Les médicaments traditionnels à base de plantes (tradimédicaments) sont très utilisés par les populations africaines. Mais leur qualité est difficile à maîtriser, car ce sont des mélanges complexes de plusieurs drogues végétales ou des préparations à base de drogues végétales d’origine souvent inconnue et/ou très variable. Le profil chromatographique des métabolites phytochimiques constitue un outil important pour l’évaluation de la qualité de ces produits.L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer un protocole de préparation des échantillons et d’établissement de profil par chromatographie liquide et chromatographie en phase gazeuse des métabolites apolaires, pour l’évaluation de la qualité des médicaments traditionnels à base de plantes.La méthodologie est basée sur le traitement chimiométrique des profils chromatographiques des métabolites apolaires issus de différents lots de feuilles de Combretum micranthum et Mitracarpus scaber.Le profilage métabolique s’est effectué par chromatographie liquide sur Carbone Graphite Poreux en milieu non-aqueux et par chromatographie en phase gazeuse à haute température, couplées à la spectrométrie de masse, après extraction au dichlorométhane et élimination de la chlorophylle adsorbée sur charbon actif.L'analyse chimiométrique des données utilisant l’analyse PLS-discriminante avec ou sans correction orthogonale du signal, appliquée aux profils chromatographiques des feuilles de Combretum micranthum et Mitracarpus scaber, a montré de faibles différences entre les lots de chaque drogue végétale, et une différenciation claire des deux drogues végétales.Les deux méthodes d'analyse par chromatographie liquide et chromatographie en phase gazeuse permettent de détecter la plupart des métabolites secondaires apolaires bioactifs ou non déjà identifiés dans les feuilles des deux espèces. / The traditional herbal medicines are widely used by African people. But their quality control is difficult, because they are complex mixtures of several herbal drugs or herbal drugs preparations. Their origin is often unknown and/or highly variable. The chromatographic profile of phytochemical metabolites is an important tool for quality assessment of these products.The objective of this work is to propose a protocol for sample preparation and liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic profiling of non-polar metabolites for quality assessment of africain traditional herbal medicinal products.The methodology is based on the chemometric treatment of chromatographic profiles of non-polar metabolites from different batches of leaves of Combretum micranthum and Mitracarpus scaber.Metabolic profiling is carried out by non-aqueous liquid chromatography on Porous Graphitic Carbon and by high temperature gas chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry, after extraction with dichloromethane and removal of chlorophyll adsorbed on activated charcoal.The chemometric data analysis using PLS-discriminant analysis with or without orthogonal signal correction applied to the chromatographic profiles of leaves of Combretum micranthum and Mitracarpus scaber showed small differences between batches of each herbal drug, and a clear differentiation two herbal drugs.Both analyses by liquid chromatography and gas chromatography methods detect most non-polar metabolites bioactive or/not already identified in the leaves of both species.

Steroid hormones belong to a group of compounds known as endocrine disruptors. They are hydrophobic compounds and are categorized as natural and synthetic estrogens. Some common household products have been implicated as estrogen mimics. Exposure effects of these compounds are felt by human and wildlife, such reproductive alterations in fish and frogs. They mainly introduced into the environment through veterinary medicines administration to animals and the discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, a new alternative analytical procedure that is simple, rapid and fast for the determination and quantification of five steroidal hormones: estriol (E3), beta estradiol (β-E2), alpha estradiol (α-E2), testosterone (T), progesterone (P) and bisphenol A (BPA) using the High pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD). These compounds were studied because of their strong endocrine-disrupting effects in the environment. Under optimum conditions, a linear graph was obtained with correlation coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.9952 - 0.9996. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of water samples from a wastewater plant and the results obtained were satisfactory. The limits of detection (LOD) for the target analytes in wastewater influent was between 0.0002 – 0.0004 μg/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.001 μg/L respectively for each of the analytes. Enrichment factors of 148- 258, and extraction efficiency 84- 102% were obtained for the target analytes; relative standard deviations (% RSD) for m = 6 were between 2.8 and 7.6%. The concentration of the EDCs in environment sample was between 0.2 - 2.3 μg/L. / Chemistry / M. Sc. (Chemistry)

