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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Akuta och kroniska effekter av fluoxetin på antipredatorbeteende hos Asellus aquaticus / Acute and chronic effects of fluoxetine on anti-predator behavior of Asellus aquaticus

Hietanen, Kai-Henrik January 2017 (has links)
Fluoxetin är den aktiva substansen i många serotoninreglerande läkemedel som förs in i vattendrag. Substansen har visats påverka beteende av vattenlevande organismer som fiskar, mollusker och kräftdjur genom att öka deras djärvhet. I denna studie undersöktes fluoxetins akuta (på vildfångade individer) och kroniska (på labbuppfödda individer) effekter av koncentrationerna 0, 3 och 30 ng L-1 på Asellus aquaticus (sötvattengråsugga) antipredatorbeteende. Detta gjordes genom tre beteendetest: (1) tid att lämna refug, (2) spontan aktivitet samt (3) flyktbeteende under predationsrisk. Överlag hittades få eller inga effekter på A. aquaticus från fluoxetin. De effekter som dock påverkade individer signifikant visade att exponerade individer flydde en signifikant kortare (30 %) tidsperiod från en simulerad predatorattack. Utöver denna huvudeffekt av fluoxetin hittades även signifikanta skillnader i fluoxetins påverkan på de två grupperna, när individer blev utsatta för den högsta koncentrationen ökade vildfångade individer sin aktivitet (38 % fler stopp och 49 % mer rörelse) medan labbuppfödda individer sänkte sin aktivitet (43 % färre stopp och 37 % mindre rörelse). Individer som inte var exponerade visade signifikanta skillnader i alla beteendetest för de två grupperna. Det är troligt att beteendeskillnader är en följd av olika uppfödningsmiljöer, dock går det inte att utesluta att ändrade genfrekvenser uppkommit. Studien lyser sken på behovet av fler studier av långtidsexponering av läkemedelsrester, de är sällan akut giftiga men har däremot subletal påverkan i låga doser. / Fluoxetine is the active substance in many selective serotonin reuptake inhibitive pharmaceuticals that currently enters surface waters. The substance has been shown to affect behaviors of water living organism such as fish, molluscs and crustaceans by making them less cautious. This study investigated the acute (on wild caught individuals) and chronic (on lab reared individuals) effects of fluoxetine on the antipredator behavior of Asellus aquaticus for three concentrations; 0,3 and 30 ng L-1. Three tests were used to determine the effects: (1) time to leave a shelter, (2) spontaneous activity and (3) escape behavior under predation risk. Few statistically significant effects of fluoxetine on A. aquaticus were found. However, individuals exposed to fluoxetine had a significantly shorter (30 %) escape period. Besides this main effect of fluoxetine, significant interactions between the two groups and fluoxetine were also found. When exposed to the highest concentration wild caught individuals increased their spontaneous activity (38 % more stops and 49 % more movement), while lab reared individuals reduced their activity (43 % fewer stop and 37 % less movement). Furthermore, non-exposed individuals from the two groups behaved significantly different in all the tests. It is likely that the differences in behavior occurred due to environmental effects of laboratory rearing, although altered gene frequencies cannot be excluded. This study emphasizes the need for development of methods for more chronic testing of pharmaceuticals, especially considering that pharmaceuticals are seldom acutely toxic but often has sub lethal effects in low doses.
22

Nanocontamination d'organismes aquatiques par des particules inorganiques : transfert trophique et impacts toxiques / Nano-contamination of aquatic organisms by inorganic particles : trophic transfers and toxic impacts

Perrier, Fanny 21 December 2017 (has links)
En raison d’une utilisation croissante et massive, les nanoparticules manufacturées apparaissentcomme de potentiels contaminants émergents pour l’environnement, incluant notammentles écosystèmes aquatiques. Alors que le transfert trophique semble constituer unevoie d’exposition majeure pour les organismes, une connaissance lacunaire dans la littératurescientifique persiste, résultant pour partie des difficultés expérimentales inhérentes àce type d’exposition. Pour ce travail en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire, les nanoparticulesd’or (sphériques, 10 nm, fonctionnalisées aux PEG-amines), stables en solution, ontété choisies pour l’étude du transfert trophique et des impacts toxiques sur des organismesaquatiques. Ce continuum trophique considère la base des réseaux trophiques (biofilms naturels,algues), des niveaux intermédiaires (poissons brouteurs, bivalves suspensivores), jusqu’auxorganismes de haut de chaînes trophiques, avec l’anguille européenne. Avec des expositionsréalisées à de relatives faibles doses, ce travail tend à la représentativité environnementale.Des approches méthodologiques intégratives des niveaux subcellulaire à tissulaire(RT-qPCR, séquençage haut-débit, histologie) ont permis d’évaluer les impacts toxiques.Les résultats indiquent une importante capacité de rétention des nanoparticules par les biofilmsnaturels. À la suite d’une exposition de 21 jours, les dosages d’or révèlent un transfertdes biofilms aux poissons brouteurs, avec une distribution de l’or dans tous les organes. Deplus, ce transfert est associé à une réponse inflammatoire au regard des lésions histologiquesobservés dans les foies, rates et muscles des poissons exposés. Une chaîne alimentaire « naturelle» à trois maillons trophiques, impliquant algues - bivalves - anguilles européennes,atteste d’un transfert significatif jusqu’au poisson prédateur. Enfin, l’analyse du transcriptome,par une approche de séquençage haut-débit, des foies et cerveaux d’anguilles exposéesaux nanoparticules par nourriture enrichie, a permis de mettre en évidence une réponseconjointe à ces deux organes dans des processus biologiques associés au système immunitaireet sa régulation, dont des récepteurs NOD-like impliqués dans l’inflammasome.L’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux interpellent quant aux effets délétères à long-termequ’engendreraient les nanoparticules sur les écosystèmes aquatiques, illustrant par ailleursla propension de ces contaminants à être transférés dans les chaînes trophiques. / Due to an increasing and massive use, engineered nanoparticles are raising as potentialemerging contaminants in the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. While trophictransfer appears to constitute a major exposure route for organisms, scientific literature hasdifficulties to respond to the questions raised to explore the range of the interactions existingbetween nanoparticles and living organisms at different scales from the trophic interactionsto the cellular impacts. This problem is partly due to experimental difficulties inherent tothis exposure type. For this work performed in controlled laboratory conditions, sphericalgold nanoparticles (10 nm, coated with PEG-amines, positively charged) were chosen tostudy the trophic transfer and toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Trophic chains concernedseveral trophic levels (up to three) with a variety of species considered : the basis of thetrophic web with natural biofilms or microalgae, intermediate levels with grazing fish orsuspensivorous bivalves, and up to top food chain organisms, with the European eel, a carnivorousfish.With relatively low doses for exposures, this work tends to represent environmentalconditions. Integrative methodological approaches from subcellular to tissue levels(RT-qPCR, RNA-sequencing, histology) were performed in order to assess toxic impacts.The results indicate a high retention capacity of nanoparticles by natural biofilms. Followinga 21-day exposure, gold quantifications reveal a transfer from biofilms to grazing fish, witha gold distribution in all organs. Moreover, this transfer is associated with an inflammatoryresponse according to the histological lesions observed in the liver, spleen and muscle ofexposed fish. A longer food chain, with three trophic levels involving microalgae - bivalves- European eels, is set up to give a better representation of the complexity of trophic interactionsin the aquatic environment. It shows a significant transfer to the predatory fish.Transcriptomic analyses, using the RNA-sequencing approach, for the liver and the brain ofexposed eels by nanoparticles’ enriched food, highlight a joint response for these two organsin the biological processes associated with the immune system and its regulation, includingNOD-like receptors involved in inflammasome.All the experimental results suggest long-term harmful effects that nanoparticles would generatein aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the ability of these contaminants to be transferredthroughout trophic chains.

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