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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Extracelulární enzymové aktivity půdních kvasinek / Extracellular enzyme activites of soil yeasts

Pavlatovská, Barbora January 2017 (has links)
Yeasts form significant and important part of pedosphere microbiota. They keep nature balance, participate in cycles of elements and nutrients, are antagonists of various pathogens and as important decomposers, they produce the whole spectrum of different extracellular enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of yeasts, isolated from the soil adjacent to the fruit trees in Southwest Slovakia as well as from the contaminated soil (Pernek area, Slovakia), to produce extracellular enzymes. In total, 68 strains belonging to 45 different species were tested for the production of starch-like polysaccharide and for extracellular enzyme activities: polygalacturonases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, chitinases, -glucosidases and -amylases. This work was also focused on optimization of method for the yeast chitinase assay. Four methods were proved; two of them utilized liquid medium with chitin (colloidal and insoluble) as the sole carbon source and two others used solid plate methods with agar medium containing chitin. Based on results, cultivation in colloidal liquid chitin medium, terminated by the chitinase assay according to Ehrlich, was evaluated as the best method for detection of predominant exochitinase activity of yeasts. More than 75 % of tested yeasts exhibited some extracellular activity. Generally, the yeasts isolated from the soil under the fruit trees showed broader spectrum of enzyme activities than those originated from contaminated soils. Lipases, proteases and -glucosidases were found to be the most common activities. Only small proportion of yeasts was able to produce chitinases and/or cellulases. Aureobasidium pullulans, CCY 27-1-134, from the soil adjacent to the apple tree, showed the widest range of activities from all tested strains and it possessed all examined activities. On the other side, it did not produce starch-like polysaccharide. Tausonia (Trichosporon) pullulans and Cystofilobasidium macerans were the second most active producers of extracellular enzymes with variations in production of cellulases and -amylases. Representatives of the former polyphyletic genus Cryptococcus exhibited lipases, -glucosidases, -amylases and they were producers of the starch, but the interspecies differences were also noted. All strains of the genus Galactomyces were positive for polygalacturonases and the genera Candida and Cyberlindnera were positive for -glucosidases. All strains of Galactomyces candidum were tested for the production of polygalacturonases during 168 hours long cultivation on pectin media. Strain CCY 16-3-4 showed very stable growth on this medium and simultaneously exhibited significant amount of extracellular polygalactouronases. It has a potential to be very suitable producer of these enzymes but particular characterization of properties is necessary for its future use. Results of the screening showed that the production of extracellular enzymes is mostly strain-dependent and not species-dependent.
12

Synthèse de thiooligosaccharides, précurseurs d'analogues de facteurs de nodulation

Loureiro Morais, Latino 27 February 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Nous avons réalisé la synthèse de précurseurs d'analogues sulfures de facteurs NOD, messagers chimiques intervenant lors du phénomène de nodulation rencontré dans l'association symbiotique entre certaines plantes légumineuses et des bactéries de la famille rhizobium. Cette association permet à la plante de fixer l'azote atmosphérique préalablement métabolisé par les bactéries. Ces analogues devraient permettre de mieux comprendre les différents processus intervenant au cours de la symbiose plante/ bactérie ainsi qu'étudier l'hydrolyse des facteurs NOD par des enzymes, les chitinases. Nous avons choisi de préparer des analogues fonctionnalisés pour lersquels seule la liaison O-glycosidique entre deux unités serait remplacée par une liaison thioglycosidique. Grâce à l'utilisation de donneurs de glycosyle sous la forme de trichloroacétimidate, nous avons réalisé la synthèse d'un thiotrisaccharide ainsi que celle d'un thiotétrasaccharide, précurseur d'analogues de facteurs NOD, dont les unités réductrices et non réductrices sont potentiellement différenciées en vue de leur fonctionnalisation. Par ailleurs, le transfert d'une unité de glucosamine sur un thiodisaccharide, à l'aide de la bétâ-1,4-galactosyltranférase, a conduit à la préparation d'un thiotrisaccharide. Cette dernière étape a permis d'envisager la synthèse d'un thiotétrasaccharide par voie chimio-enzymatique. Ces précurseurs devraient conduire à de nouveaux analogues sulfures de facteurs NOD sur lesquels des tests biologiques pourraient être réalisés afin d'évaluer l'activité de nodulation ainsi que la résistance aux chitinases
13