Moderne analytische Verfahren ermöglichen eine höchst effiziente Auftrennung und eine selektive Detektion von Zielanalyten. Dies ist vor allem in der Medizin von Bedeutung, da eine frühzeitige Diagnose von Krankheiten in den meisten Fällen zu einer wesentlich erfolgreicheren Behandlung beiträgt. In unserer heutigen Industriegesellschaft werden daher hochsensitive und effiziente Analysemethoden stärker benötigt als je zuvor. Diverse Umweltgifte oder gesundheitliche Schadstoffe gelangen vermehrt in Grundwasser und Umwelt. Eine Analyse ist aufgrund der oft nur geringen Konzentrationen und der Komplexität diverser Proben häufig mit großen Schwierigkeiten verbunden. Obwohl die Sensitivität und Effizienz zur Bestimmung von Krankheitsmarkern (Biomarker) und Schadstoffen immer weiter zunimmt, stoßen selbst höchstsensitive Analysemethoden an ihre Grenzen. Gerade bei kleinsten Konzentrationen an Zielanalyten oder bei komplexen Gemischen ist eine direkte Detektion ohne weitere Vorbehandlung, wie Aufkonzentrierungen oder Markierungen, äußerst schwierig oder nicht möglich. Eine Optimierung dieser Methoden, deren Automatisierung sowie sensitivere Detektorsysteme werden benötigt. Darüber hinaus ist die Entwicklung von neuartigen, selektiveren mobilen und stationären Phasen ein hochinteressantes und umfangreich untersuchtes Forschungsgebiet. Die Verwendung von hochselektiven Additiven, wie Cyclodextrinen, Kronenethern, Mizellen und andere chirale Selektoren in der Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC), Kapillarelektrophorese (CE)[1,2] oder in der Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (TLC)[3] wurde bereits umfangreich untersucht und etabliert. Hochfunktionalisierte Polymere als äußerst spezifische Selektoren mit hoher Selektivität stellen vielversprechende Materialien dar, die ebenfalls eine Optimierung in der HPLC und CE erzielen.[4-9] Der Einsatz von Polymeren in molekular geprägten Matrizen (molecular imprinted polymers, MIP) oder in monolithischen Trennsäulen wird bereits äußerst erfolgreich in der TLC, HPLC und CE genutzt.[7-11] Eine solch hochselektive Säulenmodifizierung bietet eine sehr gute Performance und hervorragende Trennleistungen. Ein Nachteil dieser hochselektiven Modifizierung ist jedoch die Spezialisierung nur auf das jeweilige Problem. Eine universelle Verwendung für komplexe Gemische und eine Fülle von Analyten ist limitiert. Ein sehr vielversprechender Aspekt ist der Einsatz von Polymeren als chirale Selektoren in der stationären wie auch in der mobilen Phase. Die große Anzahl an kommerziell erhältlichen Trennsäulen mit einer Polymermodifizierung und das ständig umfangreichere Angebot solcher Säulen[12] verdeutlichen diesen Trend und zeigen, dass die Nutzung von polymeren Architekturen für eine weitere Optimierung diverse Möglichkeiten bietet. Hochverzweigte Polymere stellen unter den Polymeren vielversprechende Materialien dar, die aufgrund ihrer Vorteile zu einer effektiven Optimierung beitragen können.[12] Die hohe Anzahl an terminalen Gruppen ermöglichen es, gut zugängliche anwendungsorientierte Modifizierungen durchzuführen, um gewünschte Eigenschaften zu generieren. Durch die hohe Variabilität der Polymere selbst und der diversen Modifizierungsmöglichkeiten zeigen maßgeschneiderte Polymere ein enormes Potential und die Möglichkeit hochselektive Wechselwirkungen mit Zielanalyten zu etablieren. Die Modifizierung mit einer Schale um den polymeren Kern ermöglicht weitere Optimierungen für den Einsatz von Kern-Schale-Architekturen. Beispiele hierfür sind unter anderem die Vermittlung höherer Löslichkeit durch eine Modifizierung des hydrophilen/hydrophoben polymeren Kerns zur Etablierung einer äußeren Schale. Ebenso können durch die Modifizierung gezielte Eigenschaften generiert werden, die eine spezifische Interaktion mit Oberflächen oder Wirkstoffen ermöglichen. Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit ist die Synthese und die Untersuchung von Kern-Schale-Architekturen als chromatographische Selektoren. Als polymerer Kern wird hochverzweigtes Poly(ethylenimin) (PEI) verwendet, das mit einer Oligosaccharidschale modifiziert wird. Das PEI wird mit den Kerngrößen 5 und 25 kDa verwendet, wodurch eine Untersuchung des Kerneinflusses möglich ist. Weiterhin wird die Dichte der Oligosaccharidschale eingestellt. Dafür wird eine dichte, moderate bis offene und eine sehr offene Oligosaccharidschale um den polymeren Kern generiert. Infolge dessen kann der Einfluss der Schalendichte auf die Interaktion mit Beispielanalyten evaluiert werden. Für die Oligosaccharidschale (OS) werden darüber hinaus drei verschiedene Oligosaccharide (Maltose, Lactose und Maltotriose) verwendet, um den Einfluss der Art der Schale zu prüfen. Durch diese Variationen können 15 unterschiedliche PEI-OS Kern-Schale-Architekturen synthetisiert und untersucht werden. Weiterhin soll der hydrophobe Anteil der Kern-Schale-Architekturen durch die Anbindung von unpolaren Seitenketten an einen PEI-Kern erhöht werden. Auf diese Art und Weise können nicht-kovalente Wechselwirkungen mit lipophilen Systemen untersucht werden. Um polymere Kern-Schale-Architekturen möglichst effizient in der TLC, HPLC und CE einsetzen zu können, ist es essentiell, ihre Eigenschaften und die Art und Weise der Wechselwirkungen zu kennen, die sie mit möglichen Gastmolekülen eingehen. Durch die Untersuchung dieser Wechselwirkungen können Informationen über deren Interaktionen und eine mögliche Manipulation bzw. Optimierung dieser erhalten werden. Ein zielgerichteter und effektiver Einsatz mit diesen Kern-Schale Architekturen kann so vorbereitet werden. [1] T. J. Ward, K. D. Ward, Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 626-35. [2] W. J. Cheong, S. H. Yang, F. Ali, J. Sep. Sci. 2013, 36, 609-28. [3] M. D. Bubba, L. Checchini, L. Lepri, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2013, 405, 533-554. [4] M. Hanson, K. K. Unger, Trends Anal. Chem. 1992, 11, 368-373. [5] J. Kirkland, J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1060, 9-21. [6] F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, R. Rompietti, C. Villani, J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1064, 25-38. [7] A. Martin-Esteban, Trends Anal. Chem. 2013, 45, 169-181. [8] I. Nischang, J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1287, 39-58. [9] R. D. Arrua, M. Talebi, T. J. Causon, E. F. Hilder, Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 738, 1-12. [10] P. Jandera, J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1313, 37-53. [11] F. Svec, J. Sep. Sci. 2004, 27, 1419-1430. [12] M. Tang, J. Zhang, S. Zhuang, W. Liu, Trends Anal. Chem. 2012, 39, 180-194.

Ce travail étudie l'intérêt de l'ajout d'hydrolysats de levure dans un procédé de culture de cellules CHO productrices d'anticorps en vue, d'une part, de déterminer leur condition d'utilisation et leur rôle, et, d'autre part, de caractériser les composés actifs. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, une démarche intégrant des études cinétiques, des stratégies de fractionnement et l'analyse biochimique des hydrolysats et de leurs fractions a été développée. En premier lieu, il a été montré que les hydrolysats de levure présentent des effets significatifs sur les cultures selon leur composition et les conditions d'ajout. De même, des effets synergiques ont été mis en évidence par le mélange d'hydrolysats générés à partir de différents procédés. D'autre part, des études cinétiques ont permis de corréler l'influence positive des hydrolysats sur la croissance cellulaire à l'amélioration du métabolisme énergétique. Dans un deuxième temps, la nature biochimique et le rôle des composés actifs ont été étudiés par la mise en oeuvre d'un procédé de nanofiltration membranaire et la reconstitution de mélanges de molécules contenues dans un extrait de levure (EXL). Ces résultats ont mis en évidence l'intérêt des di- et tri-peptides pour approvisionner le métabolisme énergétique et de molécules non nutritives, de poids moléculaire supérieur à 500 Da, pour stimuler la vitesse spécifique de croissance des cellules. Finalement, le rétentat issu de la nanofiltration de l'EXL a été fractionné à l'aide de divers procédés chromatographiques, unitaires ou associés, pour caractériser les propriétés physico-chimiques des composés actifs. L'effet des fractions sur la culture de cellules a alors souligné l'intérêt des molécules chargées positivement, et plus particulièrement, des peptides hydrophiles et cationiques pour stimuler la croissance des cellules. Ainsi, nos travaux permettent de mieux appréhender les mécanismes d'action des hydrolysats de levure sur les cellules CHO productrices d'anticorps et proposent des voies d'optimisation pour la simplification d'additifs complexes dans les milieux de culture dédiés à la culture de cellules animales / This work studies the interest of the addition of yeast hydrolysates in culture medium of CHO cell producing antibody, to determine the operating conditions and their role, but also to improve the characterization of active compounds. In this way, an integrated approach including kinetic studies, fractionation strategies and biochemical analysis of hydrolysates and of their fractions was developed. First, we showed that yeast hydrolysates exhibited various properties depending on their composition and the operating conditions. In addition, synergistic effects were observed with different hydrolysate mixtures. Besides, kinetic studies underlined that the positive influence of hydrolysates on cell growth is correlated with energetic metabolism improvement. Then, the biochemical nature and the role of active compounds were studied by the implementation of a nanofiltration process and the reconstitution of mixtures of molecules contained in a yeast extract (YE). The results highlighted the interest of di- and tri-peptides to supply energetic metabolism, and of non-nutritive molecules, exhibiting a molecular weight greater than 500 Da, to stimulate the specific cell growth rate. Finally, the retentate fraction of nanofiltrated YE was fractionated by various chromatographic processes to characterize the physico-chemical properties of active compounds. The effect of fractions on cell culture emphasized the positive effect of positively charged molecules, especially hydrophilic and cationic peptides, to stimulate the cell growth. Thus, our work provides important insights in yeast hydrolysate mechanisms on CHO cells and suggests procedures to simplify such a complex additive of media dedicated to mammalian cell culture

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l'analyse des mélanges réels et synthétiques complexes composés de petites molécules à l'aide de la RMN HRMAS. Dans une première partie, une approche RMN HRMAS basée sur l'analyse métabolomique en combinaison avec des techniques de reconnaissance des formes (PCA et O-PLS-DA) a été appliquée pour le diagnostic des lésions thyroïdiennes indéterminées et étudier également les effets biologiques négatifs des nanoparticules d'aluminium sur pseudomonas brassicacearum. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons étudié la RMN chromatographique en utilisant la silice comme matrice de support qui pourrait fournir une alternative rapide et complète de la LC pour la caractérisation de mélanges complexes. En outre, l'exigence de la suppression du signal dans l'extrait de plantes naturelles et d'hydrocarbures aromatiques conduit à l'élaboration d'une méthode rapide et précise en utilisant des polymères à empreintes moléculaires avec une excellente sélectivité. La sélectivité des polymères à empreintes moléculaires à travers la capture d'une cible moléculaire spécifique est exploitée ici pour éliminer efficacement les signaux RMN. / This thesis work deals with the analysis of natural and synthetic complex mixtures composed of small molecules using HRMAS NMR. In a first part, an integrated HRMAS-NMR based metabolomic analysis in combination with pattern recognition techniques (PCA and O-PLS-DA) has been applied for the diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid lesions and also studied the potential adverse biological effects of aluminium nanoparticles on pseudomonas brassicacearum. In a second part we investigated that chromatographic NMR using silica as the matrix support could provide a quick alternative and complement to LC for the characterization of complex mixtures. In addition, requirement for signal suppression in natural plant extract and aromatic hydrocarbons led to the development of a rapid and accurate method using molecularly imprinted polymers with excellent selectivity. The selectivity of Molecularly Imprinted polymers towards capturing a specific molecular target is exploited here to efficiently remove NMR signals.

Cette thèse porte sur la création d'un système expert d'alignement automatique des signaux chromatographiques répondant à une problématique de dérives et de décalages de signaux rencontrée dans l'inter-comparaison de données en milieu évolutif. Après un état de l'art des différentes méthodes d'alignement qui existent dans la littérature, les performances des méthodes librement disponibles ont été testées sur des jeux de données chromatographiques simulées et réelles. A l'issu de ce travail méthodique, il s'est avéré qu'aucune des méthodes n'apportait pleinement satisfaction en matière de performances définies dans le cahier des charges. Ainsi, une optimisation de la meilleure de ces méthodes d'alignement a été développée afin qu'elle puisse être annexée à un logiciel d'acquisition et de traitement de données chromatographiques. La dernière partie de ce manuscrit traite d'une problématique complémentaire, la conformité des échantillons en terme de contrôle qualité. La similitude des pics est évaluée selon des critères développés et validés par une exploitation manuelle des données. / This thesis focuses on the creation of an expert system for automatic alignment of chromatographic signals in response to a problem of drifts and shifts of signals encountered in the inter-comparison of data in evolving environment. After a state of the art of the different alignment methods that exist in the literature, the performances of freely available methods were tested on sets of simulated and real chromatographic data. At the end of this methodical work, it turned out that none of the methods did not provide fully satisfactory in terms of performance defined in the specification. Thus, an optimization of the best alignment method has been developed so that it can be attached to a software acquisition and processing of chromatographic data. The last part of this thesis deals with a complementary problem, the conformity of the samples in terms of quality control. The similarity of the peaks is evaluated according to criteria developed and validated by manual operation data.

Um método rápido utilizando cromatografia liquida (LC) foi desenvolvido para determinação simultânea de 7 pesticidas piretróides (bifentrina, cipermetrina, fenpropatrina, fenvalerato, permetrina, lambda-cialotrina, e deltametrina). Os resíduos são extraídos com acetona e a partição realizada de acordo com o método multi-resíduos DFG-S19, substituindo diclorometano por acetato de etila/ciclohexano (1+1) e purificação usando cromatografia de permeação a gel com uma coluna Biobeads SX3 e acetato de etila/ciclohexano (1+1) como eluente. A separação por LC é realizada com uma coluna LiChrospher 100 RP-18 e acetonitrila/água (8+2) como fase móvel. Os pesticidas são detectados em 212nm. As recuperações dos 7 pesticidas piretróides em amostras de feijão fortificadas em 0,010; 0,100; e 1,000 mg/kg ficaram entre 71-105%. A diferença particular deste método é o limite de quantificação, os quais ficaram entre 0,004-0,011 mg/kg, abaixo de muitos outros métodos de LC descritos na literatura. A cromatografia a gás (GC) com detector de captura de elétrons é mais sensível que a LC, mas o método com LC facilita a identificação dos picos. A GC apresenta muitos picos enquanto a LC apresenta apenas um para a maioria dos piretróides. A análise com LC é uma boa alternativa para a determinação de resíduos de piretróides em feijão. Durante o ano de 2005, um total de 48 amostras de feijão comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo, foram analisadas. Nenhum resíduo de pesticida piretróide foi detectado nas amostras. / A rapid liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for simultaneous determination of 7 pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) in beans. Residues are extracted from beans with acetone and the partition realized according to the multi-residue method DFG-S19, replacing dichloromethane by ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) and cleaned up using gel-permeation with a Biobeads SX3 column and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) as eluant. LC separation is performed on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 column with acetonitrile/water (8+2) as mobile phase. The pesticides are detected at 212 nm. Recoveries of 7 pyrethroid insecticides from beans fortified at 0.010; 0.100; 1.000 mg/kg levels were 71-105 %. The particular differential of this method is the quantification limits, which were between 0.004-0.011 mg/kg, lower than most of the limits reported for LC methods described in the literature. The gas chromatographic (GC) with electron capture detection is more sensitive than LC, but the LC method facilitates the identification of the peaks. Analysis of pyrethroids by GC shows several peaks, but LC shows only one for most pyrethroids. The analysis by LC was a good alternative for determination pyrethroid residues in beans. During 2005 year, a total of 48 bean samples commercialized in Sao Paulo City were analyzed. No residues of pyrethroids pesticides were detected in the samples.

Microalgae, photosynthetic microorganisms, are rich in lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, as well as carotenoids, which are antioxidants that may protect human body from various diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease, vision-related diseases such as macular degeneration and certain types of cancer. These natural pigments have applications in the pharmaceutical (nutraceutical), food (coloring, functional food, and supplements), and cosmetics industries (e.g. sunscreen), as well as in aquaculture (animal feed). The Dunaliella salina microalga can synthesize 10% of dry weight in &#946;-carotene (orange pigment, pro-vitamin A activity) under high light intensity and nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, among other stress conditions. The first chapter of this thesis presents a review focused on microalgae carotenoids: culture systems, mode of operation, and applications. In this bibliographic survey, the advantages of microalgae cultivation in relation to traditional sources (higher plants) were discussed, as well as a discussion of the main cultivation systems and their importance in cell growth. This review presented a critical analysis of the different operational regimes like batch, fed-batch, semi-continuous and continuous. Relevant information on the most important world producers of microalgae carotenoids were presented. Chapter II presents the development of a modified method of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for rapid extraction of &#946;-carotene from Dunaliella salina cultivated in tubular photobioreactor, with subsequent development of a rapid chromatographic screening method using a C4 column for separation of geometric isomer of &#946;-carotene. The use of benzene as extraction solvent and water with 50% acetone as dispersant provided the best condition for the extraction of this carotenoid. In HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), employing mobile phase composed of methanol and water (95:5, v/v), it was possible to detect/quantify &#946;-carotene at 14 min (retention time). Besides the short analysis time (<20 min), by the miniaturized extraction (< 10 mL organic waste) this method abide by green chemistry analytical principles. It is known that nitrogen, phosphorus, as well as carbon and vitamins are vital elements for the growth of microalgae, also determining the biochemical composition of biomass. In this sense, Chapter III presents the study of the influence of different amounts of sodium nitrate (1N = 75 mg L-1; 1.5N = 112.5 mg L-1, and 3N = 225 mg L-1) and phosphate monobasic dehydrate (1P = 5.65 mg L-1, 1.5P = 8.47 mg L-1, and 3P = 16.95 mg L-1) in seawater-based f/2 medium on the growth of Dunaliella salina and &#946;-carotene biosynthesis, by continuous process with different replenishment proportions (R = 20% and 80%). Best results of cell productivity were obtained by semicontinuous process (mean values of Px up to 6.7 x 104 cells mL-1 d-1 with medium 1N:1P; R =20%) in comparison with batch process cultivation. Maximum cell density (Xm) obtained in this work was not dependent of R, but the best results were obtained when using medium 1.5N:1.5P (mean values up to 5.6 x 105 cells mL-1 with R =80%) instead of 1N:1P. The content of &#946;-carotene in the cells, in general, was higher in cells grown in medium 1N:1P (mean yield values up to 57.5 mg g-1 with R =80%) in comparison with medium 1.5N:1.5P. The cultivation of D. salina with media 3N:3P led to a long lag phase, followed by decrease in cell density and cell lysis. The use of a tubular photobioreactor contributed to successfully cultivate this microalga without contamination by protozoa. The cultivation of Dunaliella salina in tubular photobioreactor with the use of 12:12 photoperiod was appropriate, as well as to induce carotenogenesis, in the second stage, by increasing the light intensity and absence of pH control / As microalgas, micro-organismos fotossintetizantes, são ricas em lipídios, ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, carboidratos, proteínas, vitaminas, além de carotenoides que são antioxidantes com potencial de proteger o organismo humano de várias doenças incluindo a obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares, doenças relacionadas à visão como a degeneração macular e certos tipos de câncer, entre outras. Esses pigmentos naturais têm aplicações em indústrias farmacêuticas (nutracêuticos), alimentícias (colorantes, alimentos funcionais e suplementos) e de cosméticos (exemplo: filtro solar) e na aquacultura (ração animal). A microalga Dunaliella salina é capaz de sintetizar, sob alta intensidade luminosa e limitação de nutrientes como fontes de fósforo e nitrogênio, dentre outras condições de estresse, 10 % do peso seco em &#946;-caroteno (pigmento laranja com atividade pró-vitamina A). Assim, neste trabalho, numa primeira etapa, foi feita uma revisão da literatura abordando a produção de carotenoides por microalgas, bem como sua aplicação. Nesse levantamento bibliográfico abordou-se, dentre outros assuntos, as vantagens do cultivo de microalgas em relação as fontes tradicionais (plantas superiores), assim como uma discussão dos diferentes sistemas de cultivos e sua importância no crescimento celular. Esse review apresentou uma análise crítica dos principais regimes operacionais como batch, fed-batch, semicontínuo e contínuo. Apresentou-se também informações relevantes sobre os mais importantes produtores mundiais de carotenoides de microalgas. Numa segunda etapa, foi desenvolvido um método modificado de microextração líquido-líquido dispersivo modificado (DLLME) para a rápida extração de &#946;-caroteno de Dunaliella salina cultivada em fotobiorreatores tubulares, com subsequente desenvolvimento de método cromatográfico em uma coluna C4 para a separação do isômero geométrico de &#946;-caroteno. A extração ótima de &#946;-caroteno foi obtida com benzeno como solvente extrator e água com 50% de acetona como dispersante. Empregando uma fase móvel composta por metanol e água (95:5, v/v) em HPLC, foi possível a detecção/quantificação de &#946;-caroteno com 14 minutos de tempo de retenção. Além dos tempos curtos de análises (<20 min), pela extração em volume reduzido (< 10 mL resíduos orgânicos) este método obedece aos princípios da química verde. Sabe-se que nitrogênio, fósforo, assim como carbono e vitaminas são elementos vitais para o crescimento das microalgas e também exercem influência na composição bioquímica da biomassa. Assim, na terceira etapa deste trabalho, estudou-se a influência das quantidades de nitrato de sódio (75 mg L-1, denominado 1N; 112,5 mg L-1, denominado 1,5N; 225 mg L-1, denominado 3N) e de fosfato monobásico dihidratado (5,65 mg L-1, denominado 1P; 8,47 mg L-1, denominado 1,5P; 16,95 mg L-1, denominado 3P) em meio f/2, que tem como base a água do mar, no crescimento e na síntese de &#946;-caroteno da Dunaliella salina por processo semicontínuo, com uso de frações de corte (R) de 20% e 80%. Foram obtidas produtividades celulares mais elevadas em processos semicontínuos do que em processo descontínuo, com produtividades médias de até 6,7 x 104 células mL-1 d-1 (meio 1N:1P; R =20%). A máxima concentração celular (Xm) obtida neste trabalho não foi dependente de R. Os melhores resultados de Xm foram obtidos quando se usou meio 1,5N:1,5P em vez de meio, com 1N:1P, com valores médios de até 5,6 x 105 células m L-1 (R =80%). O conteúdo de &#946;-caroteno nas células, de maneira geral, foi maior nas células cultivadas em meio 1N:1P do que no meio 1,5N:1,5P, com valores até 57,5 mg g-1 (R =80%). O cultivo de D. salina com o meio 3N:3P levou a uma longa fase lag, seguida por uma diminuição na concentração celular e sua lise. O cultivo de células em um fotobiorreator tubular contribuiu para um crescimento celular sem contaminação por protozoários. O cultivo de Dunaliella salina em fotobiorreator tubular com o uso de fotoperíodo 12:12 foi apropriado, assim como induzir a carotenogênese, no segundo estágio, por meio do aumento da intensidade luminosa e ausência de controle de pH.

