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Bioecologia de joaninhas predadoras em sistema org?nico diversificado e efeitos de defensivos alternativos sobre Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) em laborat?rio / Bioecology of predatory ladybugs in diversified organic farming system and effects of alternative pesticides on Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory conditionsLixa, Alice Teodorio 22 February 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Coccinellid predators are natural enemies of agricultural pests such as aphids and scale
insects. They are known colloquially as ladybirds, ladybugs or lady beetles. Some species
only complete their development and produce viable eggs and offspring when they consume
their preferred prey. However, in the absence of this prey, or in presence with lower
nutritional quality prey, the ladybugs tend to consume alternative foods, such as pollen and
nectar, to ensure their survival. Thus, the choice and maintenance of useful floral resources to
ladybugs in agroecosystems is a strategy favorable to the conservation of natural enemy
populations in the production environment. Another line is the use of pesticides that cause
fewer negative impacts on natural enemies of pests. This study worked on these two fronts,
seeking to know floral species beneficial in situ conservation of biodiversity of ladybugs, and
to evaluable the impact of pesticides used in organic agriculture on these insects. The thesis is
organized in three chapters. Chapter I aimed to identify plant families and/or plant species are
natural sources of pollen grains for predatory ladybug adults in diversified organic system.
Adults were collected from 26 August 2010 to 22 August 2011, at area of Integrated
Agroecological Production System (IAPS), in Serop?dica, RJ, Brazil. Baker's legs and wings
have been removed to avoid contamination with pollen attached to the outside of the insects,
the remainder of the body subjected to acetolysis analysis, aiming at the identification of
pollen possibly ingested. We identified pollen from different plant species: star fruit
(Averrhoa carambola, Oxalidaceae), coriander (Coriandrum sativum, Apiaceae), sunflower
(Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae), maize (Zea mays, Poaceae), elderberry (Sambucus nigra,
Adoxaceae), and different families: coming from Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae,
Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, and Passifloraceae. Pollens were found in seven species of ladybugs.
Just Cycloneda sanguinea ingested pollen of all these families, and pollen unidentified
families. Chapter II aimed to determine the diversity of adult ladybugs community in the area
of IAPS, and characterize the population structure by faunistic indexes. Species richness was
equal to seven [Cycloneda sanguinea, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculate,
Coleomegilla quadrifasciata, Eriopis connexa, Harmonia axyridis, and Olla v-nigrum]. C.
sanguinea, H. convergens, and C. maculata were classified as dominant, being the first
constant and others accessories. In Chapter III, the studies were conducted with C. maculata
at laboratory conditions, with the objective of evaluating the effect of different concentrations
of alternative pesticides used in organic agriculture (Natuneem?, Nim-I-Go?, Rotenat?, Lime
sulfur, and Agrobio?) on biological aspects of this insect. The two neem based products
(Natuneem and Nim-I-Go) to 2 % and the ?timb?? based product (Rotenat) 1% and 2 %
decreased egg viability of C. maculata. Nim-I-Go at concentrations of 1% and 2% caused
higher mortality than the control treatment (water) in all larval instars. Except Agrobio, all
pesticides adversely affected the reproduction of C. maculata. The neem based products
should be used sparingly to avoid negative effects on the development of C. maculata. / Dentre os inimigos naturais das pragas agr?colas, destacam-se os coccinel?deos predadores,
tamb?m conhecidos como joaninhas. Algumas esp?cies s? completam seu desenvolvimento e
produzem ovos e prog?nies vi?veis quando consomem sua presa preferencial. Todavia, na
aus?ncia dessa presa ou na presen?a de uma presa com qualidade nutricional inferior, as
joaninhas tendem a consumir alimentos alternativos, tais como p?len e n?ctar, para garantir
sua sobreviv?ncia. Desse modo, a escolha e a manuten??o de recursos florais ?teis ?s
joaninhas no agroecossistema ? uma estrat?gia favor?vel ? conserva??o de popula??es dos
inimigos naturais no ambiente de produ??o. Outra linha ? o uso de defensivos que causem
menos impactos negativos aos inimigos naturais das pragas. O presente trabalho atuou nessas
duas frentes, buscando conhecer esp?cies florais ben?ficas a conserva??o in situ da
biodiversidade das joaninhas e defensivos agr?colas, usados na agricultura org?nica, menos
danosos a esses insetos. A tese foi organizada em tr?s cap?tulos. No Cap?tulo I objetivou-se
identificar, em sistema org?nico diversificado, quais fam?lias e/ou esp?cies bot?nicas s?o
fontes naturais de gr?os de p?len para adultos de joaninhas predadoras. Os adultos foram
coletados de 26 de agosto de 2010 a 22 de agosto de 2011, em ?rea do Sistema Integrado de
Produ??o Agroecol?gica (SIPA), em Serop?dica, RJ. Asas e pernas das joaninhas foram
retiradas a fim de evitar contamina??es por polens presos ? parte externa dos insetos, sendo o
restante do corpo submetido ? an?lise de acet?lise, objetivando a identifica??o dos polens
possivelmente ingeridos. Foram identificados polens de diferentes esp?cies bot?nicas:
carambola (Averrhoa carambola, Oxalidaceae), coentro (Coriandrum sativum, Apiaceae),
girassol (Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae), milho (Zea mays, Poaceae), sabugueiro (Sambucus
nigra, Adoxaceae); e de diferentes fam?lias: oriundos de Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae,
Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae e Passifloraceae. Os polens foram encontrados em sete
esp?cies de joaninhas afid?fagas. Apenas a Cycloneda sanguinea ingeriu p?len de todas essas
fam?lias, al?m de polens de fam?lias n?o identificadas. No Cap?tulo II, objetivou-se determinar
a diversidade comunidade de joaninhas adultas, em ?rea do SIPA, e caracterizar a estrutura
das popula??es por meio da an?lise faun?stica. A riqueza de esp?cies foi igual a sete
[Cycloneda sanguinea, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculata, Coleomegilla
quadrifasciata, Eriopis connexa, Harmonia axyridis e Olla v-nigrum]. C. sangu?nea, H.
