Genomic instability and aneuploidy, which are ubiquitous hallmarks of cancer cells, encompass both structural and numerical chromosome aberrations. Strikingly, cancer cells often display recurrent patterns of aneuploidy which are thought to be contingent on selection pressures within the tumour microenvironment maintaining advantageous karyotypes. However, it is currently unknown if individual chromosomes are intrinsically vulnerable to missegregation, and therefore whether chromosome bias may also contribute to pathological aneuploidy patterns. Moreover, the earliest responses to chromosome missegregation in non-transformed cells, and how these are overcome in cancer, has remained elusive due to the difficult nature of isolating nascent aneuploid cells. Results. Individual chromosomes displayed recurrent patterns of biased missegregation in response to a variety of cellular stresses across cell lines. Likewise, a small subset of chromosomes accounted for a large fraction of segregation errors following one specific mechanism driving aneuploidy. This was supported by the discovery that chromosomes 1 and 2 are strikingly susceptible to the premature loss of sister chromatid cohesion during prolonged prometaphase arrest. Additionally, I have elucidated the arrangement of individual metaphase human chromosomes, highlighting missegregation vulnerabilities occurring at the metaphase plate periphery following nocodazole wash-out. Finally, I have developed a novel system for isolating nascent aneuploid cells, suggesting the earliest transcriptome responses to chromosome missegregation in non-transformed human cells involve ATM and BCL2-mediated apoptosis.

Dans le domaine des biomatériaux, cette thèse s’intéresse à l’influence de l’élasticité du substrat sur la division et la plasticité de la chromatine de cellules épithéliales. La létalité des cellules est corrélée aux faibles rigidités des substrats. Cependant, quelques cellules tumorales SW480, incluant celles portant des anomalies de ségrégation des chromosomes, progressent en mitose. Ces anomalies seraient à l’origine de réarrangements chromosomiques, sources de nombreuses mutations. Les substrats mous conduisent à la formation d’hétérochromatine tandis que les substrats très mous induisent la nécrose des cellules PtK2. Sur ces substrats, l’euchromatine est maintenue après inhibition de HDAC, permettant aux cellules de résister à la nécrose, indépendamment de la compétence transcriptionnelle du noyau. Ces cellules s’étalent à nouveau après transfert sur un substrat rigide. Ces résultats suggèrent 1) une voie de signalisation entrante initiée par le substrat conduisant à la nécrose via la formation d’hétérochromatine 2) une voie de signalisation sortante initiée par l’euchromatine permettant la survie cellulaire. / In the biomaterials field, this PhD work is about influence of substrate elasticity on cell division and chromatin plasticity of epithelial cells. Soft substrates cause massive death.However, some SW480 tumor cells, including those bearing chromosomal segregation abnormalities progress in mitosis. These abnormalities could result in more chromosomal rearrangements, increasing mutations. Soft substrates lead to heterochromatin remodelling and very soft substrates promote necrosis of PtK2 cells. On these substrates, euchromatin could be maintained after HDAC inhibition independently of the nuclear transcriptional competence.These cells spread again after tranfer on stiff substrates. These results suggest i) outside-insignalling cascade initiated at the soft substrate surface leading to heterochromatin remodelling and ultimately necrosis, ii) inside-out signaling cascade initiated from euchromatin allowing cell to overcome necrosis on soft substrate.