L’objectif de ce projet a été de développer une approche bio-analytique permettant l’évaluation du danger inhérent à la multi-contamination de l’air intérieur en Ile-de-France. Des méthodes d’analyse chromatographique couplée à la spectrométrie de masse ont été développées et validées pour 62 composés d’intérêt présentant un potentiel perturbateur endocrinien (PE) avéré ou suspecté. Le potentiel PE a été évalué sur des bio-essais cellulaires de mesure de perturbation d’activité transcriptionnelle. Les résultats montrent que les familles de composés majoritaires dans l’air intérieur sont, par ordre décroissant : phtalates > muscs synthétiques > alkylphénols > parabènes. En outre, les composés sont prédominants en phase gazeuse, et les habitats les plus contaminés sont la crèche et la maison. L’air intérieur présente un potentiel PE de type œstrogénique, thyroïdien et anti-androgénique. En accord avec son profil de contamination, l’activité biologique de ce dernier se concentre majoritairement dans la phase gazeuse, et tend à être plus élevée dans la crèche et la maison. Une analyse dirigée par les bio-essais, ou effect-directed analysis (EDA), a été mise en œuvre pour identifier les composés cibles à l’origine des effets PE de l’air intérieur. Les composés suivants ont été identifiés comme étant potentiellement à l’origine d’effets PE observés : les phtalates, le méthyl-parabène, les alkylphénols, la cyperméthrine et les muscs synthétiques. Ce travail apporte des connaissances sur le danger inhérent à la multi-contamination de l’air intérieur ainsi que des données d’exposition utiles à une évaluation des risques sanitaires. / The objective of this project was to develop a bio-analytical approach leading to the assessment of the inherent hazard of the indoor air multi-contamination. Chromatographic methods combined with mass spectrometry were developed and validated for 62 target molecules known or suspected as endocrine-disrupting (ED) compounds. The ED potential was assessed by cellular bioassays measuring perturbations of transcriptional activity. The data showed that the predominant families of compounds in indoor air were in the following descendant order: phthalates > musks > alkylphenols > parabens. The ED contaminants were mainly present in gaseous phase, and the most contaminated locations were the day nursery and the house. An estrogenic, thyroid and anti-androgenic potential was attributed to indoor air. In agreement with its contamination profile, the biological activity of the latter was concentrated predominantly in the gaseous phase, and tended to be higher in the day nursery and the house. An effect-directed analysis (EDA) was carried out to identify the target chemicals responsible for the ED effects of indoor air. The following chemicals were identified as being potentially responsible for the observed ED effects: phthalates, methyl-paraben, alkylphenols, cypermethrin and synthetic musks. This work provides both knowledge about the inherent hazard of the indoor air multi-contamination and exposure data useful in health risk assessment.