convergens e C. maculata foram classificadas como dominantes, sendo a primeira constante e
as demais acess?rias. No Cap?tulo III, os estudos foram conduzidos com C. maculata, em
condi??es de laborat?rio, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentra??es de
produtos fitossanit?rios alternativos usados em agricultura org?nica (Natuneem?, Nim-I-Go?,
Rotenat?, Calda sulfoc?lcica e Agrobio?), sobre aspectos biol?gicos desse inseto. Os dois
produtos ? base de nim (Natuneem e Nim-I-Go) a 2% e o produto ? base de timb? (Rotenat) a
1% e 2% diminu?ram a viabilidade dos ovos de C. maculata. Nim-I-Go nas concentra??es de
1% e 2% causou maior mortalidade do que o tratamento controle (?gua) em todos os instares
larvais. Com exce??o do Agrobio todos os produtos fitossanit?rios influenciaram
negativamente a reprodu??o de C. maculata. Os produtos ? base de nim devem ser utilizados
com parcim?nia para evitar efeitos negativos ao desenvolvimento de C. maculata.
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Uma inser??o de recursos institucionais na disciplina de constru??es rurais: o uso de materiais alternativos dispon?veis na microrregi?o de Satuba nas constru??es de instala??es rurais. / An Insertion of Institutional Resources in the Discipline of Rural Constructions: The Use of Alternative Materials Available in Satuba Microregion in the Construction of Rural Facilities.Amorim, Francisco de Assis Ver?osa 21 October 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-10-21 / Within this study, we aimed the participation of students on thirth year of Agriculture Course
in order to awaken, them and through them, the interest of the community surrounding
Federal Agrotechnical School of Satuba/AL for the use of alternative materials, available at
this micro-region, for construction of rural breeding of family subsistence, through alternative
techniques of rustic construction, using " knowledge development " and "design
methodology". Faced with this challenge, the work was organized in four stages. At first
stage, there was the involvement of students through a questionnaire about the possibility of
using alternative materials for rural construction, such as fibers, palm leaves, polypropylene
fiber raffia bags, old tires, PET, clay, etc., followed by the presentation of examples of rustic
buildings and facilities for housing animals, reported in the literature, on the Internet and
orally among the inhabitants of Satuba micro-region. In the second stage, we seek
"knowledge development? based on the construction of diverse animal facilities for family
subsistence production, using alternative materials found in Satuba micro-region, together
with the community. In the third period, we reviewed, cataloged, organized and worked out
an institutional document, as an embryonic proposed model of rustic facilities for breeding,
using techniques and alternative materials, developed at the collective research, in order to
boost an entire productive circle, from the collection of these materials until the construction
of rural facilities for animal production, thus occupying families in an alternative activity,
environmentally adequated, without requiring large investments. On fourth stage, we sought
to evaluate the change that the experience of rural buildings construction with alternative
materials had on the students. It was concluded that the proposal is viable and can be
incorporated into the community, with students help, as a process of knowledge elaboration. / No presente trabalho, buscou-se a participa??o de alunos dos terceiros anos do Curso de
Agropecu?ria com o intuito de despertar, neles e por meio deles, o interesse da comunidade
circunvizinha ? Escola Agrot?cnica Federal de Satuba/AL, para a utiliza??o dos materiais
alternativos dispon?veis na sua microrregi?o, para constru??o de instala??es rurais de cria??es
de animais de subsist?ncia familiar. Para isso se usou as t?cnicas alternativas r?sticas de
constru??o civil, as quais foram ?desconstru?das? e ?reconstru?das? atrav?s da ?elabora??o do
conhecimento? e da ?metodologia de projetos? com o intuito de adapt?-las as constru??es de
instala??es de cria??es animais. Diante desse desafio, o trabalho foi organizado em quatro
momentos. No primeiro momento, ocorreu o envolvimento dos alunos, por meio de um
question?rio sobre a possibilidade de uso de materiais alternativos na constru??o rural, com
fibras, folhas de palmeiras, sacos de fibra de r?fia e polipropileno, pneus velhos, embalagem
PET, argila, etc. E, por conseguinte se apresentou exemplos de constru??es r?sticas para
moradias humanas e instala??es zoot?cnicas, existentes na literatura, internet e tamb?m as
difundido popularmente entre os moradores da microrregi?o de Satuba. No segundo
momento, se buscou atrav?s da ?elabora??o do conhecimento? construir as instala??es
animais mais utilizadas na circunvizinhan?a na produ??o familiar de subsist?ncia, utilizandose
dos materiais alternativos dispon?veis na microrregi?o de Satuba, e do saber popular. No
terceiro momento, levantou-se, organizou-se e elaborou-se um documento para utiliza??o
institucional, com t?cnicas de instala??es r?sticas tradicionalmente consolidadas, para assim,
com a ?constru??o do conhecimento? despertasse nos alunos, poss?veis desenvolvimentos de
novas id?ias para as constru??es de instala??es r?sticas para cria??o de animais. Bem assim
motivar todo um c?rculo produtivo, desde a coleta desses materiais at? a constru??o de
instala??es rurais para produ??o animal, ocupando as fam?lias em uma atividade alternativa,
ecologicamente correta, sem exigir grandes investimentos. No quarto momento, buscou-se
avaliar com a apresenta??o do mesmo question?rio apresentado no primeiro momento a
modifica??o que a viv?ncia com a constru??o por materiais alternativos exerceu sobre os
alunos. Concluiu-se que a proposta ? vi?vel e pode ser incorporada pela comunidade, com o
aux?lio dos alunos, num processo de elabora??o do conhecimento com aplicabilidade das
t?cnicas de constru??o com materiais alternativos, nas instala??es de cria??es animais.
