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The cultivation of chrysanthemums originated in China more than 2000 years ago. Today this flower is regarded as one of the most popular cut flowers in the world. It is, therefore, important to ensure that high quality flowers are produced consistently for the local and export markets. Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Sunny Reagan’ flowers were grown in a greenhouse sprayed with an electro-activated sodium bicarbonate solution (anolyte) in an attempt to improve productivity and postharvest quality. A non-activated sodium bicarbonate solution was also used to determine the overall effect of sodium bicarbonate on chrysanthemum plants. Sodium bicarbonate acts to enrich the environment of the plant with CO₂ thereby increasing its photosynthetic activity. Anolyte showed a positive preharvest effect on the chrysanthemum plant by increasing the leaf size and overall quality. On the other hand, sodium bicarbonate produced low quality plants with fewer flowers than the control. These plants also exhibited necrotic leaf edges, which is a sign of salt stress. Anolyte-treated plants exhibited no significant increase in postharvest longevity. Anolyte treated plants showed an increase in leaf cell size and density and a decrease in the size of intercellular air spaces, indicating an improved ability for photosynthesis, whereas, treatment with sodium bicarbonate resulted in thinner leaves with a smaller midrib and a less developed vascular system when compared to the control. The chloroplasts in anolyte-treated plants exhibited an increase in starch grains, also an indication of enhanced photosynthesis. Anolyte-treated plants also showed an increase in chlorophyll concentration and an improved CO₂ uptake. It is clear from this study that anolyte stimulated photosynthesis in chrysanthemum plants, thus resulting in longer stems with more and larger flowers and leaves. / Prof. C.S. Whitehead

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Concentrations between 5000 and 15000 mg/liter undecanol applied as foliar sprays were effective in pinching most varieties of chrysanthemum tested. Cultivars varied in their response. Subapical phytotoxicity increased with increasing concentrations and was generally more variable among cultivars than was the pinch response. Concentrations effective in pinching without subapical phytotoxicity resulted in plants similar to manually pinched plants with respect to height and number of branches. Studies conducted in the growth chamber and greenhouse indicate environmental factors exert a major influence on plant response to undecanol. In general, conditions which favor more rapid drying tended to decrease the number of plants pinched and reduce the number of plants showing subapical phytotoxicity. Comparing air temperature, air flow, relative humidity, and light (PAR), temperature was the single most highly correlated environmental variable with both pinching and phytotoxicity in the greenhouse study. Many of these variables are, however, highly interrelated with one another so that a change in one results in a change in others. Prediction equations using concentration and environmental variables were developed for pinching and phytotoxicity. Undecanol foliar sprays of 7500 mg/liter were nearly 100% effective in pinching two cultivars with minimal phytotoxicity when applied 9 to 18 days after planting. Pinching was significantly reduced in plants treated prior to 9 or later than 18 days after planting. Manually pinched plants were generally taller than chemically pinched plants treated the same day. Chemically pinched plants generally produced more branches than manually pinched plants. Day of treatment did not affect flowering of chemically pinched plants; however, chemically pinched plants tended to flower slightly later than manually pinched plants. Finished plants pinched chemically were comparable to those produced by manual pinching. / Ph. D.

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Juvenility and flowering requirements were examined in Coreopsis grandiflora 'Sunray', C. lanceolata 'Early Sunrise', and Chrysanthemum x superbum 'G. Marconi' and 'Snow Lady'. C. grandiflora 'Sunray' and C. lanceolata 'Early Sunrise' grown from seed under continuous short days (SD) did not flower. 'Sunray' remained vegetative in long days (LD); however, LD induced flowering in 70 to 100% of the 'Early Sunrise' plants moved from SD to LD at true leaf stages beginning with 0 (cotyledons only) and progressing at 2 or 3 leaf increments to 24 leaves. The loss of juvenility in 'Early Sunrise' was gradual, with fastest flowering from onset of LD, 46 days, occurring when plants were transferred to LD at the 16 leaf stage. Plants moved to LD at six leaves flowered most rapidly from time of seeding, 84 days. Total leaf number at first flower increased as leaf number at transfer to LD increased. Chrysanthemum x superbum 'G. Marconi' was relatively unresponsive to LD, whereas all 'Snow Lady' plants flowered in LD treatments except the 24 leaf stage, which had 70% flowering. Although no 'G. Marconi' plants flowered under SD, 90% of the 'Snow Lady' plants flowered in continuous SD. In 'Snow Lady', transfer to LD at the cotyledon stage promoted fastest flowering from time of seeding, 75 days, and produced plants with the fewest number of leaves at first flower. Histological examination of apices of C. x superbum 'Snow Lady' revealed floral initiation in all 5 plants sampled following 3 weeks of LD. Initiation in SD started after the fifth week and was evident in all 5 plants sampled after the ninth week of SD. The effects of chilling and a limited number of inductive photoperiods was examined in all 4 cultivars. Four months of natural outdoor chilling followed by at least 6 LD, promoted 40 to 100% flowering in Coreopsis grandiflora 'Sunray' and Chrysanthemum x superbum 'G. Marconi'. Chilling followed by SD increased flowering in each cultivar as compared to continuous SD with no chilling. The effects of limited inductive photoperiod (LIP) were evident in both Coreopsis cultivars, but not seen in either cultivar of C. x superbum. LIP inhibited stem elongation by approximately 10 cm in the chilled Coreopsis cultivars and also in C. lanceolata 'Early Sunrise' grown from seed with no chilling. LIP did not affect the scape length of either chilled or unchilled plants. / Master of Science

