 王素韻. / Parallel title from English abstract. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-131). / Abstracts also in English. / Wang Suyun.

黃華昌. / "2002年5月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (leaves 98-102) / 附中英文提要. / "2002 nian 5 yue" / Huang Huachang. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 98-102) / Fu Zhong Ying wen ti yao. / Chapter 第一章. --- 李劼人生平、作品及其研究槪況 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章. --- 三部曲與歷史小說 --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- 歷史小說文類介說 --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- 三部曲的歷史小說特色 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2a --- 《死水微瀾》´ؤ´ؤ淡遠的歷史背景下的小鎭故事 --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2b --- 《暴風雨前》´ؤ´ؤ風雨將至，歷史的步履漸重 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2c --- 《大波》´ؤ´ؤ滾滾浪濤，何以安身 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- 三部曲與中國現代歷史小說 --- p.41 / Chapter 第三章´Ø --- 三部曲的「民間」寫作與三十年代文學 --- p.46 / Chapter 第四章´Ø --- 李劼人的三部曲與茅盾的《子夜》´ؤ´ؤ兩種敘述歷史的模式 --- p.61 / Chapter 第五章. --- 男女情慾故事´ؤ´ؤ個人空間與歷史空間 --- p.71 / Chapter 第六章´Ø --- 新舊版《大波》比較 --- p.81 / Chapter 第七章´Ø --- 總結 --- p.93 / 附錄：保路運動大事表 --- p.95 / 參考書目 --- p.101

陳志傑. / "2001年6月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (leaves 117-123) / 附中英文摘要. / "2001 nian 6 yue" / Chen Zhijie. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 117-123) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 基督教與中國現代小說的研究 / Chapter 1.2 --- 郁達夫、茅盾、許地山的獨特之處 / Chapter 1.3 --- 郁達夫、茅盾、許地山三人的硏究檢討 / Chapter 1.4 --- 硏究構想與槪念簡釋 / Chapter 1.5 --- 材料與方法 / Chapter 1.6 --- 史料搜集與論證過程 / Chapter 1.7 --- 各章簡介 / Chapter 第二章 --- 時代巨變中的中國：「啓蒙與救亡」 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- 吾人覺悟與啓蒙 / Chapter 2.2 --- 「啓蒙與救亡」的一脈相承 / Chapter 2.3 --- 救亡壓倒啓蒙 / Chapter 2.4 --- 小結 / Chapter 第三章 --- 普遍皇權崩潰：「以耶補儒」 --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- 皇權崩潰下的真空 / Chapter 3.2 --- 陳獨秀對基督教的理解與認同 / Chapter 3.3 --- 小結 / Chapter 第四章 --- 由傳統轉向現代的「文以載道」與郁達夫的啓蒙 --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- 文學革命 / Chapter 4.2 --- 沉淪與重新 / Chapter 4.3 --- 《南遷》的諷刺與肯定 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小結 / Chapter 第五章 --- 茅盾的政治寓言小說 --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1 --- 審查下的創作 / Chapter 5.2 --- 在桂林的《新舊約全書》 / Chapter 5.3 --- 《耶稣之死》的政治暗喻 / Chapter 5.4 --- 小結 / Chapter 第六章 --- 我們要甚麼樣的宗敎：許地山 --- p.76 / Chapter 6.1 --- 許地山與宗教 / Chapter 6.2 --- 我們要甚麼樣的宗教 / Chapter 6.3 --- 基督教「人格救國」 / Chapter 6.4 --- 聖賢基督徒《商婦人》、《缀網勞蛛》 / Chapter 6.5 --- 處於民族主義與基督教的《玉官》 / Chapter 6.6 --- 小結 / Chapter 第七章 --- 郁達夫、茅盾、許地山與基督敎 --- p.107 / Chapter 7.1 --- 郁達夫：向基督的懺悔 / Chapter 7.2 --- 茅盾：耶稣的犧牲精神 / Chapter 7.3 --- 許地山：耶穌之再現 / Chapter 7.4 --- 小結 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 --- p.115 / 參考書目 --- p.117