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Utiliza??o de m?todos n?o destrutivos na avalia??o da qualidade da madeira de Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze proveniente de plantios de restaura??o florestal / Use of non-destructive methods to evaluate the quality of the wood Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze from forest restoration plantingsSantos, Pablo Vieira dos 26 February 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Forest restoration is an important mechanism which can recover anthropized environments. In this context, the use of native species in order to wood production has become a very positive alternative in the economic viability of this activity, so that, know information about native species with potential for production of high quality wood, used in forest restoration, is an important task. Concerning this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the wood Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze from forest restoration plantings, through non-destructive methods. Were selected 20 individuals in the field through a silvicultural assessment and then were determined dendrometric characteristics: diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, tree standing volume and bark thickness. Four different non-destructive methods of assessing wood quality based on the DBH (1.30 m from the base of the tree): extensometry, resistograph, impulse tomograph and x-ray densitometry (pulling out wood samples by Pressler probe). The longitudinal residual strain (LRS) average of wood was 0.054 mm, a value lower than that found in the literature for many species, as for the Eucalyptus genus. The amplitudes generated by resistograph allowed the estimation the basic density values of wood Cariniana legalis, presenting a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.68) at 1% significance level. The average apparent density average, obtained by X-ray densitometry, was 0.528 g / cm3. In general, Cariniana legalis threes were homogeneous, with good sanity wood (without internal rot or hollow) and moderately dense density being easy workability and suitable for the furniture industry. / A restaura??o florestal ? um importante mecanismo, no qual se consegue recuperar ambientes antropizados. Neste contexto, o uso de esp?cies nativas visando a produ??o madeireira tem se tornado uma alternativa bastante positiva na viabiliza??o econ?mica desta atividade, de modo que, conhecer informa??es a respeito de esp?cies nativas com potencial na produ??o de madeira de alta qualidade, utilizadas na restaura??o florestal, ? uma tarefa de grande import?ncia. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira de Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze proveniente de plantios de restaura??o florestal, atrav?s de m?todos n?o destrutivos. Foram selecionados 20 indiv?duos no campo por meio de uma avalia??o silvicultural e em seguida determinou-se as caracter?sticas dendrom?tricas (di?metro ? altura do peito (DAP), altura total, volume da ?rvore em p? e a espessura da casca). Quatro diferentes m?todos n?o destrutivos de avalia??o da qualidade da madeira foram utilizados, sendo eles a extensometria, resistograf?a, tomografia de impulso e densitometria de raios X (retirando-se amostras do lenho por meio da sonda de Pressler), todos os ensaios tiveram como refer?ncia a altura do DAP (1,30m a partir da base da ?rvore). A deforma??o residual longitudinal (DRL) m?dia da madeira foi de 0,054 mm, valor este inferior ao encontrado na literatura para muitas esp?cies, como para o g?nero Eucalyptus. As amplitudes geradas pelo resist?grafo permitiram estimar os valores de densidade b?sica da madeira de Cariniana legalis, apresentando uma correla??o positiva e significativa (r = 0,68) ao n?vel de 1% de signific?ncia. A densidade aparente m?dia, obtida por meio da densitometria de raios X, foi de 0,528 g/cm3. De maneira geral os indiv?duos de Cariniana legalis se mostraram homog?neos, apresentando boa sanidade do lenho (sem ocos internos ou podrid?es) e densidade moderadamente densa, sendo de f?cil trabalhabilidade e indicada para a ind?stria moveleira
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Viabilidade t?cnica, qualidade nutricional e sensorial de produtos ? base de carne de Til?pia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Technical feasibility, nutritional and sensorial quality of products based on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) meatRESENDE, Alda Leticia da Silva Santos 08 June 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-08 / Once fish product offering by means of extractivism became stable, aquaculture emerges as a viable alternative to the increasing demand for quality protein. Brazilian low consumption of fish meat can be explained not only by cultural factors, but also by low offer of processed products as well as lack of practicity in meal preparation. In industry, after tilapia filleting, mechanically separated meat (MSM) is obtained which can be used for manufacturing of products with higher aggregated value. This work aimed at studying the technical feasibility, nutritional and sensorial qualities of tilapia fillet both in preserves and p?t? based on MSM, where protein and fatty acid profile alterations are observed. Simultaneously, a study on p?t? life span was carried out for a 180-days' period. Time x temperature binomial used (115?C x 20 minutes, and 115?C x 15 minutes, for the tilapia fillet and p?t?, respectively), were sufficent for assuring the commercial sterility of products. In relation to the preserved fillet, the most acceptable formula was of brine at 3%, and addition of fish seasoning to the covering oil, resulting in acceptance of 49%; 82%; 88%, and 65% for the attibutes: ?appearance?, ?taste?, ?texture? and for the purchasing intention, respectively. Both fatty acids EPA (Eicosapentaenoic) and DHA (docosaenoic) values were of 0.04% and 0.86%, respectively, while the sum of fatty acids series ?3 was equal to 0.34 g/100 g. Content of cholesterol was of 40.63 mg/100 g, considered low when compared to other products, such as eggs and meat. Physicalchemical composition of the product was: moisture: 76.21%; protein: 16.18%; ashes: 1.45%; ethereal extract: 3.71%. In relation to the p?t?, the storing period studied did not alter either the protein or the fatty acids profile, nor was the physical-chemical composition significantly alterated (moisture: 61.05%; protein: 9.44%; ashes: 2.41%; ethereal extract: 19.45%). By means of Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) a significant variation (P<0.05) was observed only on the averages attributed to ?spreadability? and ?creamy quality? throughout the study. Although ethereal extract in p?t? was high, cholesterol content was low (38.68 mg/100 g) taking into account that canoil oil was used in its formula, which not compromised quality of fatty acids profiled. DHA and linoleic acid values of p?t? were 0.35 and 5.60, respectively, and the sum of series ?3 fatty acids was of 1.58 g/100 g. After 180-day storing, acceptance frequency by consummers was of 95% for the ?global impression?; 91% for ?taste?; 89% for ?spreadability?, and 80% for ?appearance?. This study proves the technical, nutritional and market potential for products based on Tilapia meat. / Com a estabiliza??o da oferta de produtos de pesca pelo extrativismo, a aquicultura se mostra como alternativa vi?vel ao atendimento da demanda crescente por prote?na de qualidade. O baixo consumo brasileiro da carne de pescado pode ser explicado por fatores culturais, mas tamb?m pela baixa oferta de produtos processados e pela falta de praticidade no preparo da refei??o. Na ind?stria, ap?s o processo de filetagem da Til?pia, obt?m-se com aux?lio de m?quina despolpadeira, a carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) que pode ser utilizada na fabrica??o de produtos com maior valor agregado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a viabilidade t?cnica, qualidade nutricional e sensorial do fil? de Til?pia em conserva e do pat? ? base da CMS, observando as altera??es no perfil prot?ico e de ?cidos graxos. Foi realizado tamb?m estudo de vida ?til do pat? por per?odo de 180 dias. Os bin?mios tempo x temperatura utilizados (115?C x 20 minutos e 115?C x 15 minutos, para fil? e pat? de Til?pia, respectivamente), foram suficientes para garantir a esterilidade comercial dos produtos. Em rela??o ao fil? em conserva, a formula??o que obteve maior aceita??o foi a de salmoura a 3% e com tempero para peixe no ?leo de cobertura na qual a frequ?ncia de aceita??o do mesmo foi de 49%; 82%; 88% e 65% para os atributos ?apar?ncia?, ?sabor?, ?textura? e para a inten??o de compra, respectivamente. Os valores de ?cidos graxos EPA (eicosapentan?ico) e DHA (docosaexan?ico) foram de 0,04% e 0,86%, respectivamente e o somat?rio de ?cidos graxos da s?rie ?3 igual a 0,34 g/100 g. O teor de colesterol do produto foi de 40,63 mg/100 g sendo considerado baixo quando comparado ? outros alimentos como ovos e carnes. A composi??o f?sico-qu?mica do produto foi: umidade: 76,21%; prote?na: 16,18%; cinzas: 1,45%; extrato et?reo: 3,71%. Em rela??o ao pat?, o per?odo de armazenamento estudado n?o alterou o perfil prot?ico nem o de ?cidos graxos do produto, al?m de n?o ter alterado de forma significativa a sua composi??o f?sico-qu?mica (umidade: 61,05%; prote?na: 9,44%; cinzas: 2,41%; extrato et?reo: 19,45%). Atrav?s da An?lise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ) foi observada varia??o significativa (p<0,05) somente das m?dias dos atributos ?espalhabilidade? e ?cremosidade? ao longo do estudo. Apesar do teor de extrato et?reo do pat? ser elevado, o teor de colesterol foi reduzido (38,68 mg/100 g) visto que foi usado ?leo de canola na sua formula??o, o que tamb?m n?o comprometeu a qualidade do perfil de ?cidos graxos do mesmo. Os valores de DHA e ?cido linol?nico do pat? foram 0,35 e 5,60%, respectivamente e o somat?rio dos ?cidos graxos da s?rie ?3 foi de 1,58 g/100 g. Ap?s 180 dias de armazenamento, a frequ?ncia de aceita??o do pat? entre os consumidores foi de 95% para a ?impress?o global?; de 91% para o atributo ?sabor?; de 89% para a ?espalhabilidade? e de 80% para a ?apar?ncia?. Este estudo comprova o potencial t?cnico, nutricional e de mercado para os produtos ? base de carne de Til?pia.