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Orientador: Luiz Antonio Rossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T11:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 David_Eduardo_M.pdf: 1175086 bytes, checksum: 3f08279095436e03df811b92ca2a1202 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: No cultivo de crisântemos em ambientes protegidos, o tipo de iluminação artificial usada atualmente para propósito de indução do efeito de fotoperíodo determina o crescimento e desenvolvimento destas plantas cultivadas, bem como o consumo de energia elétrica utilizada no processo de produção. A tecnologia de iluminação artificial mais utilizado pelos produtores de mudas de crisântemos para efeito de indução de fotoperíodo é a de filamento incandescente. Atualmente, procura-se testar novas tecnologias de iluminação artificial visando principalmente à redução do consumo de energia elétrica. A aplicação da tecnologia de iluminação do tipo descarga (vapor de sódio, vapor de mercúrio, fluorescentes tubulares e fluorescentes compactas integradas), diferente da do tipo filamento, no cultivo de crisântemos em ambiente protegido foi o objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa. Este trabalho foi realizado em uma casa de vegetação comercial com cinco variedades (Papiro, Lindy White, Mona Lisa Rose, Euro Speedy e Stateman), em dois períodos, verão e inverno. Os parâmetros utilizados para a comparação entre as variedades cultivadas foram a produtividade por área, o peso de matéria fresca, a presença de botão floral e a porcentagem de umidade. Para as diferentes tecnologias de iluminação e tipos de lâmpadas analisadas, os parâmetros de avaliação foram as variáveis elétricas (consumo, demanda e fator de potência) e índice de eficiência energética dos tratamentos. Ocorreram diferenças entre as variedades cultivadas com relação ao peso e a porcentagem de umidade. A produtividade por área foi maior com a utilização das tecnologias de descarga em comparação à tecnologia de filamento, não importando a variedade produzida. A menor presença de botão floral foi obtida com a utilização das tecnologias de descarga com exceção da variedade Stateman produzida com a tecnologia Incandescente de 100W no lote de inverno. A única exceção na tecnologia de descarga foi com a lâmpada de descarga Fluorescente Compacta Integrada de 23W Branca, que, no lote de verão, apresentou 2,5% de presença de botão floral contra 0% das outras lâmpadas, na produção da variedade Euro speedy. Verificou-se, através de resultados obtidos, que a lâmpada de descarga Fluorescente Compacta Integrada de 23W Amarela apresentou a menor demanda máxima e uma redução média de consumo de energia da ordem de 75,51% em relação à tecnologia de maior consumo, a Incandescente de 100W que é a atualmente utilizada pelo produtor. Palavras-chave: iluminação artificial, crisântemo, uso racional de energia elétrica / Abstract: The type of artificial illumination employed for chrysanthemum cultivation in greenhouses to induce photoperiod effect will determine its growing rate as well as the energy consumption. Incandescent filament is currently employed for artificial illumination in chrysanthemum nursery to induce photoperiod effect. Nowadays new illumination technology is being tested aiming energy consumption reduction. The application of illumination based on electrical discharge in sodium or mercury vapor, as well as tubular or integrated compact fluorescent bulbs in chrysanthemum cultivation is identified as the objective of this research work. The experimental part of this work was carried out in a commercial greenhouse model employing five chrysanthemum variety as Papiro, Lindy White, Mona Lisa Rose, Euro Speedy and Stateman during winter and summer period. Parameters employed to the study variety behavior included: production per area, fresh matter weight, presence of flower sprouts and moisture content. The parameters known as electrical variables, like consumption, demand and power factor, together with the treatment energy efficiency index were used to analyze the employed illumination technologies and light bulbs type. Results showed differences between weight of fresh flowers and moisture content for the flowers variety under consideration. Productivity per unit area was noticed to be larger for discharge technology when compared with filament bulbs, for both varieties being tested. The lowest flower sprout occurrence was associated to the discharge technology with the exception of the variety Stateman produced with incandescent bulbs of 100 W in the winter plot. The unique exception related to discharge technology was associated to the White 23W Integrated Compact Fluorescent bulb yielding 2.4% of flower sprouts compared with 0% of other bulb types associated to the production of the variety Euro Speedy. It was noticed from the results that the yellow integrated compact fluorescent bulbs (23W) exhibited lower maximum demand as well as an average energy consumption of 75.51% when compared to incandescent filament bulb type (100W) which is currently employed by the chrysanthemum growers. Keywords: artificial illumination, chrysanthemum, electric power rational use / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola