Orientador: Hélio Grassi Filho / Banca: Maria Helena Moraes Spinelli / Banca: Glauber José de Castro Gava / Banca: Paulo Milton Barbosa Landim / Banca: Aline Azevedo Nazario / Resumo: O crisântemo é comumente utilizado em decoração devido à sua variedade de cores e durabilidade de inflorescência. Como todas as plantas de vasos, é necessária a utilização de substrato para sua produção, material o qual apresenta muitas vezes elevado custo, pesquisas apontam a possibilidade de utilização de lodo de esgoto como parte deste substrato. Concomitantemente à crescente urbanização que tem como uma das consequências o aumento do volume de lodo de esgoto e outros resíduos, para reduzir os impactos ambientais, vários estudos estão sendo feitos visando à destinação adequada destes resíduos. Uma das saídas verificadas se dá pela aplicação deste resíduo em plantas, porém, com isso, surgem novas problemáticas, uma delas a dosagem. A proposta da presente tese é a utilização do lodo de esgoto como substrato para a espécie Chrysanthemum Junier, visando à determinação da melhor dose para certas características agronômicas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial (2x4x4) e em adição nula e apenas lodo, ou seja, dois períodos, 4 tratamentos, sendo: T1: Solo + lodo; T2: areia + lodo; T3: solo + casca de pinus + lodo; T4: solo + areia + lodo, em 4 diferentes doses, sendo estas doses de 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% (do peso do vaso) de lodo no substrato, além de TN: tratamento nulo (sem adição de lodo) e T5 (apenas lodo). O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, na fazenda experimental do Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Chrysanthemum is commonly used as decoration due to its variety of colors and durability of inflorescence. As all potted plats, it is necessary to use substrate for their production, which is often expensive, so, research suggests the possibility of using sewage sludge as part of this substrate. Concomitantly, with the increasing urbanization that has as one of the consequences the increase of the volume of sewage sludge and other residues, in order to reduce the environmental impacts, several studies are being elaborated aiming the proper destination of this waste. One of the verified possibility is the application of this residue in plants, however, with this, new problems arise, one of them the dosage. The present thesis proposes the use of sewage sludge as a substrate for the Chrysanthemum Junier species, in order to determine the best dose for certain agronomic characteristics. The experimental design was in a randomized complete block and factorial scheme (2x4x4) and in null addition in only sludge, that is, two periods, 5 treatments, being: T1: Soil + sludge; T2: sand + sludge; T3: soil + pine bark + sludge; T4: soil + sand + sludge in 4 different doses, these doses being 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% (vessel weight) of sludge in the substrate, with a TN: null treatment (without addition of sludge) and a T5 (only sludge) addition. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment, at the experimental farm of Lageado, belonging to the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences of UNESP at Campus of Botucatu / SP. The irrigation system adopted was the drip without adding nutrients. The statistical techniques used were: descriptive analysis of data and variance, regression analysis, Tukey test and T test. It was possible to verify that the 60% and 80% doses of composted sewage sludge ... / Doutor

Host range and symptomatology of peanut stunt virus (PSV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), the Blencowe isolate of tomato aspermy virus (TAV-B) and a chrysanthemum virus (CV-L) varies on selected hosts. In sucrose density-gradient centrifugation each virus has a sedimentation rate of approximately 100s. Purified preparations of PSV and CV-L are homogenous and stable while CMV and TAV-B aggregate and lose infectivity. In acrylamide gel electrophoresis, all the viruses move as a single component with CMV migrating faster than the other three. Formaldehyde-stabilization of PSV and CMV did not increase the titer of immune sera. Classical microprecipitin and gel diffusion tests were unsatisfactory because of nonspecific precipitation and antibodies to normal host antigens. Analysis of incubated homologous and heterologous virus-antibody mixtures by density-gradient centrifugation detected specific precipitation with surface antigenic sites on the virions. In reciprocal tests, CMV and CV-L show no serological relationship. CV-L and TAV-B react reciprocally and are strains. CMV antiserum reacts with TAV-B, but not conversely. PSV reacts reciprocally with the other three viruses, and thus is related at the strain level to all three. Of the viruses compared, PSV appears to be most like the hypothetical parent strain of the CMV group, since it possesses antigenic sites in common to at least three members of the group. / Master of Science

