Torefikacija yra perspektyvi biomasės apdirbimo technologija, leidžianti pagerinti biomasės fizikines savybes, kartu sumažinti išlaidas skirtas biomasės smulkinimui. Torefikuota biomasė gali būti panaudojama esamose anglimi kūrenamose elektrinėse, ją santykine dalimi maišant su įprastomis anglimis, taip sumažinant CO2 kiekį išsiskiriantį deginant iškastinį kurą (Kioto protokolas). Šiuo metu trūksta mokslinių tyrimų ir duomenų apie torefikacijos panaudojimą agrokultūrų atliekoms (šiaudams) apdirbti, pagaminant naują energetiškai patrauklų kurą pasižymintį unikaliomis savybėmis. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas buvo ištirti ir įvertinti iš skirtingų biomasės rūšių pagaminto torefikuoto kuro savybes ir torefikacijos proceso sąlygas. Tam būtina sąlyga: bandomojo torefikacijos reaktoriaus sukūrimas. Sauso kuro aukštutinė degimo šiluma nustatymo (HHV), anglies, vandenilio, azoto, sieros, chloro, lakiųjų organinių junginių kiekio, peleningumo ir pelenų lydumo, masės išeigos, energijos našumo, energetinio tankumo, reaktoriaus patikimumo lyginant su TGA, lakiųjų organinių junginių sudėties ir hidrofobiškumo testai – tai pagrindiniai parametrai kurie buvo nustatinėjami atliekant šį darbą. Torefikacijos procesas buvo atliekamas azotinėje aplinkoje, prie skirtingų temperatūrų (250 °C, 280 °C, 300 °C), bandinį reaktoriuje išlaikant 30 minučių, plius papildomas išlaikymas 10 minučių naudojant 300 °C. Gauti rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad po torefikacijos proceso medžiaga turi didesnę sausojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Torrefaction is a promising fuel pre-treatment technology for biomass, as it improves the physical characteristics, reduces the energy consumption for grinding, improves the co-firing process due to more stable characteristics of this fuel. However, there is still lack of data on torrefaction of agricultural waste which have more unequal composition. The aim of this work was to create fixed bed reactor for torrefaction process and investigate the dependence of properties of formed torrefied products on various biomass materials and process conditions. HHV, amounts of C, H, N, S, Cl, VOC, ash content and ash melting behavior, mass and energy yields, energy density, reactor reliability comparing with TGA results and composition of VOC analysed with TGA-GC/MS, hydrophobicity test were studied as the main factors for comparison. Torrefaction was carried out in the nitrogen environment at variuos temperatures (250°C, 280°C, 300°C) for 30 min and for 10 min at 300 °C too. HHV of woody and agricultural waste after torefaction was increased as energy density too (which allows cheaper logistics), also was found that torrefied material has better hydrophobic properties, biodegradation slows down, material is easy to grind. Determining energy yield for each type of biofuel, assess to find most suitable conditions for torrefied biofuel production. It was found that torrefaction solves one of the major straw as biofuel problems: it’s large amount of sulfur and chlorine levels. Torrefied... [to full text]

At the time there are various options in the range of disinfecting materials applied in animal husbandry. In animal husbandry and food processing industry a new type of biocide – neutral anolyte (ANK) has been used for the purposes of disinfection, presterilization, purification and sterilization. ANK is produced in the STEL devices by electrochemical activation of sodium chloride solution. Aim of the study: to evaluate (under the laboratory conditions) the antibacterial washing qualities of neutral anolyte ANK, produced in the STEL-10N-120-01 devices, in its application for washing and disinfecting milking equipment and parlours. The efficiency of disinfection was estimated applying the method of pads (LAST EN ISO 4833: 2003). Inhabitable materials in the water were identified using “Delves” test, according to the standard LST 1263:1999. The physical-chemical examinations of water were carried (HN 24:2003). Under the laboratory conditions, anolyte ANK (produced in the STEL-10N-120-01 devices) solution with the concentration of 0.05% suppressed the increase of the Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Salmonella and the coliform bacteria. The anolyte ANK solutions with the concentration 0.05% and 0.025% (made from the 0.05% solution watering it down in proportion 1:1) were not efficient in the pig farm A. The 0.05% anolyte ANK solution was efficient sanitarily treating the milkers equipment in the farming B.