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The Determination of Organic-Bound Chlorine Levels in Municipal Wastewaters After Treatment with Heavy Chlorine DosesSmith, Garmon B. 05 1900 (has links)
The development of an analytical method for the determination of total organic-bound chlorine (TOCl) produced during the chlorination of municipal wastewater effluents is presented. Sewage effluent from the Denton, Texas municipal treatment plant was chlorinated at high chlorine doses (1000 - 4000 ppm), as well as typical treatment levels. Chlororganics present in the wastewater, before and after chlorination, were concentrated by adsorption on Amberlite XAD-2 macroreticular resin, followed by elution with diethyl ether. After concentration, the extracts were analyzed for TOC1 by microcoulometry.
Analysis of wastewater extracts revealed the production of substantial amounts of new chlorinated organics when effluents were treated with chlorine. The method shows good precision and estimated accuracy is favorable.
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Acúmulo de nutrientes, produtividade e qualidade de batata, cv. Asterix, sob fontes de fertilizantes potássicos / Nutrient accumulation, productivity and quality of potato cv. Asterix after application of potassium fertilizer sourcesOliveira, Roberta Camargos de 26 February 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The high demand and response of potatoes to the addition of nutrients to the soil provides attention to relevant aspects related to fertility (application, quantity, sources). Adequate fertilization allows a balance between soil and plant nutrients, resulting in excellent returns for farmers and better quality produce for consumers. This study evaluated the development, productivity and quality of potato tubers, cultivar Asterix, after the application of two sources of potassium fertilizers and their combinations (KCl and K2SO4.2MgSO4), as well as nutrient absorption and nutritional diagnosis. The experiment was conducted in the county of Perdizes (MG). The experimental design was a randomized block with nine treatments and four replications as a split plot factorial. Plots were the treatments while subplots were plant sampling dates (biweekly). The amount of nutrients (N, P and K) used was based on physical and chemical analyses of soil and crop demand. Ninety quilograms of N, 180 kg of K2O and 750 kg of P2O5 were applied per hectare. Treatments consisted of application of the K2O dose in combinations of two sources of potassium fertilizer (KCl and K2SO4.2MgSO4). In general, the combination of sources of potassium fertilizers favors the accumulation of dry leaf, stem and tuber matter, with a quadratic response for leaves and stems and linear for tubers. Some proportions between the sources favored the accumulation of K in leaves and stems; however, these were not different from the application of each source alone. There was a gradual accumulation increase in the tubers during the crop cycle, with the greatest accumulations when the fertilizer proportions of the two sources of fertilizer were applied. The application of 100% of the fertilizer as KCl showed greater Cl accumulation in leaves, stems and tubers; however, not different from some combinations with K2SO4.2MgSO4. The order of deficiency obtained from the DRIS, in areas of high and low productivity were, respectively: Mn> Zn> P> Cu> K> Mg> Fe> B> N> S> Ca and Mg> Zn> K> Mn > Ca> P> B> S> Cu> N> Fe, whereas the order of excess were P> Fe> Mg> Zn> Mn> B> Ca> O> N> Cu> K and Cu> Zn> Fe> B> N> S> Mg> P> Mn> K> Ca. The nutritional unbalances obtained by IBN showed that soil nutrient levels should be monitored, looking for the improvement in nutrient dynamics along the successive crops. Productivity, percentage of soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars, starch, tuber dry matter, moisture and ash contents did not differ between sources of potassium fertilizers: KCl and K2SO4.2MgSO4 and their combinations, for cv. Asterix at the dose of 180 kg K2O ha-1, possibly because the amount applied was not sufficient to reflect the potential deleterious effects of chlorine. / A alta exigência e a resposta da cultura de batata à adição dos nutrientes ao solo proporcionam relevante atenção aos aspectos relacionados à fertilidade (aplicação, quantidade, fontes). A adubação adequada permite um balanço entre os nutrientes no solo e na planta, o que culmina em excelentes rendimentos aos produtores e produtos de melhor qualidade aos consumidores. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento, a produtividade e a qualidade de tubérculos de batata, cultivar Asterix, frente à aplicação de duas fontes de fertilizantes potássicos e as combinações destas (KCl e K2SO4.2MgSO4), bem como a absorção de nutrientes e a diagnose nutricional. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Perdizes-MG, de maio a outubro de 2011. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial com parcela subdividida. As parcelas referiram-se aos tratamentos, e as subparcelas às épocas de coletas de plantas (quinzenais). A quantidade de nutrientes (N, P e K) utilizada foi baseada na análise física e química do solo e na necessidade da cultura. Foram aplicados 90 kg ha-1 de N, 180 kg ha-1 de K2O e 750 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação da dose de K2O sob a combinação de duas fontes de fertilizantes potássicos (KCl e K2SO4.2MgSO4). Em geral, a combinação entre as fontes de fertilizantes potássicos favorece o acúmulo de massa seca de folhas, hastes e tubérculos, com resposta quadrática para folhas e hastes e linear para tubérculos. Algumas proporções entre as fontes favorece o acúmulo de K em folhas e hastes, porém não difere da aplicação de forma isolada. Nos tubérculos há aumento gradativo com o decorrer do ciclo, sendo os maiores acúmulos onde as proporções entre as duas fontes do fertilizante é aplicado. A aplicação de 100% do fertilizante via KCl apresentou maiores acúmulos de Cl em folhas, hastes e tubérculos, porém não se diferiu de algumas combinações com K2SO4.2MgSO4. As ordens de deficiência, obtidas a partir do DRIS, nas áreas de alta e baixa produtividade foram respectivamente: Mn>Zn>P>Cu>K>Mg>Fe>B>N>S>Ca e Mg>Zn>K>Mn>Ca>P>B>
S>Cu>N>Fe, ao passo que a ordem de excesso observada foram P>Fe>Mg>Zn>Mn>B>Ca>S>N>Cu>K e Cu>Zn>Fe>B>N>S>Mg>P>Mn>K>Ca. Os desbalanços nutricionais obtidos pelo IBN evidenciam que os níveis de nutrientes no solo devem ser acompanhados, buscando melhoria na dinâmica dos nutrientes ao longo dos cultivos sucessivos. A produtividade, a porcentagem de sólidos solúveis, os açúcares totais, os açúcares redutores, o amido, a massa seca de tubérculos, a umidade e as cinzas não diferem entre as fontes de fertilizantes potássicos: KCl e K2SO4.2MgSO4 e combinações entre elas, na cv. Asterix, na dose de 180 kg ha-1 de K2O, possivelmente a quantidade aplicada não foi suficiente para refletir o potencial efeito deletério do cloro. / Mestre em Agronomia
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