Identifizierung von Chitinasen mit fungizider Wirkung / Identification of chitinases with antifungal properties

Hoster, Frank 04 November 2003 (has links)
No description available.
14

The role of inter-domain linkers in the stability of modular Glycoside Hydrolases / Inter-domän länkares roll i stabiliteten hos modulära Glykosidhydrolaser

Estreen, Erik January 2024 (has links)
Glykosidhydrolaser (GHs) är enzymer som katalyserar hydrolys av glykosidbindningar i polysackarider och fungerar på endo- eller exo-sätt, beroende på om de riktar sig mot mitten eller änden av en glykan-kedja. De är viktiga i kolcykeln och i olika industrier som använder biomassa som substrat. GHs är fördelaktiga i många industriella processer på grund av deras höga specificitet, omsättningsgrad och biologiska nedbrytbarhet, men de kan vara instabila och är ofta dyra att producera. De varierar i specificitet och har ibland flera katalytiska domäner eller icke-katalytiska tillbehörsdomäner, vilket hjälper till att bryta ner polysackarider och/eller främjar enzymets livslängd. Många GHs kan ha kolhydratbindande moduler (CBMs) som ökar deras termostabilitet och/eller katalytiska aktivitet. CBMs är kopplade till andra domäner i multimodulära domäner av inter-domän länkar (IDLs), vilket är polypeptidkedjor som ger strukturell flexibilitet och låter CBMs nå önskade mål på ett substrat, men den fulla funktionen av IDLs i enzymstabilisering har inte dokumenterats. Kitinaser är en grupp av GHs som riktar sig mot det motsträviga polysackaridet kitin, vilket finns i både marina och markbundna miljöer. De finns i organismer såsom insekter med kitinhaltiga exoskelett och i svampar eller andra mikrober med kitininnehållande cellväggar, men de finns även i organismer som inte syntetiserar eller ens metaboliserar kitin, på grund av deras andra relevanta funktioner inom patogenicitet, immunförsvar, etc. Kitin och dess oligosackarid-derivat har flera funktioner i biomass-industrier och kan användas för medicinska ändamål. Många GHs innehåller icke-katalytiska CBMs, varav många är kitinbindande, och spelar därför en roll i att främja kitinbindning och hydrolys av deras enzympartners. Detta projekt fokuserar på ett modulärt GH18-kitinas kodat av genen Cpin_2580. Kitinasdomänen är flankerad av två CBMs. Tidigare forskning har visat att dessa inte är kitinbindande men föreslog att de påverkar enzymets termostabilitet. Däremot undersöktes inte IDL:ernas påverkan i den tidigare studien. För att bestämma rollen av IDLs designades primers för att klona nya genvarianter av Cpin_2580 för att producera nya proteiner med varierande längder av länkar för att bestämma vad för effekt längden har på enzymets termostabilitet. Dessa primers användes till PCR för att skapa gensekvenser med den befintliga Cpin_2580-18s-plasmiden som mall, följt av kloning, proteinproduktion, rening och analys med hjälp av fluoroforbindningsanalys. Nya proteinvarianter kunde genereras och produceras i liten skala, men produktionen upplevde problem, vilket ledde till att IDLs roll inte kunde fastställas fullt ut. / Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides, functioning in endo- or exo-manners, depending on whether they target the middle or the end of a glycan chain. They are crucial in the carbon cycle and various industries that utilise biomass as substrate. GHs are advantageous in many industrial processes due to their high specificity, turnover rates, and biodegradability, but they can be unstable and are often costly to produce. They vary in specificity and sometimes carry multiple catalytic domains or non-catalytic accessory domains, aiding in polysaccharide breakdown and/or promoting the longevity of the enzyme. Many GHs can have carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) attached that can be considered accessory domains, which increases their thermostability and/or catalytic activity in many cases. CBMs are attached to other domains in multi-modular enzymes by inter-domain linkers (IDLs), which are polypeptide chains that give structural flexibility and allow the CBMs to reach desired targets on a substrate, but the full function of IDLs in enzyme stabilisation has not been documented. Chitinases are a group of GHs that targets the recalcitrant polysaccharide chitin, which exists in both marine and terrestrial environments. They exist in organisms such as insects that have chitinous exoskeletons and in fungi or other microbes with chitin-containing cell walls, but they are also found in organisms that do not synthesise or even metabolise chitin, due to their other functions of relevance in pathogenicity, immune defence, etc. Chitin and its oligosaccharide derivatives have multiple functions in biomass industries, and can be used for medical purposes. Many chitinases contain non-catalytic CBMs, many of which are often chitin-binding, and therefore have a role in promoting chitin attachment and hydrolysis by their enzyme partners. This project focuses on a modular GH18 chitinase encoded by the gene Cpin_2580. The chitinase domain is flanked by two CBMs. Previous research has shown that these are not chitin-binding but suggested they do influence the thermostability of the enzyme. However, the impact of the IDLs was not explored in that previous study. To determine the role of the IDLs, primers were designed with the purpose of cloning new gene variants of the gene Cpin_2580 to produce novel proteins with varying lengths of linkers to determine the effect the length has on the thermostability of the enzyme. These primers were used for PCR to create novel gene sequences using the pre-existing Cpin_2580-18s plasmid as a template, followed by cloning, protein production, purification, and analysis using fluorophore binding assay. Novel protein variants could be generated and produced at small scale, but scaled-up protein production experienced problems, which led to the role of IDLs not being fully determined.
15

