published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

本文通过比较的视角来探索中共政权对中国天主教会包括官方与地下教会的特殊控制及其原因。自中共建国后，对比与其同宗同源，同为近代外来宗教的基督新教，中国天主教会长期以来受到中共严厉的控制。同时，近三十年来，基督新教在中国发展迅猛，成为当代中国发展最快的宗教，而在晚清和国民党政权下，基督新教在中国的发展一直远远落后于天主教。本文试图对这两个特殊现象进行研究。 / 对于中共的严厉控制，学界的普遍观点是将其归结为天主教会强大的外国背景和与梵蒂冈的关系； 而近三十年来基督新教在华迅猛发展的原因被认为是它改良的教义和积极的传教模式。然而，基督新教同样具有强大的外国背景，它改良的教义和传教模式自晚清起在中国并没有本质改变，为何只在中共政权下得到迅速发展？本文试图通过对比天主教与基督新教在教义与组织结构、在华传播模式与发展速度、在华对政治的参与等方面的差异，以及天主教会在中国与中共政权在意识形态与组织结构上的异同，来探索中共对天主教会的特殊对待是否存在更深层次的原因，并探讨两者之间是否存在不可调和的矛盾。 / 笔者认为，作为一个意识形态与组织高度合一的政权，中共害怕任何有严密统一全国性组织的宗教，不管它是否有外国背景。而作为有全国性统一严密组织的宗教组织，天主教会在中国之所以没有像"一贯道"和"法轮功"一样被中共消灭掉，是因为其与梵蒂冈的关系。作为"国际性合法宗教"，天主教得以在中国生存。与基督新教相比，天主教会在中国，作为一种保守的，不倾向于革命或改良的宗教组织，在主观上从未试图挑战政权，但是其政教合一的严密组织以及建立在儒家伦理和宗族（家族）基础上的稳定的网络结构，在客观上构成对中共政权的有力竞争与潜在威胁，因此受到中共严密控制。中共利用"自选自圣"的策略，保持天主教会在中国的分裂， 从而达到"分而治之"的目的。同时，中共保持天主教地下教会在中国有限度的存在，以维持其对中国天主教会的有效控制。 / My research focuses on church-state relations in contemporary China, to explore whether or not the Catholic Church in China constitutes a threat to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) regime. I am undertaking a comparative study of the CCP’s religious control over the Catholic and Protestant churches in mainland China through the approach of state-society relations, as well as a macroscopic view of political science with quantitative and qualitative analysis. / As they are both foreign-originated parts of Christianity, the Catholic Church has been subjected to much stricter controls from the mainland CCP since 1949 than the Protestant Churches. Furthermore, the Protestant churches have been the fastest growing religion in China in past three decades, but it had once grown relatively very slowly under late Qing and the KMT regimes, compared with the Catholicism. This research tries to explore these two strange phenomena, to study why the CCP has been so highly attentive towards the Catholic Church but has not eliminated it in mainland China. / Through expounding the differences between the Catholic Church and the Protestant churches in religious doctrines, organizational structures, propagation models, as well as development rates in China, which have been ignored by most scholars in the field, I try to interpret why the CCP has taken much tougher religious control over the Catholic Church, compared with the Protestant ones. Furthermore, I also make comparison between the Catholic Church and the CCP both of those are hierarchical organizations with highly unified ideologies, as well as different kinds of Universalism and Particularism. / In my view, the Catholic Church in China is different from Protestant churches, in that it has the tradition of "The Directives of Matteo Ricci," which expounded Christian doctrines in a Confucian way. It also comports with the traditional dependence on patriarchal clans (kinship) and obedience to secular authority found in Chinese society. It is not a social group that inclines to reform or revolution, but rather a conservative, exclusive, and highly stable one. Therefore, it has never intended to threaten or challenge the CCP’s authority. The opposition of the Catholic Church in China has been "misperceived" by the CCP. / As a regime highly unified in ideology and organization, the CCP’s state has been highly attentive toward any religion that has a nationwide, structured organization in China, whether it is of foreign or native provenance. Contrary to the common view in the field, it is argued that the Catholic Church could survive in China after 1949 -- in contrast to the "I-Kuan Tao" (Yi Guan Dao; eliminated in 1950’s), and "Falun Gong" (eliminated in recent years), because of its powerful world-wide network, its linkage with the Vatican. The CCP wants to maintain the disruption between the official and underground Catholic Churches in the Chinese mainland, to divide the Catholic Church and rule it in China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 郝瑩. / Thesis submitted: October 2013. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-236). / Abstracts also in English. / Hao Ying.

