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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Investiga??o te?rica da rea??o de abstra??o de hidrog?nio do formalde?do pelo ?tomo de cloro em fase gasosa / Theoretical investigation of fomaldehyde hydrogen abstraction reaction by chlorine atoms in gas phase

Garcia, Michel Braga 06 April 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-01-20T11:19:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Michel Braga Garcia.pdf: 2199692 bytes, checksum: 4e890f95e489a3e9ea5a095b493dce78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-20T11:19:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Michel Braga Garcia.pdf: 2199692 bytes, checksum: 4e890f95e489a3e9ea5a095b493dce78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Studies on Atmospheric Chemistry allow the understanding of chemical behavior of different atmospheric pollutants towards oxidant agents in troposphere. Among these agents, OH radicals, ozone and nitrate radicals are the most important. In coastal zones, chlorine atoms are also important specie for the chemical removal of primary and secondary pollutants. This work aims the kinetic study of the gas phase reaction between chlorine atom and formaldehyde, H2CO + Cl ? HCO + HCl. The reaction was described at HF, MP2, CCSD, QCISD and DFT (B2PLYP, MPW2PLYP and MPWKCIS1K) levels. Basis set effect was also explored and the aug-cc-pVDZ (ACCD) and aug-cc-pVTZ (ACCT) basis set were adopted. Geometry optimizations and vibrational frequencies calculations were performed for reactants and products. A prebarrier complex was located at all levels of theory, stabilized with respect the isolated reactants by ca. 4 kcal mol-1. Saddle points were located and characterized by their imaginary frequencies. Energy barriers were predicted as ca. 1 kcal mol-1, in agreement with experimental results (0.7 ? 1.0 kcal mol-1). Rate coefficients were calculated in the range from 100 to 500 K, adopting the canonical variational method, as available in the kcvt code. The calculated kinetic parameters, rate coefficients (k, 298 K, expressed in 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1), activation energy (Ea, expressed in kcal mol-1) and Arrhenius preexponential factor (A, expressed in 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1) were: k = 4.89, Ea = 0.25 and A = 7.45. The results suggest that a reaction dynamics is well described by a mechanism taking into account a prebarrier intermediate. Canonical variational rate coefficients were predicted in good agreement with experimental data, validating the proposal for the reaction mechanism introduced in this study / Os estudos em Qu?mica Atmosf?rica permitem entender o comportamento qu?mico de diversos poluentes atmosf?ricos frente a agentes oxidantes presentas na troposfera. Entre esses agentes, radicais OH, oz?nio e nitrato s?o os mais importantes. Ainda em zonas costeiras, ?tomos de cloro tornam-se tamb?m importantes esp?cies para a remo??o qu?mica de poluentes prim?rios e secund?rios. Este trabalho visa o estudo cin?tico da rea??o H2CO + Cl ? HCO + HCl em fase gasosa. A rea??o foi descrita em n?veis HF, MP2, CCSD, QCISD, DFT (B2PLYP, MPW2PLYP e MPWKCIS1K) Tamb?m o efeito da base foi explorado e, para tanto, as bases aug-cc-pVDZ (ACCD) e aug-cc-pVTZ (ACCT) foram adotadas. C?lculos de otimiza??o de geometria e frequ?ncia vibracionais foram feitos para reagentes e produtos. Foram vistos tamb?m para todos os n?veis de c?lculo a forma??o de um pr?-complexo estabilizado, em rela??o aos reagentes isolados, por cerca de 4 kcal mol-1. Ponto de sela tamb?m foram otimizados e identificados pela frequ?ncia vibracional imagin?ria. Barreiras de energia foram previstas em cerca de 1 kcal mol-1, em acordo com a previs?o da literatura, 0,7 - 1,0 kcal mol-1. Os coeficientes de velocidade foram calculados na faixa de 100 ? 500 K a partir da teoria do estado de transi??o variacional com auxilio do programa kcvt. Os par?metros cin?ticos encontrados, coeficientes de velocidade (k, 298 K, expressos em 10-11 cm3mol?cula-1s-1), energia de ativa??o (Ea, expresso em kcal mol-1) e fator pr?-exponencial (A, expresso em 10-11 cm3mol?cula-1s-1) foram: k298K = 4,89, Ea = 0,25 e A = 7,45. Os resultados sugerem que a din?mica da rea??o ? bem descrita a partir de um mecanismo que contempla a participa??o de um intermedi?rio pr?-barreira. Resultados de coeficientes de velocidade variacionais can?nicos obtidos neste trabalho se mostraram satisfat?rios quando comparados a dados experimentais validando a proposta de mecanismo trazida nesse trabalho.