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Desempenho de Leguminosas para Aduba??o Verde e sua Utiliza??o no Cultivo Org?nico de Milho e Repolho no Cerrado de Mato Grosso do Sul / Performance of Legumes for Green Manure and their use in organic cultivation of maize and cabbage at the Cerrado of Mato Grosso do SulCesar, Marcius Nei Zanin 30 April 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-04-30 / Cap. I
The aim of this work is to evaluate the agronomic behavior of different legume species under
cerrado conditions in Mato Grosso do Sul. Seven experiments were carried out, all of them in
the experimental field of the (Ag?ncia de Desenvolvimento Agr?rio e Extens?o Rural de MS),
(Agency of rural development and extension of MS). Two of these experiments referred to the
performance of legumes evaluation. The first experiment was carried out during the Spring-
Summer period, and the second one during the Fall- Winter period. The treatments were
constituted by the legume species (Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria
mucronata, Crotalaria reviflora, Mucuna pruriens, Mucuna aterrima, Cajanus cajan (L.)
Millsp Cv Fava larga and Cv IAPAR Arat? 43 an?o, Canavalia ensiformes and Canavalia
brasiliensis). The third experiment was carried out to determine the dry phytomass
decomposition rate and the nitrogen release of the species that were evaluated; this happened
during the Fall-Winter period, and the treatments were the mulching of the legumes cited
above, except C. breviflora, which was severely attacked by Fusarium sp. The experimental
design adopted was randomized blocks, with eleven treatments and nine harvest dates
disposed with four replicates. The forth and the fifth experiments were carried out in the
subsequent year, their aim was qualifying the Biological Nitrogen Fixation (hereinafter called
BNF) and determining the isotope discrimination value ?B value?; their treatments were
seven legume species previously selected due to their performances on the former
experimental actions and three checks, Brachiaria decumbens, Helianthus annuus, and Zea
mays cv BR 106, disposed in randomized blocks with four replicates. The sixth and the
seventh experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the cabbage cv Astrus
under organic management in no-tillage system. The treatments of the sixth experiment were
maize-velvet bean intercrop. The later was sown in five different times after maize
germination, mucuna alone, maize alone, spontaneous vegetation, and cultivation with
conventional tillage of the soil. The treatments of the seventh experiment were maize
intercropped with Crotalaria juncea, the latter was slashed, slashed and pruned, maize with
basic fertilizer, maize with basic and dressing fertilizers, crotalaria alone, maize alone,
spontaneous vegetation, and cultivation with conventional tillage of the soil. The
experimental design adopted for both experiments was randomized blocks. The evaluation of
the aerial phytomass production was determined when the legume species flowered and when
the non-legume ones underwent the grain filling process. The quantification of BNF and the
determination of the B value were estimated by using natural abundance 15N and the 15N
dilution technique. Functional growth analyses were also carried out as well as soil cover
rates, digestion time of the plant tissues, and the phytosociology were determined. On the
sixth and seventh experiments the green manure contributions on the agronomic behavior of
the cabbage cultivated in no-tillage system under organic management were evaluated. The
results obtained have demonstrated the viability for the cultivations of these legume species at
the Cerrado Biome, with the contribution of the BNF varying between 75 and 85% of the
nitrogen found in the plant tissue originating from the air. They have also demonstrated the
viability of using C. juncea and velvet bean when both are intercropped with maize in the
mulching formation to the organic cultivation of the cabbage in no-tillage system
Cap. II
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the agronomic behavior of legume species in
which several components of plant growth were evaluated, such as aerial phytomass production,
soil cover rate, seed production, besides phytosociology and in situ decomposition rate under
cerrado conditions in Mato Grosso do Sul in two periods of the year. One experiment was carried
out during the Spring-Summer period and the other one was carried out during the Fall-Winter
period. Both experiments were carried out at the Centro de Pesquisa da Ag?ncia de
Desenvolvimento Rural e Extens?o Rural de Mato Grosso do Sul (Mato Grosso do Sul Research
center of the Agency of rural development and extension), in Campo Grande ? MS. The
experimental design adopted for both was randomized blocks, formed by eleven treatments made
up by the species C. juncea, C. ochroleuca, C. mucronata, C. spectabilis, C. breviflora, Mucuna
aterrima, Mucuna pruriens, Canavalia brasiliensis, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus Cajans cv
?IAPAR an?o?, and Cajanus Cajans cv. giant broad bean. The agronomic behavior of the species
that were studied was evaluated by the analysis of the stem and the leaf separately. It was
observed that the aerial phytomass productions differed significantly with the species of the
genus Crotalaria, showing the best results. Crotalaria juncea stands out with 14.16 Mg ha-1,
followed by the Cajanus cajan cv. Fava larga with 11.58 Mg ha-1; there were no significant
differences among the species of prostrate habit, mucunas and Brazilian jackbean (Canavalia
brasiliensis). The later obtained 3.56 Mg ha-1 and the former did 2.85 Mg ha-1. Regarding seed
production, the best performances were obtained during the Fall-Winter period for all legume
species, except jack bean and feij?o-bravo (Capparis flexuosa), both obtained similar
performances on the two periods of sowing, probably because they might be more tolerant to the
drought stress. Regarding the decomposition rate, the results have revealed that the
decomposition constants and the residue half-lives had different behaviors on the species that
were studied; the Crotalaria species obtained higher decomposition rates when compared to the
other species, differentiated behaviors were also noticed on the stem and on the leaf. The C.
juncea, jack bean, and the two species of mucuna obtained higher soil cover rate, which reflected
a higher suppression of spontaneous plants
Cap. III
Two experiments related to the quantification of BNF and the determination of the isotope
discrimination, ?B value?, in legume species previously selected were simultaneously carried out
in the experimental field of the AGRAER-MS, in Campo Grande-MS, during the Spring/Summer
period in the 2005/2006 year of production. The experimental design adopted was randomized
blocks, formed by ten treatments made up by the species C. juncea, C. ochroleuca, C. mucronata,
C. spectabilis, velvet bean, Brazilian jackbean, and Pigeon pea; there have been also, as checks,
Sunflower, Maize, and Brachiaria species. The aerial phytomass productions were determined
when each legume species flowered and when the non-legume ones underwent the grain filling
process. With the samples of legumes and check plants, the quantities of N and the BNF were
estimated by using the 15N dilution technique. Afterwards, when the BNF values were known,
they were applied to the equation used in natural abundance 15N with the aim of estimating the B
value. Regarding the aerial phytomass production, the Pigeon pea had the best performance,
followed by the C. ochroleuca, reaching averages of 16.24 Mg ha-1 against 14.44 Mg ha-1. The
legume species behaved similarly to the amount of accumulated nitrogen; the Pigeon pea, C.
ohcroleuca, and C. mucronata reached values of 346.57 kg ha-1, 333.25 kg ha-1, and 277.35 kg ha-
1 respectively, and they deserve a distinction. Regarding the %BNF, it was observed that the 15N
dilution technique could not be applied in all the species that were studied since the cycle of most
legumes species was different from the checks; in this way, the checks were not appropriate
because the technique demands that legumes and checks grow simultaneously and under the same
conditions. However, to the varieties which were more precocious that the checks, the BNF value
must be at least between 73 to 87%. Just on the specie C. mucronata it was possible to estimate
the BNF and the B value with the rigor that the applied isotopic methodologies demand. The B
value of this specie was -3.69.
Cap. IV
The aim of this study is to evaluate the agronomic behavior of the cabbage in no-tillage system
under organic management and the contribution of the prior cultivation of two legumes with
different growing habits intercropping with maize in the mulching formation. Both experiments
were carried out in the experimental field of AGRAER-MS, in Campo Grande-MS. The first
experiment was the maize-C. juncea intercrop, the latter was managed, slashed, pruned, and
slashed afterwards; besides the cultivation of single maize, single C. juncea, cultivation with
conventional tillage of the soil with and without fertilization with equivalent amounts of 100 Kg
N ha-1 at planting and sidressed 30 days after the maize cultivation, making up eight treatments
with four replications in randomized blocks. The dry matter productions in the aerial part of the
cover crops and the spontaneous vegetation were evaluated. Agronomic characteristics that were
evaluated on the cabbage: productivity, commercial standard, fresh and dry weight, besides the
dry phytomass of the prior cultivation. On this experiment it was possible to verify better yields
regarding the fresh weight and head diameter when we used single, pruned C. juncea maize with
basic fertilizer, and maize with base and dressing fertilizers, reaching a fresh weight over 1.0 Kg
and heads diameter over 10 cm. Regarding maize and cabbage productivity, they were not
influenced by the different kinds of intercrop systems; there were no significant statistic
difference of treatments, which also reflected on the dry matter production of the prior
cultivations. On the second experiment, the experimental design which was adopted was
randomized blocks, with nine treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: maize-velvet
bean intercrop, the later was planted in five different times: after the maize germination, maize
alone, mucuna alone, cultivation with conventional tillage of the soil, and fallow with
spontaneous vegetation, making up a total number of nine treatments. The parameters that were
evaluated were similar to the ones of the former experiment.The cabbage production showed the
most promising yield 2.06 Kg of head average weight and when cultivated as a sequential crop to
the maize-velvet bean intercrop sown 15 days after the maize germination, differing significantly
from the other treatments. When we analyzed the maize productivities, we noticed fall of
productivity around 29% when it was intercropped with velvet bean at 15 and 30 days after its
germination when it was compared to the other prior cultivations in which the intercrop system
was used. / Cap. I
O presente trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar o comportamento agron?mico de diferentes
esp?cies de leguminosas nas condi??es do cerrado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram conduzidos
sete experimentos, todos no campo experimental da Ag?ncia de Desenvolvimento Agr?rio e
Extens?o Rural de MS, sendo que dois deles foram referentes ? avalia??o do desempenho das
leguminosas. O primeiro foi instalado no per?odo de primavera-ver?o e o segundo no outonoinverno.
Os tratamentos foram constitu?dos das esp?cies de leguminosas Crotal?ria juncea,
Crotal?ria ochroleuca, Crotal?ria mucronata, Crotal?ria reviflora, Mucuna pruriens,
Mucuna aterrima, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp cv Fava larga e Cv IAPAR Arat? 43 an?o,
Canavalia ensiformes e Canavalia brasiliensis. O terceiro experimento foi realizado para
determinar a taxa de decomposi??o da fitomassa seca e libera??o de nitrog?nio das esp?cies
avaliadas, realizado no per?odo de outono-inverno, com os tratamentos constituindo-se da
palhada das leguminosas descrita acima, exceto C. breviflora, pois a leguminosa sofreu ataque
severo de Fusarium sp. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com onze
tratamentos e nove ?pocas de coleta distribu?dos em quatro repeti??es. O quarto e o quinto
experimentos foram realizados no ano subsequente e tiveram como finalidade quantificar a
Fixa??o Biol?gica de Nitrog?nio (FBN) e determinar o valor de discrimina??o isot?pica
?Valor B?, tendo como tratamentos sete esp?cies de leguminosas previamente selecionadas
pelos seus desempenhos nas a??es experimentais anteriores e tr?s testemunhas, Brachiaria
decumbens, Helianthus annuus e Zea mays cv BR 106, dispostos em blocos ao acaso com
quatro repeti??es. O sexto e o s?timo experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar o
desempenho do repolho cv Astrus sob manejo org?nico em sistema plantio direto, sendo que
o sexto experimento teve como tratamentos cons?rcio milho x mucuna cinza, sendo esta
semeada em cinco ?pocas diferentes, ap?s germina??o do milho, mucuna em monocultivo,
milho em monocultivo, vegeta??o espont?nea e cultivo com preparo convencional do solo. O
s?timo experimento teve como tratamentos milho consorciado com Crotal?ria juncea, sendo
esta ro?ada, ro?ada e podada, milho com aduba??o de base, milho com aduba??o de base e
cobertura, crotal?ria em monocultivo, milho em monocultivo, vegeta??o espont?nea e cultivo
com preparo convencional do solo. O delineamento experimental adotado em ambos os
experimentos foi o de blocos ao acaso. A avalia??o da produ??o de fitomassa a?rea foi
determinada por ocasi?o do florescimento para as esp?cies de leguminosas e de enchimento
de gr?os para as n?o-leguminosas. A quantifica??o da FBN e determina??o do valor ?B?
foram estimadas utilizando-se a t?cnica de abund?ncia natural 15N e da dilui??o isot?pica de
15N. Foram tamb?m realizadas an?lises funcionais de crescimento, bem como determinadas as
taxas de cobertura do solo, tempo de decomposi??o dos tecidos vegetais e a fitossociologia.
No sexto e no s?timo experimentos, foram avaliadas as contribui??es da aduba??o verde no
desempenho agron?mico do repolho cultivado em sistema de plantio direto, sob manejo
org?nico. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a viabilidade do cultivo destas leguminosas no
bioma cerrado, com a contribui??o da FBN, variando entre 75 e 85% do nitrog?nio
encontrado no tecido vegetal proveniente do ar. Tamb?m, demonstraram a viabilidade do uso
da C. juncea e M. cinza quando cultivadas em cons?rcio com milho para obten??o de palhada
ao cultivo org?nico do repolho em sistema plantio direto.
Cap. II
Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar o comportamento agron?mico de esp?cies de
leguminosas, onde foram avaliados diferentes componentes do crescimento vegetal, como
produ??o fitomassa a?rea, taxa de cobertura de solo, produ??o de sementes, al?m da
fitossociologia e taxa de decomposi??o ?in situ?, nas condi??es do cerrado de Mato Grosso do
Sul, em duas ?pocas do ano. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Centro de Pesquisa da
Ag?ncia de Desenvolvimento Agr?rio e Extens?o Rural de Mato Grosso do Sul, localizado em
Campo Grande - MS, sendo um no per?odo de primavera-ver?o e outro no outono-inverno. Em
ambos, o delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, formado de onze
tratamentos constitu?dos das esp?cies C. juncea, C. ochroleuca, C. mucronata, C. spectabilis, C.
breviflora, Mucuna aterrima, Mucuna pruriens, Canavalia brasiliensis, Canavalia ensiformis,
Cajanus Cajans cv. IAPAR an?o e Cajanus Cajans cv. fava larga gigante. O comportamento
agron?mico das esp?cies estudadas foi avaliado analisando-se separadamente haste e folha.
Observou-se que as produ??es de fitomassa a?rea diferiram de forma significativa com as
esp?cies do g?nero crotal?ria, obtendo-se melhores desempenhos. Destacam-se a Crotal?ria
juncea com 14,16 Mg ha-1, seguida do Guandu cv fava-larga com 11,58 Mg ha-1; entre as esp?cies
de h?bito prostrado, n?o houve diferen?as significativas, mucunas e o feij?o-bravo-do Cear?,
sendo que esse obteve 3,56 Mg ha-1 contra 2,85 Mg ha-1 da M. preta. Com rela??o ? produ??o de
sementes, os melhores desempenhos foram obtidos no per?odo de outono-inverno para todas as
leguminosas, com exce??o do feij?o-de-porco e feij?o-bravo, que obtiveram desempenhos
semelhantes nas duas ?pocas de semeadura, provavelmente, por serem mais tolerantes ao estresse
h?drico. No tocante ? taxa de decomposi??o, os resultados revelaram que as constantes de
decomposi??o e tempo de meia-vida tiveram comportamentos diferentes para as esp?cies
estudadas, com esp?cies de crotal?ria obtendo maiores velocidades de decomposi??o quando
comparadas ?s demais esp?cies, notou-se tamb?m comportamentos diferenciados para haste e
folha. A C. juncea, feij?o de porco e as duas esp?cies de mucuna obtiveram maior taxa de
cobertura de solo, o que refletiu em uma maior supress?o da vegeta??o de ocorr?ncia espont?nea
Cap III
Foram conduzidos simultaneamente dois experimentos relacionados ? quantifica??o da FBN e
determina??o do valor de discrimina??o isot?pica, valor ?B?, em esp?cies de leguminosas
previamente selecionadas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no campo experimental da
AGRAER-MS, localizado em Campo Grande-MS, no per?odo de primavera-ver?o, no ano
agr?cola 2005/06. O delineamento estat?stico utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, constitu?dos de
dez tratamentos, sendo este compostos pelas esp?cies C. juncea, C. ochroleuca, C. mucronata, C.
