In order to make gas chromatography (GC) more widely accessible, considerable effort has been made in developing miniaturized GC systems. Thermal gradient gas chromatograpy (TGGC), one of the heating methods used in GC, has recieved attention over the years due to it's ability to enhance analyte focusing. The present work seeks to develop high performance miniaturized GC systems by combining miniaturized GC technology with thermal gradient control methods, creating miniaturized thermal gradient gas chromatography (µTGGC) systems. To aid in this development a thermal control system was developed and shown to successfully control various µTGGC systems. DAQ functionality was also included which allowed for the recording of temperature and power data for use in modeling applications. Thermal models of the various µTGGC systems were developed and validated against the recorded experiemental data. Thermal models were also used to aid in decisions required for the development of new µTGGC system designs. The results from the thermal models were then used to calibrate and validate a stochastic GC transport model. This transport model was then used to evaluate the effect of thermal gradient shape on GC separation performance.

Vätskekromatografi är vanligt förekommande metod för separationer av molekyler inom bioteknik. Det finns inom begreppet vätskekromatografi många olika tekniker och vilken specifik teknik som är mest lämplig för en given separation beror på egenskaperna hos den avsedda målmolekylen. Egenskaper för vilka målmolekyler kan separeras är bland annat storlek, laddning och affinitetsintreaktioner. Porositeten är i den stationära fasen en avgörande egenskap, eftersom porernas tillgänglighet påverkar den stationära fasens tillgängliga yta. Således är förmågan att bestämma porositeten en avgörande aspekt vid tillverkningen av den stationära fasen. Agaros utgör ofta den stationära fasen, på grund av modifieringsmöjligheterna hos polysackaridkedjorna.  Bio-Works Workbeads 40/1000 SEC är agarbaserade pärlor för den stationär fas i storleksutslutningskromatografi. Pärlorna är tvärbundna två gånger för att få tillräcklig styvhet och för att uppnå en önskad fördelningskoefficient. Det första tvärbindningssteget bestämmer strukturen på pärlorna och därmed porositeten, medan det andra tvärbindningssteget försäkrar att pärlorna får tillräcklig styvhet. För produkten Workbeads 40/1000 är de önskade fördelningskoefficienterna mellan 0,2-0,35 för thyroglobulin, 0,62-0,75 för albumin (från äggvita) och 0,85-0,95 för ribonukleas A. För att bestämma förhållandet mellan koncentrationerna av reaktanterna NaOH och allylbromid i den första tvärbindningen och de resulterande egenskaperna hos den stationära fasen (fördelningskoefficienter, styvhet och porstorlek) ändrades koncentrationerna av reaktanterna i den första tvärbindningen. Samtliga resulterande pärlorna med de ändrade koncentrationerna analyserades med hjälp av en ÄKTAexplorer. Pärlornas styvhet bestämdes genom att analysera kraschflödet i den packade bädden. Det fanns inga tecken på några skillnader mellan de tillverkade pärlproverna. De icke-specifika interaktionerna analyserades genom att jämföra fördelningskoefficienterna i en standard PBS-buffert med en hög saltkoncentrationsbuffert. Polaritetsförändringen i den mobila fasen kan påverka de icke-specifika interaktionerna eftersom hydrofobiska interaktioner då främjas. Fördelningskoefficienternas kurvor jämfördes också för att analysera likheter och skillnader för olika proteiner. Skillnader i formen på fördelningskoefficientkurvorna kan innebära att porstorleken inte är den enda bidragsfaktorn till skillnaderna i fördelningskoefficienterna. Därför kan skillnaden innebära effekter av icke-specifika interaktioner och det fanns det indikationer på att vissa icke-specifika interaktioner uppstod mellan proteinerna och agarpärlorna. Det finns dock ingen skillnad mellan de pärlor med många tvärbindningar och de med få tvärbindningar. Porstorleken och porstorleksdistribution bestämdes genom att använda en uppsättning dextran med inverterad storleksutslutningskromatografi.  Efter varje tvärbindningsreaktioner bestämdes antalet bildade tvärbindningar genom titrering med silvernitrat. Det visade sig att koncentrationen av allylbromid hade en större inverkan på de resulterande egenskaperna jämfört med koncentrationen av NaOH. En ökad koncentration av allylbromid visade på ett ökat antal bildade tvärbindningar. Experiment med många bildade tvärbindningar visade sig ha en större porstorlek och högre fördelningskoefficienten jämfört med experiment med lägre mängd bildade tvärbindningar. / Liquid chromatography is a method that is extensively used for separations in biotechnology at present. There are many different techniques within the concept of liquid chromatography and which specific technique that is most suitable depends on the properties of the intended target molecule. Properties for which target molecules can be separated are among others, size, charge, and affinity interactions. The porosity is a crucial property of the chromatographic resin, as the accessibility of pores determines the accessible surface area of the resin. Thus, the ability to determine the porosity is a crucial aspect in the manufacturing of the resin. Agarose often constitutes the chromatographic resin, due to the modification possibilities of the polysaccharide chains.  