Esta tese foi dividida em três capítulos. O capítulo I descreve o desenvolvimento do método Column switching UHPLC-MS/MS para a determinação simultaneamente de fármacos psicotrópicos em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos. A politerapia é uma prática comum no tratamento da esquizofrenia. Portanto, a monitorização terapêutica destes fármacos tem sido realizada para o ajuste das doses e individualização da terapia farmacológica. O método Column switching UHPLC-MS/MS apresentou linearidade na faixa de concentração de 0,025 a 1,25 ng mL-1 com R2 acima de 0,9950 e a falta de teste de ajuste (p > 0,05); precisão com coeficientes de variação inferiores a 12% e exatidão com erro padrão relativo inferior a 14%. Este método foi aplicado com sucesso para determinação de fármacos em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos para fins de monitorização terapêutica. No capítulo II, o desempenho cromatográfico de colunas C18 superficialmente e totalmente porosas com diferentes tamanhos de partícula foi avaliado para a análise de fármacos psicotrópicos por LC-MS/MS e LC-DAD. Com o sistema LC-MS/MS foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros cromatográficos: altura do prato reduzido vs velocidade linear reduzida, impedância vs velocidade linear reduzida, tempo da corrida cromatográfica vs vazão, pressão vs vazão, resolução, capacidade de pico, assimetria e fator de retenção. Já com o sistema LC-DAD foram avaliados a hidrofobicidade, atividade silanol e impurezas metálicas também foram avaliadas. As colunas com superfície carregada apresentaram maior eficiência cromatográfica para os fármacos em sua forma ionizada. Já as colunas com partículas menores que 2 µm (Cortecs 1,6 µm, Acquity 1,7 µm, e Kinetex 1,7 µm) apresentaram maior eficiência cromatográfica para os fármacos na forma parcialmente ionizada. Os modelos matemáticos gerados foram capazes de prever a pressão e o tempo da corrida cromatográfica em diferentes vazões para todas as colunas. Considerando a eficiência, impedância, resolução, capacidade de pico, fator de retenção e hidrofobicidade, as colunas Cortecs 1,6 µm e Acquity 1,7 µm apresentaram melhor desempenho durante a análise dos fármacos em amostra de plasma. O capítulo III descreve o desenvolvimento e validação dos métodos SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS e Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS para a determinação dos endocanabinóides (AEA e 2-AG) em amostras biológicas. Para a otimização do processo SPME foram avaliadas as fases SPME (C18, C30 e HLB) e os solventes para dessorção (metanol, acetonitrila e isopropanol). Os aditivos modificadores de matriz, como cloridrato de guanidina, ácido trifluoroacético e acetonitrila foram avaliados por planejamento experimental. Os métodos SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS e Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS, com a fase HLB biocompatível, apresentaram para ambos endocanabinóides valores de LOQs de 1 ng mL-1 e 50 ng mL-1, respectivamente. O método Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS permitiu o direto acoplamento da fibra SPME ao espectrômetro de massas via dessorção/ionização nanoeletrospray que resultou em rápida determinação quantitativa dos endocanabinóides em amostras biológicas. / This thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter I describes the development of a column switching UHPLCMS/MS method to determine psychotropic drugs in schizophrenic patients plasma samples simultaneously. Polytherapy is a common practice in schizophrenia treatment. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring has been applied to adjust doses and to customize pharmacological therapy. The column switching UHPLCMS/MS method developed here is linear at concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 1.25 ng mL-1 with R2 above 0.9950 and presents lack of fit test (p > 0.05), precision with coefficients of variation lower than 12%, and accuracy with relative standard error lower than 14%. This method was successfully applied to determine drugs in schizophrenic patients plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring. In chapter II, the chromatographic performance of C18 superficially porous columns and of C18 fully porous columns with different particle sizes were evaluated for analysis of psychotropic drugs by LC-MS/MS and LC-DAD. Within the LC-MS/MS system, the following chromatographic parameters were assessed: reduced plate height vs reduced linear velocity, impedance vs reduced linear velocity, chromatographic run time vs flow rate, backpressure vs flow rate, resolution, peak capacity, asymmetry, and retention factor. Within the LC-DAD system, hydrophobicity, silanol activity, and metal impurities were also examined. Columns with charged surface displayed improved chromatographic efficiency for drugs in the ionized form. Columns with particles smaller than 2 µm (Cortecs 1.6 µm, Acquity 1.7 µm, and Kinetex 1.7 µm) presented higher chromatographic efficiency for the drugs, which were in their partially ionized form. The generated mathematical models were able to predict the backpressure and the chromatographic run time at different flow rates for all the columns. Considering efficiency, impedance, resolution, peak capacity, retention factor, and hydrophobicity, columns Cortecs 1.6 µm and Acquity 1.7 µm provided the best performance during analysis of drugs in plasma samples. Chapter III describes the development and validation of the SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS and the Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS methods for determination of endocannabinoids (AEA and 2-AG) in biological samples. To optimize the SPME process, SPME coatings (C18, C30, and HLB) and solvents for desorption (methanol, acetonitrile, and isopropanol) were evaluated. Matrix modifier additives, such as guanidine hydrochloride, trifluoroacetic acid, and acetonitrile, were assessed by experimental design. The SPME-UHPC-MS/MS and the Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS methods with HLB biocompatible coating provided LOQ values of 1 ng mL-1 and 50 ng mL-1, respectively, for both endocannabinoids. The Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS method allowed direct coupling of SPME fibers to the mass spectrometer by desorption/ionization nanoelectrospray, which resulted in rapid quantitative determinations of endocannabinoids in biological samples.