Universiẗat, Diss., 1999--Dortmund. / Dateiformat: PDF.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Also available online.

《詞律》二十卷，清初詞家萬樹（字紅友，又字花農，1630¬¬－1688）編撰，成書於康熙二十六年（1687），全書錄六百六十調，一千一百八十餘體，是清初錄調最豐，辨體最詳的詞譜著作。現時《詞律》的研究，就成書背景及撰作原因而言，學者大多以明清易代的政治變故及清初詞壇針對明代詞壇而作出的反響這兩大方面切入，而就《詞律》一書本身的內部情況而言，學者傾向借助萬樹《詞律》中的〈自敘〉及〈發凡〉發微，闡述其體例，批評其得失。以上現況反映《詞律》的研究已經開展，同時基於《詞律》與時代的密切關係，又再一次證明此書對清初詞壇的重要性。然而，以上外緣因素雖然適用於清初詞壇的普遍情況，卻缺乏對《詞律》的針對性分析，而《詞律》的內部分析則又過份倚賴萬樹本人在〈自敘〉及〈發凡〉的現身說法，忽視了書中例詞、旁注、萬樹評點的價值。因此，本研究除緒論及結論，正文凡四章，分上、下篇，嘗試從外緣到內部，為《詞律》研究提供新說。第一章〈緒論〉將就研究動機、文獻回顧、方法論等作基本說明；第二章將重新檢討清初詞壇的尊體策略，析論破體、辨體及時流景貌，重估清初詞壇在尊體此命題下的角力關係，由此，為萬樹《詞律》在清初詞壇的定位提供說法，作為往後論述的基調；第三章則從先秦兩漢論律、論樂的思想傳統、宋代六次更訂樂制及大晟府影響下的詞人生態這三方面溯源，析論萬樹《詞律》將詞律設想為樂律，再藉由樂律之道通往尊體之道的根據，以此分析萬樹《詞律》由「紹述古音」轉出其獨特的「律呂之學」的思路；第四章則轉入《詞律》內部，嘗試於《詞律》的〈自敘〉及〈發凡〉之外，探索其內在理路，藉柳永及周邦彥、方千里、吳文英這兩組在《詞律》中特殊的現象，指出萬樹強調比勘互校，並將此提升至貫穿全書、組織全書的內在理路，由此邁向其「至公大雅」的追求；第五章則借鑑文獻學及西方書籍史研究的觀點，反思詞譜類著作的物質形態，分析《詞律》如何有別於當時一般詞譜，同時兼顧了視覺閱讀及聲音演練兩方面以推動填詞實踐，既解決填詞的操作問題也克服審美的困難，由此，呼應編撰《詞律》以推尊詞體的目標；第六章為結論，除歸納本研究中有關《詞律》的發現，同時亦會就研究方法作出反思。= 20 volumues of CiLu (《詞律》), written and edited by early Qing Dynasty Ci scholar WanShu (萬樹, who also named Hungyou, and known as Huanong) are finished in the year of Kangxi 26 (1687). The whole volume collects 660 kinds of tune (詞調) and more than 1180 kinds of genre (詞體). This makes it the most abundant collection of tune and classification of genre in early Qing. Of studies of CiLu today, from the perspective of writing background and reason, scholars tend to intersect the object through lens of political change during Ming to Qing as well as of the pinpointed response of early Qing Ci literary circle towards Ming Ci literary circle. Moreover, with regard to content of CiLu, scholars tend to decipher the text by interpreting WanShu's self account and introduction, explaining its format and criticizing its good and bad. This shows that research effort towards CiLu has already begun, and, at the same time, has demonstrated its importance to Qing literary circle due to the fact that it has a very close relationship with the era. However, although those external factors raised here are suitable to explain the universal situation of early Qing Ci circle, a target-oriented analysis towards CiLu is absent. Those internal analysis based on content also overly rely on WanShu's self account and introduction yet omit the value of Ci examples, annotations and WanShu's comments. Therefore, in this research, except the parts of introduction and conclusion, the body contains 4 chapters and is divided into former and latter part so as to provide a fresh angle and discourse upon the study of CiLu via an attempt of viewing it from the external to the internal. The first chapter－Introduction－ provides a clean explanation upon the goals, literature review and methodology of the research; the second chapter will review early Qing Ci poetry circle's canonization strategy (尊體策略) to clarify genre integration (破體), genre classification (辨體) and the spectacle of writing trend of the era. It also revaluates the tension among literary parties upon the issue of canonization in early Ching circle so that a new discourse upon the literary status of WanShu's CiLu would be brought forth as the fundamental argument of the thesis. The third chapter will trace traditional influence of CiLu's by reviewing music discussion in Pre-Qin and Han, six times official review of music systems in Song dynasty and Ci lyricists' inhabitation under the influence of Dashengfu (大晟府), and hence, it is analyzed that WanShu's CiLu alludes rules of Ci poetry writing to music theory. Then through the way of music theory, it paves the road to canonization of certain Ci poetry －this also demonstrates how WanShu's CiLu develops its own unique rules of music-lyrics theory (律呂之學) from purely inheriting ancient style (紹述古音) . The forth chapter shifts to the internal textual studies of CiLu. Apart from CiLu's self account and introduction, it tries to explore its inner logic(內在理路): by the unusual phenomenon of juxtaposing LiuYong and ChouBaoyan as well as comparing FangQianli and WuWenyin, it is noted that WanShu's emphasis on comparingly slow reading and parallel proofreading is the inner clue of netting the whole volume as well as the corner stone to his literary pursuit of being "supremely just and grandly noble" (至公大雅). The fifth chapter borrows angles of bibliography and the Cultural History Study of Book to reflect on the material form of Cipu (詞譜)writing, analysing how CiLu differentiates from other common Cipu during the period: it both masters the two facets of visual reading and vocal drill to advocate the practice of Ci poetry writing. This not only solves the problem of writing techniques but also conquers the difficulty of adopting different aesthetics norm. It, hence, echoes CiLu's editing aims which are promotion and canonization of Ci. The sixth chapter is conclusion which induces all the discoveries of this research as well as reflects on the methodology.