2

Contribution de la combustion du bois à la qualité de l'air et étude de la réactivité atmosphérique des méthoxyphénols en chambre de simulation / Contribution from burning wood to air quality and study of atmospheric reactivity of simulation chamber methoxyphenols

Lauraguais, Amélie 27 November 2014 (has links)
Afin de réduire la consommation en énergie fossile et ainsi limiter les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, l’un des objectif du Grenelle de l’Environnement est de porter à 23% la part des énergies renouvelables dans la consommation d’énergie finale en France en 2020. Le bois-énergie représente une alternative à l’utilisation des énergies fossiles, mais c’est également une source de polluants dans l’atmosphère et il est essentiel de déterminer sa contribution potentielle à la dégradation de la qualité de l’air intérieur et extérieur. Au cours de cette thèse, mes travaux de recherche se sont focalisés sur l’étude en chambres de simulation de la dégradation atmosphérique de composés émis par la combustion du bois : les méthoxyphénols. Au Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère (LPCA) de l’Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale (ULCO), des tests ont tout d’abord été réalisés afin de s’assurer que les parois de la chambre, en PMMA (PolyMéthacrylate de Méthyle), n’induisaient pas d’artéfacts lors de son irradiation et des réactions chimiques réalisées avec l’ozone, les radicaux hydroxyles et les radicaux nitrates. La constante de réaction du syringol avec les radicaux OH a été déterminée à (294 ± 3) K. La valeur obtenue (9,65x10⁻¹¹ cm³.molécule⁻¹.s⁻¹) conduit à une durée de vie atmosphérique du syringol d’environ 2 heures pendant la journée. L’oxydation du guaiacol et du syringol par les radicaux hydroxyles a permis d’observer la formation d’aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) avec des rendements de 0,003 - 0,87 et 0,10 - 0,36, respectivement. L’étude des produits d’oxydation gazeux et particulaires de la réaction du guaiacol avec les radicaux OH a mis en évidence principalement la présence de nitroguaiacols dans la phase gazeuse et nous avons suggéré d’utiliser ces composés comme traceurs de la combustion du bois du fait de leur faible réactivité atmosphérique.Les études cinétiques des réactions des radicaux nitrates avec le guaiacol, le 3-méthoxyphénol et le syringol réalisées à (294 ± 3) K ont permis de déterminer les constantes de réactions correspondantes. Celles-ci se trouvent dans la gamme (1,15 – 21,7) × 10⁻¹¹ cm³.molécule⁻¹.s⁻¹ et les durées de vie associées sont d’environ 2 minutes pendant la nuit. À la Bergische Universität Wuppertal (en Allemagne), la réaction d’une série de composés aromatiques méthoxylés (anisole, 2-méthylanisole, guaiacol, 3-méthoxyphénol, 4-méthoxyphénol, 2-méthoxy-4-méthylphénol, syringol et 2,3-diméthoxyphénol) avec les radicaux hydroxyles a été étudiée. Les constantes des méthoxybenzènes et méthoxyphénols obtenues sont comprises entre (2,12 – 4,64) x 10⁻¹¹ cm³.molécule⁻¹.s⁻¹ et (5,75 - 8,10) x 10⁻¹¹ cm³.molécule⁻¹.s⁻¹, respectivement, ce qui conduit à des durées de vie de 4-8 et 3-2 heures. Pour ces mêmes composés, nous avons également déterminé, les constantes pour leur réaction avec les atomes de chlore qui sont dans la gamme (1,07 – 1,20) x 10⁻¹⁰ cm³.molécule⁻¹.s⁻¹, pour les méthoxybenzènes et (2,71 – 4,73) x 10⁻¹⁰ cm³.molécule⁻¹.s⁻¹ pour les méthoxyphénols. Leurs durées de vie vis-à-vis de cette réaction sont respectivement de 46-52 heures et 12-21 heures. Cette étude sur l’oxydation troposphérique des méthoxyphénols est à notre connaissance la première qui ait été réalisée. Elle a permis de mettre en évidence une réactivité élevée diurne et nocturne de ces composés ainsi que leur contribution à la formation d’AOS. Le bois-énergie est donc à la fois une source d’aérosols primaires mais également secondaires et son utilisation a donc des effets sur l’homme (santé) et l’environnement. / One of the objectives of the Grenelle Environment Forum is to increase the quantity of the renewable energy up to 23% in the final energy consumption in France in 2020, to reduce fossil fuel consumption and thus restrict the level of greenhouse gas emissions. The wood-energy represents an alternative to fossil fuel, but it also a source of atmospheric pollutants. It is necessary to determine its potential contribution to the degradation of air quality (indoor and outdoor). During this PhD, my works focused on the study, in simulation chambers, of the atmospheric degradation of compounds emitted by wood combustion : the methoxyphenols. In the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere (LPCA) of the Universite of Littoral-Côte d’Opale (ULCO), tests were carried out to be sure that the walls of the chamber (in PMMA PolyMethacrylate of Methyl) are not a source of artifacts during its irradiation and chemical reactions with ozone, hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals. The rate coefficient of the reaction of syringol with OH radicals was determinate at (294 ± 2) K and is 9,65 x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹. Then the atmospheric lifetime was calculated : it is about 2 hours during the day. During the oxidation of guaiacol and syringol, we observed the formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) with yields ranging from of 0.003 to 0.87 and from 0.10 to 0.36, respectively. Oxidation products study in the gas- and particle- phases for the reaction of guaiacol with OH radicals showed principally the presence of nitroguaiacols in the gas phase, which may be potential wood combustion tracers due to their low atmospheric reactivity. The kinetic studied of NO₃ radicals with guaiacol, 3-methoxyphenol and syringol were realized at (294 ± 3) K. They were leaded to rate coefficients in the range of (1,15 – 21,7) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹ and so associated atmospheric lifetimes about 2 minutes, overnight. At the Bergische Universität Wuppertal (Germany), the reaction of a series of methoxylated aromatic compounds (anisole, 2-methylanisole, guaiacol, 3-methoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, syringol and 2,3-dimethoxyphenol) with hydroxyl radicals were studied leading to the following rate coefficients for methoxybenzenes and metoxyphenols, (2,12 -4,64) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹ and (5,75 -8,10) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹, respectively. The estimated atmospheric lifetimes are in the range from 4 to 8 hours and from 2 to 3 hours, for methoxybenzenes and methoxyphenols, respectively. For these compounds, we also determined, the rate coefficients for their reaction with chlorineatoms, which are between (1,07 – 1,20) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹, for methoxybenzenes, and (2,71 – 4,73) x 10−¹¹ cm³ molecule−¹ s−¹, for methoxyphenols. Thus, their respective atmospheric lifetimes are 46-52 hours and 12-21 hours. This study of tropospheric oxidation of methoxyphenols is to our knowledge the first one. It allows underlining a high reactivity of these compounds during the day and overnight and also their contribution to SOA formation. The wood-energy is thus both a source of primary and secondary aerosols. Its use therefore impacts human health and the environment.

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