Dérégulation des activités chitinases : vers de nouvelles perspectives de lutte contre les aphides

Saguez, Julien 16 February 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Chez les insectes, les chitinases sont des enzymes principalement impliquées dans la dégradation de la chitine, lors des processus de croissance. Les chitinases représentent donc des cibles d'intérêt dans le développement de moyens de lutte alternatifs aux pesticides utilisés contre les ravageurs des cultures. Au cours de ces travaux de thèse, nous avons été amené à évaluer la pertinence de la dérégulation des activités chitinases chez les pucerons. L'impact des chitinases sur le développement du puceron M. persicae a été évalué par des tests de prise alimentaire réalisés in planta, sur des plantes de pommes de terre exprimant une chitinase d'insecte (Phaedon cochleariae, Coléoptère) et in vitro, en incorporant une chitinase bactérienne (Serratia marcescens) dans un milieu artificiel. Des effets probiotiques ont été mis en évidence dans les deux cas, remettant en cause l'utilisation des chitinases en tant que biopesticide pour lutter contre les pucerons. Compte tenu de ces effets inattendus, nous avons étudié les effets d'une stratégie antagoniste, basée sur l'utilisation d'inhibiteurs de chitinases. Quatre inhibiteurs de chitinases, d'origine et de nature variées, ont ainsi été testés via un milieu artificiel. Nos résultats rapportent pour la première fois une activité inhibitrice de ces molécules sur des pucerons. Nous avons donc orienté nos recherches dans cette voie, afin d'identifier de nouveaux inhibiteurs de chitinases. Deux approches ont été initiées avec d'une part la purification des chitinases du puceron M. persicae et d'autre part par l'évaluation des effets d'oligosaccharides mimétiques de la chitine et des inhibiteurs de chitinases. Les résultats obtenus nous laissent à penser que les inhibiteurs de chitinases constituent une voie prometteuse dans l'élaboration de nouveaux bioinsecticides.

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