Bio-Works Workbeads 40/1000 SEC are agar-based size exclusion chromatography beads. The beads are cross-linked twice in order to obtain sufficient rigidity and to achieve a desired distribution coefficient. The first cross-linking step determines the structure of the beads thereby stets the porosity and the second cross-linking step ensures a sufficinet rigidity. For the product Workbeads 40/1000 the desired distribution coefficients is between 0.2-0.35 for thyroglobulin, 0.62-0.75 for albumin (from egg white) and 0.85-0.95 for ribonuclease A. To determine the relation between the concentrations of two reactants NaOH and allyl bromide in the first cross-linking step and the resulting properties of the resin (distribution coefficients, rigidity, and pore size), the concentrations in the first cross-linking were changed. All resulting beads with the altered reactant concentrations were analyzed using an ÄKTAexplorer. The rigidity of the beads was determined by analyzing the crash flow rate of the packed bed. There were no indications of any differences between the manufactured resin samples. The non-specific interaction was analyzed by comparing the distribution coefficients in a standard PBS buffer to a high salt concentration buffer. The polarity change in the mobile phase might affect the non-specific interactions since hydrophobic interactions would be promoted. The distribution coefficient curves were also compared for similarities and differences between different proteins. Differences in the shape of the distribution coefficient curves might imply that the pore size is not the only contribution factor to the distribution coefficient differences. Hence, the difference might imply the effect of non-specific interactions. It was indicated that some non-specific interactions occurred between the proteins and the agar beads. However, there was no difference between beads of varying cross-linking degree. The porosity and pore size distribution were determined by utilizing a set of dextran’s with Inverse Size Exclusion Chromatography (ISEC). After each cross-linking step the number of cross-links was determined by titration with silver nitrate (AgNO3). It was shown that the concentration of allyl bromide had a greater impact on the resulting properties compared to the concentration of NaOH. An increased concentration of allyl bromide showed increased number of formed cross-links. Experiments with many formed cross-links was shown to have a larger pore size and higher distribution coefficient Kd compared to experiments with lower amount of formed cross-links.

Thesis (M. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2011

“Lab on a Chip” technologies have revolutionized the field of bio-chemical analytics. The crucial role of optical techniques in this revolution resulted in the emergence of a field by itself, which is popularly termed as “optofluidics”. The miniaturization and integration of the optical parts in the majority of optofluidic devices however still remains a technical challenge. The works described in this thesis focuses on developing integration methods to combine various optical techniques with microfluidics in an alignment-free geometry, which could lead to the development of portable analytical devices, suitable for field applications. The integration approach was applied to implement an alignment-free optofluidic chip for optical chromatography; a passive optical fractionation technique fractionation for cells or colloids. This system was realized by embedding large mode area photonic crystal fiber into a microfluidic chip to achieve on-chip laser beam delivery. Another study on passive sorting envisages an optofluidic device for passive sorting of cells using an optical potential energy landscape, generated using an acousto-optic deflector based optical trapping system. On the analytical side, an optofluidic chip with fiber based microfluidic Raman spectroscopy was realized for bio-chemical analysis. A completely alignment-free optofluidic device was realized for rapid bio-chemical analysis in the first generation by embedding a novel split Raman probe into a microfluidic chip. The second generation development of this approach enabled further miniaturization into true microfluidic dimensions through a technique, termed Waveguide Confined Raman Spectroscopy (WCRS). The abilities of WCRS for online process monitoring in a microreactor and for probing microdroplets were explored. Further enhanced detection sensitivity of WCRS with the implementation of wavelength modulation based fluorescent suppression technique was demonstrated. WCRS based microfluidic devices can be an optofluidic analogue to fiber Raman probes when it comes to bio-chemical analysis. This allows faster chemical analysis with reduced required sample volume, without any special sample preparation stage which was demonstrated by analyzing and classifying various brands of Scotch whiskies using this device. The results from this study also show that, along with Raman spectroscopic information, WCRS picks up the fluorescence information as well, which might enhance the classification efficiency. A novel microfabrication method for fabricating polymer microlensed fibers is also discussed. The microlensed fiber, fabricated with this technique, was combined with a microfluidic gene delivery system to achieve an integrated system for optical transfection with localized gene delivery.

Radioisótopos de gálio são estudados e avaliados para aplicações médicas desde 1949. Nos últimos 50 anos 67Ga tem sido amplamente utilizado no diagnóstico de diversas patologias, incluindo lesões inflamatórias crônicas e agudas, bacterianas ou estéreis e diversos tipos de tumores. No Brasil 30% das clinicas que prestam serviços de Medicina Nuclear utilizam o Citrato de 67Ga com uma demanda de distribuição no IPEN-CNEN/SP de 37 GBq (1 Ci) por semana. O 67Ga apresenta meia-vida física de 3,26 dias (78 horas) e decai 100% por captura eletrônica para o 67Zn estável. Seu decaimento inclui a emissão de raios γ com energias de 93,3 keV (37%), 184,6 keV (20,4%), 300,2 keV (16,6%) e 888 keV (26%). No IPEN o 67Ga era produzido a partir da reação 68Zn(p, 2n)67Ga. Após a irradiação, o alvo era totalmente dissolvido em HCl concentrado e a solução percolada em resina catiônica DOWEX 50W-X8, 200-400 mesh, condicionada em HCl 10 mol L-1. Zinco, níquel e cobre eram eluídos em HCl 10 mol L-1 e o 67Ga em HCl 3,5 mol L-1. O produto final era obtido na forma de citrato de 67Ga. Este trabalho apresenta um método inédito, rápido, direto e eficiente de separação química e obtenção de 67GaCl3 a partir da difusão térmica (aquecimento do alvo) aliada à extração em ácido acético concentrado. A purificação foi realizada por cromatografia de troca iônica. Realizou-se a eletrodeposição do zinco natural em placas de cobre niquelado como substrato e os depósitos de zinco obtidos foram aderentes ao substrato, levemente brilhantes e uniformes. Os alvos foram irradiados com prótons de 26 MeV e corrente integrada de 10 μA.h. Após a irradiação, os alvos foram aquecidos a 300 °C por 2 horas e colocados em contato com ácido acético concentrado por 1 hora. O rendimento médio de extração de 67Ga obtido foi de (72±10)%. Esta solução foi evaporada e o resíduo foi retomado em NH4OH 0,5 mol L-1. O 67Ga foi purificado em resina catiônica Dowex 50WX8 em meio de NH4OH. A recuperação obtida foi de (98 ± 2) %, de 67Ga. O eluido foi evaporado e retomado em HCl 0,1 mol L-1. A pureza química foi verificada por ICP-OES encontrando-se (2 ± 1) μg mL -1 de zinco. As concentrações de ferro, cobre e níquel foram inferiores ao limite de detecção do método e aos limites de utilização de 67Ga. A pureza radionuclídica foi verificada por espectroscopia-γ utilizando um detector de germânio Hiper-Puro encontrando-se valor superior a (99,9%). Este método inédito permite a obtenção de 67Ga com alta pureza química, radioquímica e radionuclídica em condições de processamento menos agressivas e corrosivas que o método comumente utilizado. / Radioisotopes of gallium have been studied and evaluated for medical applications since 1949. Over the past 50 years 67Ga has been widely used in the diagnosis of various diseases, including acute and chronic inflammatory lesions, bacterial or sterile and several types of tumors. In Brazil 30% of clinics that provide services for Nuclear Medicine use 67Ga citrate and the demand for 67Ga at IPEN-CNEN/SP is 37 GBq (1 Ci)/week. The 67Ga presents physical half-life of 3.26 days (78 hours) and decays 100% by electron capture to stable 67Zn. Its decay includes the emission of γ rays with energies of 93.3 keV (37%), 184.6 keV (20.4%), 300.2 keV (16.6%) and 888 keV (26%). In the past 67Ga was produced by the reaction 68Zn (p, 2n) 67Ga at IPEN-CNEN/SP. After irradiation, the target was dissolved in concentrated HCl and the solution percolated through a cationic resin DOWEX 50W-X8, 200-400 mesh, conditioned with 10 mol L -1 HCl. Zinc, nickel and copper were eluted in 10 mol L-1 HCl and 67Ga 3.5 mol L-1 HCl. The final product was obtained as 67Ga citrate. This work presents a new, fast, direct and efficient method for the chemical separation of 67Ga by thermal diffusion (heating of the target) combined with concentrated acetic acid extraction. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography. Natural zinc electrodeposition was performed on nickel/copper plates as substrate and the zinc deposits were adherent to the substrate, slightly shiny and uniform. The targets were irradiated with 26 MeV protons and integrated current of 10 μA.h. After irradiation, the targets were heated at 300 °C for 2 hours and placed in contact with concentrated acetic acid for 1 hour. The average yield of extraction of 67Ga was (72 ± 10)%. This solution was evaporated and the residue was taken up in 0.5 mol L-1 NH4OH. The 67Ga was purified on cationic resin Dowex 50WX8 in NH4OH medium. The 67Ga recovery was (98 ± 2)%. This solution was evaporated and taken up in 0.1 mol L-1 HCl. The chemical purity was evaluated by ICP-OES that resulted in (2 ± 1) μg mL-1 of zinc. The concentration of iron, copper and nickel was lower than the detection limits and also than the utilization limits for 67Ga. The radionuclidic purity was greater than (99.9%). This method showed to be suitable to obtain high purity 67Ga in less aggressive chemical conditions than before.

A microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva baseada no uso de solventes orgânicos (OS-DLLME) vem recebendo grande destaque devido a facilidade de operação, baixo custo, rapidez e um consumo mínimo de solventes. Previamente a OS-DLLME um pré-tratamento do plasma se faz necessário a fim de propiciar a formação de uma adequada fase sedimentada. O levetiracetam (LEV) é um dos fármacos mais prescritos para o tratamento de crises epilépticas parciais e com generalizações secundárias. Assim, foi desenvolvido e validado um método bioanalítico para a quantificação do LEV em amostras de plasma por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC/MS). O pré-tratamento das amostras de plasma empregou ultrafiltros Amicon® (poros com tamanho de 10 kDa) que formavam um permeado adequado para a realização da OS-DLLME. A adição de 130 ?L de clorofórmio (solvente extrator) e 400 ?L de isopropanol (solvente dispersor), sem alteração na força iônica e agitação da amostra, proporcionaram 33 % de recuperação do LEV nas amostras de plasma. Tal análise foi realizada usando uma coluna de sílica fundida recoberta com Rtx-5MS (30 m × 0,25 mm x 0,25 ?m) empregando uma rampa de aquecimento. O tempo total de corrida cromatográfica foi de 9 minutos. O método apresentou-se linear no intervalo de concentração de 2 - 80 ?g mL-1 (r >= 0,99), onde os resultados foram ponderados (peso =1/x). A validade da regressão foi confirmada aplicando o teste da falta de ajuste linear. O limite inferior de quantificação (LIQ) foi de 2 ?g mL-1. Os parâmetros de precisão, exatidão, efeito matriz, efeito carry-over e estabilidade demonstraram-se em conformidade com o European Medicines Agency. Outro método foi desenvolvido e validado para a quantificação da risperidona (RSP) e seu metabólito 9-hidroxi-risperidona (9-OH-RSP) em amostras de plasma. A RSP e 9-OH-RSP correspondem a \"fração ativa\" do medicamento responsável pela atividade anticonvulsivante. As amostras de plasma foram pré-tratadas com ácido tricloroacético (TCA 30 %). O sobrenadante límpido foi diluído com solução de NaCl (10 %) e ajustado para o valor de pH 12, no qual foi desenvolvido a OS-DLLME. Foi adicionado um volume de 500 ?L de acetona (solvente dispersor) e 80 ?L de clorobenzeno (solvente extrator). Após otimização da extração, foi alcançado 89 % e 42 % de recuperação da RSP e 9-OH-RSP, respectivamente. Para tais análises foi empregada a cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial com ionização por eletrospray (LC-MS/MS). Uma coluna Ascentis® C18 (10 cm x 4,6 mm x 2,7 ?m), fase móvel composta por tampão acetato de amônio e acetonitrila, em modo de eluição gradiente, vazão de 500 ?L min-1 e temperatura da coluna de 40 ºC foram empregados. O tempo total da corrida cromatográfica foi de 8 minutos. O método foi linear na faixa de concentração de 5 - 80 ng mL-1 (r >= 0,99), para ambos os analitos. O LIQ foi de 5 ng mL-1. Todos os demais parâmetros estavam em conformidade com a agência regulatória. Ambos os métodos foram aplicados com sucesso em amostras de plasma de paciente em tratamento com LEV ou RSP. Desta forma foi possível demonstrar aplicabilidade dos métodos bioanalíticos desenvolvidos e averiguar a concentração plasmática dos devidos fármacos no paciente / Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique based on the use of organic solvents (OS-DLLME) has received highlighted due to the easily, rapidity, low cost and low consumption of organic solvent. Prior to OS-DLLME, plasma pretreatment is necessary to provide the formation of a suitable settled phase. Levetiracetam (LEV) is one of the most prescribed drugs for the treatment-refractory partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalization. So, it was developed and validated a bioanalytical method for the quantification of LEV in plasma samples by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The pretreatment of the plasma samples employed tubes of ultrafiltration Amicon® (pore size 10 kDa) in order to form a suitable permeated to carry out the OS-DLLME. The addition of 130 ?L of chloroform (extraction solvent) and 400 ?L of isopropanol (disperser solvent), without ionic strength and agitation of samples, have reached 33 % of recovery of LEV from plasma samples. This analysis was carried out using a fused silica coated Rtx-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 ?m) and a heating ramp. The run time was 9 minutes. The method was linear in the concentration range of 2 - 80 ?g mL-1 (r >= 0.99) and the results were weighted (1/x). The linear regression was confirmed by applying the lack of fit test. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 2 ?g mL-1. The precision, accuracy, matrix effect, carry-over and stability were in agreement with European Medicines Agency. Another method was developed and validated for the quantification of risperidone (RSP) and its 9-hydroxy-risperidone metabolite (9-OH-RSP) from plasma samples. The RSP and 9-OH-RSP constitutes the total active moiety responsible for the anticonvulsant activity. Plasma samples were pretreated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA 30%). The clear supernatant was diluted with NaCl solution (10%) and adjusted to pH 12, where was developed the OS-DLLME. It was added 500 ?L of acetone (dispersing solvent) and 80 ?L of chlorobenzene (extraction solvent). After the parameters optimization, the recovery was 89% and 42% for RSP and 9-OH-RSP, respectively. It was employed liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem-mass spectrometry (LC/ MS/MS). Ascentis® C18 column (10 cm x 4.6 mm x 2.7 ?M), ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile as mobile phase in gradient elution mode, at flow rate 500 ?L min-1 and column temperature of 40 °C for this analysis. The run time was 8 minutes. The method was linear in the concentration range 5 - 80 ng mL-1 (r >= 0.99) for both analytes. The LLOQ was 5 ng mL-1. All other parameters were in agreement with the regulatory agency. Both methods have been successfully applied in plasma samples from patient that receive diary doses of LEV or RSP. In this way, it was possible to present the applicability of developed bioanalytical methods and the quantitation of plasmatic concentration of these studied drugs.

A dipirona sódica em associação com o cloridrato de papaverina é usada como medicamento analgésico e antiespasmódico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos para a determinação de dipirona sódica e cloridrato de papaverina em preparações farmacêuticas. A solução oral contendo dipirona sódica isolada e a solução oral contendo a associação de dipirona sódica e cloridrato de papaverina foram determinadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, com as condições padronizadas: Coluna cromatográfica: Supelcosil C18 - LCPH (250 mm X 4,6 mm, 5µm) Supelco e pré coluna C -18 (20 X 4,6 mm, 5µm) Supelco, fase móvel: água: acetonitrila: metanol (70: 20: 10) trietilamina 0,3% e pH: 3,0 ajustado com ácido ortofosfórico, vazão de 0,7 mL/min e detecção no UV a 254 nm. Para a solução injetável contendo cloridrato de papaverina foi padronizado e validado o método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, empregando coluna cromatográfica Merck LiChrospher® 100 RP - 18 (125 X 4,6 mm, 5µm), fase móvel: água : acetonitrila : metanol ( 70 : 20 : 10 ) trietilamina 0,3% e pH: 3,0 ajustado com ácido ortofosfórico, vazão: 1,0 mL/min e detecção no UV a 254 nm. Para a determinação simultânea de dipirona sódica e cloridrato de papaverina em solução oral, foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia utilizando espectrofotometria na região do ultravioleta (UV) e calibração multivariada. Neste sistema, utilizou-se a faixa de leitura: 210 a 300 nm (passo 0,5 nm) e metanol como solvente. A calibração foi feita com 25 soluções nas concentrações de 15,0 a 35,0 µg/mL para a dipirona sódica e de 0,5 a 1,5 µg/mL para o cloridrato de papaverina. As curvas de calibração foram lineares. Os excipientes das amostras não interferiram nas metodologias. Foram apresentados adequados resultados de desvio padrão e média de recuperação. Os métodos propostos mostraram especificidade, precisão e exatidão para a determinação de dipirona sódica e cloridrato de papaverina em formulações farmacêuticas. / Dipyrone sodium and papaverine hydrochloride are used as an analgesic and antispasmodic drugs. The objective of this study was to develop and validate analytical methods for determination of dipyrone sodium and papaverine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. The commercial formulations with dipyrone hydrochloride alone and its combination with papaverine hydrochloride were analysed by liquid chromatography. A Supelcosil C18 - LCPH column (250 X 4.6 mm, 5µm) Supelco and a mobile phase constituted by water: acetonitrile: methanol (70:20:10), with 0.3% of triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with phosphoric acid were used. The flow rate was 0.7 mL/min and UV detection at 254 nm. The injection formulation with papaverine hydrochloride was analysed by a high performance liquid chromatographic method. The method was standardized and validated using a Merck LiChrospher® 100 RP 18 column (125 X 4.6 mm, 5µm) and a mobile phase constituted of water: acetonitrile: methanol (70:20:10), with 0.3% of triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 254 nm. The same oral solution with the combination of dipyrone sodium and papaverine hydrochloride was also quantified by UV spectrophotometry using multivariate calibration, in the range of 210 to 300 nm. The calibration set was constructed with twenty-five solutions in the concentration ranges from 15.0 to 35.0 µg mL-1 for dipyrone sodium and 0.5 to 1.5 µg mL-1 for papaverine hydrochloride in methanol. The results show that the methods presented good relative standard deviation and good recovery values. The obtained data indicates specificity, precision and accuracy of the proposed methods for the simultaneous determination of dipyrone sodium and papaverine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.