<p>The overall purpose of this paper is to investigate the implementation of Continuous Improvement (CI) in companies from Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Australia and United Kingdom.This paper used the 2nd international CI survey to analyze CI behavior. The analysis was made by comparing the tools in clusters defined by different CI abilities.The major finding is that different CI tool usage depends on the different CI ability</p>

The overall purpose of this paper is to investigate the implementation of Continuous Improvement (CI) in companies from Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Australia and United Kingdom.This paper used the 2nd international CI survey to analyze CI behavior. The analysis was made by comparing the tools in clusters defined by different CI abilities.The major finding is that different CI tool usage depends on the different CI ability

Competitive intelligence (CI) is one of the fastest growing fields in the business world South Africa included; yet little quantitative research has been conducted or published on the development and use of CI in South Africa. CI is concerned with the methods companies use to monitor their competitors, their own competitive position, and to improve their competitiveness. It is not a new business activity but modern CI is more focused, formal, organised and actionable. CI is not an activity limited to a few countries or companies in certain industries; it is a worldwide phenomenon. Most of the Fortune 500 companies use CI extensively. Literature shows some countries such as France, Japan, Sweden and the USA to be more advanced in their embracement of CI as a means to enhance competitiveness. In these countries, CI is a recognised business discipline and has become a major source to achieve competitive advantage. They are also developed in terms of the role government plays in supporting CI activities. Another indicator of CI as a growing practice worldwide is the development of the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP). Globally, SCIP chapters have taken root in all continents. Moreover, SCIP Europe, SCIP Italia, SCIP Australia and SClP Deutschland are part of a growing worldwide network of SCIP affiliates, i.e. independent organisations that have formally affiliated with SCIP. Leaders in the field of CI training are France, Japan, Israel, Sweden, and Korea while Europe is beginning to appreciate the importance of CI as a corporate tool. Some practitioners suggest that in the near future, all MBA programmes in Europe will include CI as a core subject and that the investment community will be looking at companies' track records in terms of their CI practices (Blagg, 2002). In comparison, CI in South Africa is still in its infancy (Muller, 1999). However, with South Africa's competitive landscape being reshaped, the need for CI as a means to enhance competitiveness has grown rapidly. Research into CI in South Africa has been limited. The first comprehensive research projects were launched in the beginning of the century. Very few companies then knew about CI, let alone practice it. But that did not mean that companies did not monitor competitors and other external events. There was just no formalised structured approach in assessing their environment. Since then, a team of researchers came together to find an answer to the question: What is the level of development and deployment of CI in South Africa? The findings of the research indicated a realisation among South African companies that they will have to take pro-active steps based on available information in order to survive. An assessment of current programmes in CI at South African learning institutions revealed a lack of formal academic programmes. Current programmes are mainly limited to short courses in basic CI principles. At present there are no CI courses presented at secondary schools in South Africa, and although some progress has been made in the development of courses, much still needs to be done. Programmes should also be presented at business schools at MBA level or at least as part of management and leadership training. A detailed description of the development of CI in South Africa in the areas of research, consulting and training is provided in Chapter 2. To illustrate the CI practice in a company, a case study is discussed in Chapter 3 to examine and analyse the development of the CI capability in one of the most prominent pharmaceutical companies. The pharmaceutical industry provides an appropriate example of an industry that undergoes constant and rapid change. Various areas of CI still need to be researched including CI in the academy as well as further studies on how companies in South Africa conduct CI. This study aims to add to the growing database of research into CI in South Africa. For the first research article (chapter 2) two research methods were used i.e. a literature study irto CI as a business discipline and a qualitative design (interviews) to obtain information from leaders in CI in South Africa. Given that CI is still in its infancy, the sample was small and included all recognised knowledgeable people on Clin South Africa. For the second research article (chapter 3) the same two research methods were applied. Both a qualitative design (interviews) and