Time-consuming and expensive benthic surveys are currently the most common means of determining impacts on invertebrates and fish habitat in lotic systems. We propose using the rate of chitobiase production by benthic invertebrates as a complement for determining impacts on freshwater systems. We successfully modified the existing assay to a microplate approach for high throughput analysis of chitobiase activity. Next we conducted two case studies in: 1) the Dead Horse Creek, Manitoba, to determine if changes in chitobiase could detect impacts on the benthic community from wastewater effluent and; 2) in Snake and Kinch Creeks, Manitoba to see if chitobiase could be used to assess fish habitat quality. In both cases, we observed no strong relationships between chitobiase and traditional metrics (e.g., abundance, biomass, diversity). We recommend further studies concerning the timing of chitobiase release in lotic systems and assessments of its use in mesocosm and microcosm toxicity studies / May 2016

Juvenile male blue crabs move into the tidal, freshwater James River during warmer months to feed and grow by undergoing molting. In crustaceans, growth and molting are hormonally controlled. The physiological effects of a multiple-stressor environment are determined by comparing the blue crab’s oxygen uptake after exposure to pure sand, James River sediment, or endosulfan-spiked sand. The effect of multiple stressors on molting is measured by the activity level of N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase (NAG), an enzyme in epidermal tissue important to molting. The oxygen uptake was decreased by exposure to James River sediment but not for exposure to endosulfan for seven days. Exposure to James River sediments over two days caused a similar suppression of epidermal NAG activity as exposure to endosulfan. These results indicate that the blue crab’s exposure to James River sediments and moderate hypoxia has the potential to cause short-term effects on physiology and long-term effects on growth.

Tese(doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-10-17T13:22:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiana.pdf: 800712 bytes, checksum: 8a3d4e20ee5c684b5100fb7af1f23e95 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sabrina Andrade (sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br) on 2013-10-17T16:37:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiana.pdf: 800712 bytes, checksum: 8a3d4e20ee5c684b5100fb7af1f23e95 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-17T16:37:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiana.pdf: 800712 bytes, checksum: 8a3d4e20ee5c684b5100fb7af1f23e95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O objetivo desta tese foi estimar a produção secundária em ambientes aquáticos, com enfoque no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos (Rio Grande, RS, Brasil). Os crustáceos são dominantes no zooplâncton da região em estudo, sendo utilizados como base das análises realizadas. A produção secundária foi estimada através de modelos matemáticos e do método enzimático. Para a aplicação dos modelos matemáticos, foram realizadas coletas em 5 pontos do estuário nas 4 estações do ano. Os resultados obtidos foram utilizados para estimativa da produção secundária através dos modelos de Huntley & Lopes (1992) e Hirst & Bunker (2003). Durante as coletas, também foram obtidas amostras de água do ambiente para a determinação da taxa de decaimento da atividade da quitobiase, parâmetro utilizado para estimativa da produção secundária através do método enzimático, o qual está baseado na atividade da quitobiase liberada na água durante a muda de crustáceos. Para aplicação deste método, foram realizados experimentos em laboratório para determinar as características da quitobiase do copépode Acartia tonsa, principal representante do grupo Copepoda do zooplâncton no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. Os resultados de produção de carbono obtidos através dos modelos matemáticos e do método enzimático foram comparados. Por fim, foram realizados experimentos utilizando-se metodologias já bem definidas de estimativa de crescimento, como a análise de coorte em náuplios e produção de ovos de adultos de A. longiremis coletadas no Saanich Inlet (BC, Canadá), sendo que os resultados obtidos foram comparados àqueles do congênere A. tonsa. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese contribuem tanto com dados de produção secundária para o estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, bem como indicam a aplicação do método da quitobiase também em águas estuarinas. / The aim of this thesis was to estimate the secondary production in aquatic environments with focus on the Patos Lagoon estuary (Rio Grande, RS, Brazil). Crustaceans are dominants in the zooplankton of the study area, being employed in the analyses performed. Secondary production was estimated using mathematical models and the enzymatic method. Zooplankton sampling was seasonally performed in 5 sites at the Patos Lagoon estuary for the application of the mathematical methods. Results obtained were used to estimate the secondary production through the models described by Huntley & Lopes (1992) and Hirst & Bunker (2003). During zooplankton collection, water samples were also obtained for determination of the rate of chitobiase activity decay, parameter used in the secondary production estimation employing the enzymatic method. This method is based on the activity of the chitobiase released during the crustacean molting process. For the application of the enzymatic method, laboratory experiments were performed to characterize the chitobiase do the copepod Acartia tonsa, major representative of Copepoda in the zooplankton of the Patos Lagoon estuary. Data of carbon production generated using the mathematical models and the enzymatic method were compared. Finally, experiments were performed employing known methodologies based on cohort analysis and egg production in the copepod A. longiremis collected at the Saanich Inlet (BC, Canada). Results obtained were compared to those for the congener A. tonsa. Results presented in this thesis contribute with secondary production data for the Patos Lagoon estuary and indicate the application of the chitobiase method for estimation of secondary production also in estuarine waters.

Crustaceans, the most abundant group of organisms that make up zooplankton, form a critical link in the food web between primary-producing phytoplankton and planktivorous fish. Examining this link is essential in order to effectively estimate the amount of energy available to higher trophic levels. The most appropriate currency for tracking energy flow through these food webs is to measure production, or the amount of new biomass generated over a given period of time. Although measurements of primary productivity are routinely made in oceanographic studies, estimates of secondary productivity are rare due to their historical reliance on time-consuming methods. The overall objective of this thesis was to determine the factors influencing temporal variations in community-level crustacean productivity. A simplified lab experiment was used to establish a relationship between diet and chitobiase-based estimates of copepod productivity in response to single versus mixed species phytoplankton diets. In addition, the relationships between primary productivity and chitobiase-based productivity for the entire crustacean zooplankton community were examined over two years in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. Lastly, this work determined the abiotic and biotic factors most strongly influencing crustacean productivity in the tropical Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, dominated by the microbial loop. Results from this work show that: (i) copepod populations fed a poor food item take longer to develop through early stages, have lower daily growth rates, and exhibit lower productivity than those fed a good quality food item; (ii) important variations in crustacean productivity are missed when biomass estimates, alone, are used to represent food available to higher trophic levels; (iii) relationships between primary productivity and crustacean productivity can vary interannually and are not necessarily controlled by bottom-up processes; (iv) substantial interannual variations in trophic transfer efficiency (TTE) occur even if average TTE is the same across years; and (v) community-level crustacean productivity in tropical regions dominated by the microbial food loop can be as high as, if not higher than, productivity measured in temperate regions. Ultimately, this work provides insight into how accurate productivity estimates can improve our understanding of zooplankton dynamics in both laboratory and field settings in marine ecosystems worldwide. / Graduate