L’objectif de cette étude est de concevoir et caractériser une plate-forme micro-fluidique permettant la concentration et la séparation d’un produit de dégradation du trinitrotoluène :l’ortho-nitrotoluène (ONT) considéré comme un traceur de composés explosifs. Les capteurs àbase de dioxyde d’étain (SnO2) utilisés ici comme détecteurs présentent un réel manque desélectivité et leur sensibilité peut s’avérer insuffisante pour la détection de traces de polluantsdans l’atmosphère. L’approche originale envisagée dans cette étude consiste à travailler en amontdu capteur chimique (SnO2), en particulier, en développant d’une part un micro-préconcentrateurde gaz afin d’améliorer l’aspect sensibilité et d’autre part une micro-colonne chromatographiquepour s’affranchir du manque de sélectivité.Dans un premier temps, une série d’adsorbants ont été étudiés et caractérisés pour laconcentration de l’ONT. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de sélectionner trois types de charbonsactifs (N, KL2 et KL3) et une zéolithe hydrophobe DAY.Ensuite, les micro-systèmes fluidiques ont été réalisés sur un substrat de silicium et élaborés enutilisant la technologie silicium/verre.La dernière partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’évaluation des performances d’analyse de cetteplate-forme en termes de concentration et de séparation de l’ONT. En particulier, après avoirévalué les conditions optimales de concentration et d’élution de l’ortho-nitrotoluène, le couplageentre la plate-forme micro-fluidique et le capteur à base de dioxyde d’étain a permis d’une part demontrer que la limite de détection de l’ortho-nitrotoluène est inférieure à 365 ppb. Dans ce cas,une désorption totale de la molécule cible et un facteur de concentration constant ont été obtenusavec la zéolithe DAY. D’autre part, l’utilisation de ce type de plate-forme a permis d’obtenir unebonne performance de détection et de séparation de l’ONT en présence d’un interférent (toluène)et d’un taux d’hygrométrie élevé. / The objective of this study is to develop and characterize a micro-fluidic platform allowing theconcentration and the separation of a degradation compound of trinitrotoluene: the orthonitrotoluenerecognized as an explosive taggants. Tin dioxide gas sensors (SnO2) used here asdetectors suffer from a luck of selectivity and have an insufficient sensitivity toward most ofpollutants. For that, our original approach consists to work in front of a chemical gas sensor(SnO2), in particular, by developing on the one hand a gas micro-preconcentrator to improve thesensitivity and on the other hand, a chromatographic micro-column in order to overcome the luckof selectivity.First, various adsorbents have been studied and characterized for the ONT concentration. Theobtained results allowed to select three types of activated carbons (N, KL2 and KL3) and ahydrophobic zeolite DAY. Then, the micro-system devices have been realized on a siliconsubstrate and manufactured using the silicon/glass technology.The last part of this work is devoted to the evaluation of the platform performances in terms ofconcentration and separation of ONT. In particular, after the optimization of the experimentalconditions concerning the concentration and the elution of ortho-nitrotoluene, the couplingbetween the micro-fluidic platform and a tin dioxide gas sensor allowed on the one hand to showthat the detection limit of the ONT pollutant is lower than 365 ppb. In this case, a total desorptionof the analyte and a constant concentration factor were obtained with the zeolite DAY. On theother hand, the use of this type of platform allowed to obtain a good separation and detectionperformance of ONT in presence of interferent (toluene) and at high humidity rate

A dipirona sódica em associação com o cloridrato de papaverina é usada como medicamento analgésico e antiespasmódico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos para a determinação de dipirona sódica e cloridrato de papaverina em preparações farmacêuticas. A solução oral contendo dipirona sódica isolada e a solução oral contendo a associação de dipirona sódica e cloridrato de papaverina foram determinadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, com as condições padronizadas: Coluna cromatográfica: Supelcosil C18 - LCPH (250 mm X 4,6 mm, 5µm) Supelco e pré coluna C -18 (20 X 4,6 mm, 5µm) Supelco, fase móvel: água: acetonitrila: metanol (70: 20: 10) trietilamina 0,3% e pH: 3,0 ajustado com ácido ortofosfórico, vazão de 0,7 mL/min e detecção no UV a 254 nm. Para a solução injetável contendo cloridrato de papaverina foi padronizado e validado o método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, empregando coluna cromatográfica Merck LiChrospher® 100 RP - 18 (125 X 4,6 mm, 5µm), fase móvel: água : acetonitrila : metanol ( 70 : 20 : 10 ) trietilamina 0,3% e pH: 3,0 ajustado com ácido ortofosfórico, vazão: 1,0 mL/min e detecção no UV a 254 nm. Para a determinação simultânea de dipirona sódica e cloridrato de papaverina em solução oral, foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia utilizando espectrofotometria na região do ultravioleta (UV) e calibração multivariada. Neste sistema, utilizou-se a faixa de leitura: 210 a 300 nm (passo 0,5 nm) e metanol como solvente. A calibração foi feita com 25 soluções nas concentrações de 15,0 a 35,0 µg/mL para a dipirona sódica e de 0,5 a 1,5 µg/mL para o cloridrato de papaverina. As curvas de calibração foram lineares. Os excipientes das amostras não interferiram nas metodologias. Foram apresentados adequados resultados de desvio padrão e média de recuperação. Os métodos propostos mostraram especificidade, precisão e exatidão para a determinação de dipirona sódica e cloridrato de papaverina em formulações farmacêuticas. / Dipyrone sodium and papaverine hydrochloride are used as an analgesic and antispasmodic drugs. The objective of this study was to develop and validate analytical methods for determination of dipyrone sodium and papaverine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. The commercial formulations with dipyrone hydrochloride alone and its combination with papaverine hydrochloride were analysed by liquid chromatography. A Supelcosil C18 - LCPH column (250 X 4.6 mm, 5µm) Supelco and a mobile phase constituted by water: acetonitrile: methanol (70:20:10), with 0.3% of triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with phosphoric acid were used. The flow rate was 0.7 mL/min and UV detection at 254 nm. The injection formulation with papaverine hydrochloride was analysed by a high performance liquid chromatographic method. The method was standardized and validated using a Merck LiChrospher® 100 RP 18 column (125 X 4.6 mm, 5µm) and a mobile phase constituted of water: acetonitrile: methanol (70:20:10), with 0.3% of triethylamine and pH adjusted to 3.0 with phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 254 nm. The same oral solution with the combination of dipyrone sodium and papaverine hydrochloride was also quantified by UV spectrophotometry using multivariate calibration, in the range of 210 to 300 nm. The calibration set was constructed with twenty-five solutions in the concentration ranges from 15.0 to 35.0 µg mL-1 for dipyrone sodium and 0.5 to 1.5 µg mL-1 for papaverine hydrochloride in methanol. The results show that the methods presented good relative standard deviation and good recovery values. The obtained data indicates specificity, precision and accuracy of the proposed methods for the simultaneous determination of dipyrone sodium and papaverine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.