a questionnaire were used for the collection of primary information on the targeted company. The interviews were conducted with the CI manager in the company that was targeted for the case study. The sensitive nature of CI meant that permission for the publication of the case study had to be obtained provided a disguised name was used. / Thesis (MA (Public Management and Governance))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Competitive intelligence (CI) is one of the fastest growing fields in the business world South Africa included; yet little quantitative research has been conducted or published on the development and use of CI in South Africa. CI is concerned with the methods companies use to monitor their competitors, their own competitive position, and to improve their competitiveness. It is not a new business activity but modern CI is more focused, formal, organised and actionable. CI is not an activity limited to a few countries or companies in certain industries; it is a worldwide phenomenon. Most of the Fortune 500 companies use CI extensively. Literature shows some countries such as France, Japan, Sweden and the USA to be more advanced in their embracement of CI as a means to enhance competitiveness. In these countries, CI is a recognised business discipline and has become a major source to achieve competitive advantage. They are also developed in terms of the role government plays in supporting CI activities. Another indicator of CI as a growing practice worldwide is the development of the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP). Globally, SCIP chapters have taken root in all continents. Moreover, SCIP Europe, SCIP Italia, SCIP Australia and SClP Deutschland are part of a growing worldwide network of SCIP affiliates, i.e. independent organisations that have formally affiliated with SCIP. Leaders in the field of CI training are France, Japan, Israel, Sweden, and Korea while Europe is beginning to appreciate the importance of CI as a corporate tool. Some practitioners suggest that in the near future, all MBA programmes in Europe will include CI as a core subject and that the investment community will be looking at companies' track records in terms of their CI practices (Blagg, 2002). In comparison, CI in South Africa is still in its infancy (Muller, 1999). However, with South Africa's competitive landscape being reshaped, the need for CI as a means to enhance competitiveness has grown rapidly. Research into CI in South Africa has been limited. The first comprehensive research projects were launched in the beginning of the century. Very few companies then knew about CI, let alone practice it. But that did not mean that companies did not monitor competitors and other external events. There was just no formalised structured approach in assessing their environment. Since then, a team of researchers came together to find an answer to the question: What is the level of development and deployment of CI in South Africa? The findings of the research indicated a realisation among South African companies that they will have to take pro-active steps based on available information in order to survive. An assessment of current programmes in CI at South African learning institutions revealed a lack of formal academic programmes. Current programmes are mainly limited to short courses in basic CI principles. At present there are no CI courses presented at secondary schools in South Africa, and although some progress has been made in the development of courses, much still needs to be done. Programmes should also be presented at business schools at MBA level or at least as part of management and leadership training. A detailed description of the development of CI in South Africa in the areas of research, consulting and training is provided in Chapter 2. To illustrate the CI practice in a company, a case study is discussed in Chapter 3 to examine and analyse the development of the CI capability in one of the most prominent pharmaceutical companies. The pharmaceutical industry provides an appropriate example of an industry that undergoes constant and rapid change. Various areas of CI still need to be researched including CI in the academy as well as further studies on how companies in South Africa conduct CI. This study aims to add to the growing database of research into CI in South Africa. For the first research article (chapter 2) two research methods were used i.e. a literature study irto CI as a business discipline and a qualitative design (interviews) to obtain information from leaders in CI in South Africa. Given that CI is still in its infancy, the sample was small and included all recognised knowledgeable people on Clin South Africa. For the second research article (chapter 3) the same two research methods were applied. Both a qualitative design (interviews) and a questionnaire were used for the collection of primary information on the targeted company. The interviews were conducted with the CI manager in the company that was targeted for the case study. The sensitive nature of CI meant that permission for the publication of the case study had to be obtained provided a disguised name was used. / Thesis (MA (Public Management and Governance))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Arts

No description available.