Peat extraction for horticultural production poses a threat to wetland ecosystems. The rapid growth rate of the horticulture industry has prompted an ongoing search for sustainable alternative growth media components to replace peat. The alternative components need to provide properties (physical and chemical) similar to or better than peat and provide conditions that will enhance ideal growth and yield of potted plants. Potted Dendranthema x grandiflorum is one of the most important pot plants cultivated worldwide in the floriculture industry. There is a global research effort to replace peat with a sustainable alternative growth media for potted plants; however, so far, no study has been conducted in South Africa that used similar treatments on potted Dendranthema x grandiflorum. The aim of this study was to determine a suitable alternative growth media to replace peat as a growth media for cultivation of potted D. x grandiflorum. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of South Africa’s Horticulture centre in Florida, Johannesburg for 89 days. Eight growth media (100 % peat (T1) (control), 100 % bagasse (T2), 50:50 % v/v bagasse:peat (T3), 75:25 % v/v bagasse:peat (T4), 25:75 % v/v bagasse:peat (T5), composted bagasse (T6), Coir (T7), and pine bark (T8)) as treatments and one hybrid (Mount® Runca) of D. x grandiflorum were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. In this study, nutrient uptake, chlorophyll content, growth, and yield parameters were measured for potted D. x grandiflorum grown in all eight growth media. The results show that treatments had different chemical and physical properties compared to peat. The pH of 100 % bagasse and coir were within the ideal range recommended for growth media. The EC results indicated that after the experiment, other treatments were within the defined range except for composted bagasse due to high concentration of soluble salts. The BD of control and composted bagasse were similar and may have resulted in the low root response. The concentration of total N was high in the shoots of plants cultivated in 100 % peat with a subsequent increased fresh and dry shoots weight. The highest significant chlorophyll content was present in plants cultivated in composted bagasse, which contained high total N and, Fe and Zn concentrations in shoots. Taken together, the results showed that composted bagasse was the best alternative to replace peat for cultivation of potted D. x grandiflorum. / Turfonttrekking vir tuinboukundige produksie hou ʼn bedreiging vir moerasland-ekostelsels in. Die vinnige groeitempo van die tuinboubedryf het gelei tot ʼn voortdurende soektog na volhoubare groeimediakomponente om turf te vervang. Die alternatiewe komponente moet (fisiese en chemiese) eienskappe kan bied wat soortgelyk aan, of beter as dié van turf is, en moet toestande gee wat die ideale groei en opbrengs van potplante verbeter. Potplant- Dendranthema x grandiflorum is een van die belangrikste potplante wêreldwyd wat in die blomboerderybedryf aangeplant word. Daar word wêreldwyd navorsing gedoen om turf met ʼn volhoubare groeimedium vir potplante te vervang; sover is daar egter nog nie in Suid-Afrika ʼn studie gedoen wat soortgelyke behandelings vir potplante- Dendranthema x grandiflorum gebruik nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om ʼn gepaste alternatiewe groeimedium te bepaal om turf as ʼn groeimedium te vervang vir die aanplanting van D. x grandiflorum-potplante. ʼn Kweekhuis-eksperiment is by die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika se Tuinbousentrum in Florida, Johannesburg uitgevoer vir 89 dae. Agt groeimedia (100% turf (T1) (beheer), 100% bagasse (T2), 50:50% v/v bagasse:turf (T3), 75:25% v/v bagasse:turf (T4), 25:75 % v/v bagasse:turf (T5), bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is (T6), klapperhaar (T7), en dennebas (T8)) as behandelings en een hibried (Mount® Runca) van D. x grandiflorum is in ʼn verewekansigde, volledige blokontwerp met vier repliserings gerangskik. In hierdie studie is voedingstofopname-, chlorofilinhoud-, groei- en opbrengs-parameters gemeet vir potgroei van D. x grandiflorum in al agt groeimedia. Die resultate toon dat die behandelings verskillende chemiese en fisiese eienskappe in vergelyking met turf het. Die pH van 100% bagasse en klapperhaar val binne die ideale reikwydte wat vir groeimedia aanbeveel word. Volgens die EG (elektriese geleiding)-resultate was ander behandelings binne die gedefinieerde reikwydte – behalwe vir bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is – vanweë die hoë konsentrasie oplosbare soute. Die BD van beheer en bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is, was soortgelyk en kon die lae wortelrespons veroorsaak het. Die konsentrasie totale N was hoog in die lote van plante wat in 100% turf aangeplant is, met ʼn gevolglike verhoging in die gewig van vars en droë lote. Die hoogste beduidende chlorofilinhoud was teenwoordig in plante wat gekweek is in bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is, en wat hoë totale konsentrasies van N, Fe en Zn in die lote bevat het. Alles in ag genome het die resultate getoon dat bagasse wat tot kompos verwerk is, die beste alternatief is om turf te vervang in die kweking van D. x grandiflorum in potte. / Go ntsha borubu mo kumong ya mokgwa wa temo go na le matshosetsi mo matshelong a diphologolo le ditlhare tsa lefatshe le le kolobileng. Kelo ya kgodiso e e bonako ya intaseteri ya matshelo a diphologolo le ditlhare e susumetsa patlo e e tswelelang ya dikarolo tsa mekgwa ya kgodiso ya thefosano e e tswelelang ya go emela go ntsha borubu. Dikarolo tse dingwe di tlhoka go neela dipharologantsho (sebopego le khemikale) tse di tshwanang le kgotsa botoka mo go ntsheng borubu le go neela mabaka a a ka tsholetsang kgodiso e e ikaeletsweng, mme ya ntsha dijalo tse di ka fa dipitseng. Dendranthema x grandiflorum e e ka fa dipitseng ke thefosano nngwe ya dijalo tsa ka fa dipitseng tse di botlhokwa thata tse di jadilweng mo lefatsheng ka bophara mo intasetering ya mokgwa wa temo ya dithunya. Go na le boiteko jwa patlisiso ya bogotlhe ya go emela go ntsha borubu ka mokgwa wa kgodiso wa thefosano o mongwe o o tswelelang wa dijalo tsa ka fa dipitseng; le gale, go le kalo, ga go na thuto e e setseng e dirilwe mo Aforikaborwa e e dirisang ditshwaro tse di tshwanang mo go Dendranthema x grandiflorum e e mo dipitseng. Maikaelelo a thuto eno e ne e le go tlhomamisa mekgwa ya grandiflorum e e mo dipitseng. Maikaelelo a thuto eno e ne e le go tlhomamisa mekgwa ya kgodiso ya thefosano e mengwe e e tshwanelang go emela go ntsha borubu jaaka mekgwa ya kgodiso ya go jala D. x grandiflorum ka mo dipitseng. Tekelelo ya ntlo e tala e ne ya dirwa kwa lefelong la Mokgwa wa matshelo a diphologolo le ditlhare ya Yunibesiti ya Aforikaborwa kwa Florida, Johannesburg mo matsatsing a le 89. Mekgwa ya kgodiso e merobedi (100 % ya go ntsha borubu (T1) (taolo), 100 % bagasse (T2), 50:50 % v/v bagasse: go ntsha borubu (T3), 75:25 % v/v bagasse: go ntsha borubu (T4), 25:75 % v/v bagasse: go ntsha borubu (T5), bagasse e e bodisitsweng (T6), Coir (T7), le kutu ya phaene (T8)) jaaka ditshwaro le lotswakwa lo lo longwe (Mount® Runca) ya D. x grandiflorum di ne di beilwe ka moakanyetso wa boloko e e feletseng ka kakaretso ka ditshwano di le nne. Mo thutong eno, go tsaya kotlo, diteng tsa setalafatsi, kgodiso le diparametara tse di ntshitsweng di ne tsa lekanyediwa mo go D. x grandiflorum e e mo dipitseng e e jadilweng mo mekgweng ya dikgodiso tse di robedi tse tsotlhe. Dipheto di bontsha gore ditshwaro di na le dikarolo tsa dikhemikale le dibopego tse di farologaneng fa di tshwantshanngwa le go ntsha borubu. Bagasse ya pH ya 100 % le coir di ne di le magareng ga paka ya botlhokwa ya kgodiso e e atlenegisitsweng mo mekgweng ya kgodiso. Dipheto tsa EC di bontsha gore morago ga tekelelo, ditshwaro tse dingwe di ne di le magareng ga paka e e tlhalositsweng kwa ntle ga bagasse e e bodisitsweng kwa kokoanong e e kwa godimo ya matswai a a tlhaolositsweng. BD ya taolo le bagasse e e bodisitsweng, mme go ka bo go dirile gore go nne le tsibogelo ya medi e e kwa tlase. Kokoano ya N yotlhe e ne e le kwa godimo mo matlhogeding a dijalo tse di jadilweng ka go ntsha borubu jwa 100 % ka koketso e e latelang ya bokete jwa matlhogedi a mantshwa le a a omileng. Diteng tsa setalafatsi se se botlhokwa se se kwa godimodimo di ne di le teng mo dijalong tse di jadilweng ka bagasse e e bodisitsweng, e e nang le kokoano ya bogotlhe jo bo kwa godimo jwa N, Fe le Zn mo matlhogeding. Di tserwe mmogo, dipheto di bontsha gore bagasse e e bodileng jaaka sengwe se se gaisang go emela go ntsha borubu mo jalong ya D. x grandiflorum ka mo dipitseng. / School of Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Ornamental Horticulture)