Radioisótopos de gálio são estudados e avaliados para aplicações médicas desde 1949. Nos últimos 50 anos 67Ga tem sido amplamente utilizado no diagnóstico de diversas patologias, incluindo lesões inflamatórias crônicas e agudas, bacterianas ou estéreis e diversos tipos de tumores. No Brasil 30% das clinicas que prestam serviços de Medicina Nuclear utilizam o Citrato de 67Ga com uma demanda de distribuição no IPEN-CNEN/SP de 37 GBq (1 Ci) por semana. O 67Ga apresenta meia-vida física de 3,26 dias (78 horas) e decai 100% por captura eletrônica para o 67Zn estável. Seu decaimento inclui a emissão de raios γ com energias de 93,3 keV (37%), 184,6 keV (20,4%), 300,2 keV (16,6%) e 888 keV (26%). No IPEN o 67Ga era produzido a partir da reação 68Zn(p, 2n)67Ga. Após a irradiação, o alvo era totalmente dissolvido em HCl concentrado e a solução percolada em resina catiônica DOWEX 50W-X8, 200-400 mesh, condicionada em HCl 10 mol L-1. Zinco, níquel e cobre eram eluídos em HCl 10 mol L-1 e o 67Ga em HCl 3,5 mol L-1. O produto final era obtido na forma de citrato de 67Ga. Este trabalho apresenta um método inédito, rápido, direto e eficiente de separação química e obtenção de 67GaCl3 a partir da difusão térmica (aquecimento do alvo) aliada à extração em ácido acético concentrado. A purificação foi realizada por cromatografia de troca iônica. Realizou-se a eletrodeposição do zinco natural em placas de cobre niquelado como substrato e os depósitos de zinco obtidos foram aderentes ao substrato, levemente brilhantes e uniformes. Os alvos foram irradiados com prótons de 26 MeV e corrente integrada de 10 μA.h. Após a irradiação, os alvos foram aquecidos a 300 °C por 2 horas e colocados em contato com ácido acético concentrado por 1 hora. O rendimento médio de extração de 67Ga obtido foi de (72±10)%. Esta solução foi evaporada e o resíduo foi retomado em NH4OH 0,5 mol L-1. O 67Ga foi purificado em resina catiônica Dowex 50WX8 em meio de NH4OH. A recuperação obtida foi de (98 ± 2) %, de 67Ga. O eluido foi evaporado e retomado em HCl 0,1 mol L-1. A pureza química foi verificada por ICP-OES encontrando-se (2 ± 1) μg mL -1 de zinco. As concentrações de ferro, cobre e níquel foram inferiores ao limite de detecção do método e aos limites de utilização de 67Ga. A pureza radionuclídica foi verificada por espectroscopia-γ utilizando um detector de germânio Hiper-Puro encontrando-se valor superior a (99,9%). Este método inédito permite a obtenção de 67Ga com alta pureza química, radioquímica e radionuclídica em condições de processamento menos agressivas e corrosivas que o método comumente utilizado. / Radioisotopes of gallium have been studied and evaluated for medical applications since 1949. Over the past 50 years 67Ga has been widely used in the diagnosis of various diseases, including acute and chronic inflammatory lesions, bacterial or sterile and several types of tumors. In Brazil 30% of clinics that provide services for Nuclear Medicine use 67Ga citrate and the demand for 67Ga at IPEN-CNEN/SP is 37 GBq (1 Ci)/week. The 67Ga presents physical half-life of 3.26 days (78 hours) and decays 100% by electron capture to stable 67Zn. Its decay includes the emission of γ rays with energies of 93.3 keV (37%), 184.6 keV (20.4%), 300.2 keV (16.6%) and 888 keV (26%). In the past 67Ga was produced by the reaction 68Zn (p, 2n) 67Ga at IPEN-CNEN/SP. After irradiation, the target was dissolved in concentrated HCl and the solution percolated through a cationic resin DOWEX 50W-X8, 200-400 mesh, conditioned with 10 mol L -1 HCl. Zinc, nickel and copper were eluted in 10 mol L-1 HCl and 67Ga 3.5 mol L-1 HCl. The final product was obtained as 67Ga citrate. This work presents a new, fast, direct and efficient method for the chemical separation of 67Ga by thermal diffusion (heating of the target) combined with concentrated acetic acid extraction. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography. Natural zinc electrodeposition was performed on nickel/copper plates as substrate and the zinc deposits were adherent to the substrate, slightly shiny and uniform. The targets were irradiated with 26 MeV protons and integrated current of 10 μA.h. After irradiation, the targets were heated at 300 °C for 2 hours and placed in contact with concentrated acetic acid for 1 hour. The average yield of extraction of 67Ga was (72 ± 10)%. This solution was evaporated and the residue was taken up in 0.5 mol L-1 NH4OH. The 67Ga was purified on cationic resin Dowex 50WX8 in NH4OH medium. The 67Ga recovery was (98 ± 2)%. This solution was evaporated and taken up in 0.1 mol L-1 HCl. The chemical purity was evaluated by ICP-OES that resulted in (2 ± 1) μg mL-1 of zinc. The concentration of iron, copper and nickel was lower than the detection limits and also than the utilization limits for 67Ga. The radionuclidic purity was greater than (99.9%). This method showed to be suitable to obtain high purity 67Ga in less aggressive chemical conditions than before.