葉菁華. / 論文(神學碩士) -- 香港中文大學院宗敎及神學學部, 1995. / 參考文獻: leaves 121-138. / Ye Jinghua. / Chapter 一、 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter A. --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter B. --- 旨趣與取向 --- p.3 / Chapter C. --- 探討對象的界定 --- p.7 / Chapter 1. --- 「建制更正敎會」 --- p.7 / Chapter 2. --- 「當代中國」 --- p.14 / Chapter D. --- 資料取材 --- p.16 / Chapter 1. --- 資料來源 --- p.16 / Chapter 2. --- 取捨標準 --- p.18 / Chapter E. --- 理論與方法 --- p.19 / Chapter 1. --- 理論視野 --- p.19 / Chapter 2. --- 探討方法與全文流程 --- p.26 / Chapter F. --- 一些澄清 --- p.28 / Chapter 1. --- 代表性問題 --- p.28 / Chapter 2. --- 語文問題 --- p.29 / Chapter 二、 --- 中國建制更正敎會神學的形成處境 --- p.31 / Chapter A. --- 政治處境 --- p.33 / Chapter 1. --- 從國家-社會關係看政敎關係 --- p.33 / Chapter 2. --- 建制敎會在統一戰線中 --- p.36 / Chapter 3. --- 微妙的政敎關係 --- p.42 / Chapter B. --- 教會脈絡 --- p.45 / Chapter C. --- 神學話語與兩大處境 --- p.50 / Chapter 三、 --- 當代中國建制更正敎會的主導神學話語 --- p.55 / Chapter A. --- 引論 --- p.55 / Chapter 1. --- 主導神學的前提與方法 --- p.56 / Chapter 2. --- 主導神學的議題與重點 --- p.63 / Chapter B. --- 上帝與人世的關係 --- p.66 / Chapter 1. --- 宇宙的基督 --- p.67 / Chapter 2. --- 全愛的上帝 --- p.73 / Chapter C. --- 上帝在人世的作爲 --- p.77 / Chapter 1. --- 遍在的聖靈 --- p.77 / Chapter 2. --- 中國的基督事件 --- p.79 / Chapter 3. --- 上帝在歷史進程中 --- p.82 / Chapter a) --- 由創造至終末 --- p.82 / Chapter b) --- 對國家、 敎會的顧 佑 --- p.84 / Chapter 四、 --- 當代中國建制更正敎會的另類神學話語 --- p.87 / Chapter A. --- 引論 --- p.87 / Chapter B. --- 國外神學的引介 --- p.89 / Chapter C. --- 「文革後」神學反省 --- p.91 / Chapter D. --- 先知傳統與社會政治批判 --- p.96 / Chapter 1. --- 先知傳統的冒現 --- p.96 / Chapter 2. --- 社會責任與先知作用 --- p.97 / Chapter 3. --- 社會政治批判 --- p.101 / Chapter E. --- 對主導話語的挑戰 --- p.106 / Chapter 五、 --- 結論 --- p.109 / Chapter A. --- 當代中國建制更正敎會神學的特色及趨勢 --- p.109 / Chapter B. --- 討論 --- p.113 / Chapter 六、 --- 資料及書目 --- p.121 / Chapter A. --- 主要資料 --- p.121 / Chapter B. --- 中文書目 --- p.131 / Chapter C. --- 英文書目 --- p.134

published_or_final_version / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

何翰庭 = The life and thought of Liu Liang-mo, a Pro-Communist Christian / Ho Hon-ting Johnson. / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 105-119. / 中英文摘要. / He Hanting = The life and thought of Liu Liang-mo, a Pro-Communist Christian / Ho Hon-ting Johnson. / 論文撮要 --- p.ii / 鳴謝 --- p.iii / Chapter 第一章´Ø --- 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 硏究動機 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 硏究回顧略述 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 參考資料與硏究方法 / Chapter 第二章´Ø --- 劉良模的生平略述 --- p.16 / Chapter 第三章´Ø --- 劉良模的救國思想 --- p.23 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 引言 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 劉良模早期的改良思想 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 對共產黨的認識和支持 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 留美九年的經歷 / Chapter 五´Ø --- 小結 / Chapter 第四章´Ø --- 劉良模的教會改造思想 --- p.57 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 引言 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 中共建國前中國基督徒對政治的態度 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 劉良模對新中國的認同 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 劉良模的三自改造思想 / Chapter 五´Ø --- 劉良模與基督教的改造 / Chapter 六´Ø --- 劉良模的「基督教思想」 / Chapter 七´Ø --- 小結 / Chapter 第五章´Ø --- 總結 --- p.99 / Chapter 一 ´Ø --- 「紅色基督徒」在新政權中的作用 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 宗教信仰對劉良模的意義 / 參考資料 --- p.105 / 附錄 --- p.120 / 劉良模的生平照片 / 民眾歌詠會情況 / 三十年代基督教青年會舊址現貌 / 美國賓夕凡尼亞大學圖書館檔案部回覆筆者信函：關於劉良模的檔案

朱宇晶. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 308-326) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhu Yujing.