spectabilis, Mucuna cinza, Feij?o-bravo-do-cear? e Guandu fava larga; e como testemunhas as
esp?cies Girassol, Milho e Braqui?ria. Por ocasi?o do florescimento de cada esp?cie de
leguminosa e enchimento de gr?os das n?o-leguminosas, foram determinadas as produ??es de
fitomassa a?rea. A partir das amostras de leguminosas e plantas testemunhas, estimaram-se as
quantidades de N e a FBN, para tanto usando a t?cnica de dilui??o isot?pica de 15N .
Posteriormente, conhecendo-se os valores de FBN, aplicou-se aos mesmos a equa??o utilizada na
t?cnica de abund?ncia natural de 15N com a finalidade de estimar o valor B. Com rela??o ?
produ??o de fitomassa a?rea, o Guandu fava larga obteve melhor desempenho seguido da C.
ochroleuca, atingindo m?dias de 16,24 Mg ha -1 contra 14,44 Mg ha-1. Para a quantidade de
nitrog?nio acumulada as esp?cies de leguminosas se comportaram de maneira semelhante, com
destaque para o Guandu fava larga, C. ohcroleuca e C. Mucronata, atingido valores de 346,57 kg
ha-1, 333,25 kg ha-1 e 277,35 kg ha-1 respectivamente. No tocante ? %FBN, observou-se que a
t?cnica de dilui??o isot?pica de 15N n?o poderia ser aplicada para todas as esp?cies estudadas,
uma vez que a maioria das esp?cies de leguminosas teve ciclo diferenciado das testemunhas,
desta forma, as testemunhas n?o foram apropriadas, visto que a t?cnica exige que tanto as
leguminosas como as testemunhas cres?am nas mesmas condi??es e de forma simult?nea.
Contudo, para as variedades mais precoces que as testemunhas, o valor de FBN deve estar no
m?nimo entre 73 a 87%. Somente na esp?cie C. Mucronata, foi poss?vel estimar a FBN e o valor
B com o rigor que exigem as metodologias isot?picas aplicadas. O valor B para esta esp?cie foi
de -3,69.
Cap. IV
O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agron?mico do repolho em sistema
plantio direto, sob manejo org?nico, e a contribui??o do pr?-cultivo de duas leguminosas de
h?bitos de crescimento distintos em cons?rcio com milho, na forma??o de palhada. Ambos
experimentos foram implantados no Campo Experimental da AGRAER, em Campo Grande-MS.
O primeiro experimento consistiu no cons?rcio entre milho e C. juncea, sendo esta manejada,
somente com ro?ada (taratamento 6), podada e posteriormente ro?ada (tratamento 5), al?m do
cultivo do milho solteiro, C. juncea solteira, cultivo com preparo convencional do solo, com
aus?ncia e presen?a de aduba??o, em quantidades equivalentes a 100 Kg N ha-1 no plantio e em
cobertura 30 dias ap?s plantio do milho, perfazendo oito tratamentos com quatro repeti??es,
dispostos em blocos ao acaso. Avaliaram-se as produ??es de mat?ria seca na parte a?rea das
plantas de cobertura e da vegeta??o espont?nea. As caracter?sticas agron?micas avaliadas no
repolho foram: produtividade, padr?o comercial, peso fresco e seco, al?m da fitomassa seca do
pr?-cultivo. Neste experimento, verificaram-se melhores rendimentos quanto ao peso m?dio e
di?metro da cabe?a quando se utilizaram C. juncea solteira, C.juncea ro?ada, milho com
aduba??o de base e milho com aduba??o de base e cobertura, alcan?ando peso m?dio acima de
1,0 kg e di?metro das cabe?as acima de 10 cm. Quanto ? produtividade do milho e do repolho,
estes n?o foram influenciados pelos diferentes tipos de cons?rcios, n?o havendo diferen?a
estat?stica significativa entre os tratamentos, o que refletiu tamb?m na produ??o de mat?ria seca
dos pr?-cultivos. No segundo experimento, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de
blocos ao acaso com nove tratamentos e quatro repeti??es. Os tratamentos foram: o cons?rcio
entre milho e mucuna cinza, sendo esta plantada em cinco ?pocas diferentes - ap?s a germina??o
do milho, monocultivo do milho, monocultivo da mucuna, cultivo com preparo convencional do
solo e pousio com vegeta??o espont?nea -, perfazendo um total de nove tratamentos. Os
par?metros avaliados foram semelhantes aos do experimento anterior. A produ??o do repolho
alcan?ou melhores rendimentos, 2,06 kg de peso m?dio da cabe?a; e, quando cultivado em
sucess?o ao cons?rcio milho x M. Cinza, semeada aos 15 dias ap?s germina??o do milho, diferiu
significativamente dos demais tratamentos. Ao se analisarem as produtividades do milho, notouse
uma queda de rendimento em torno de 29% quando este foi consorciado com M. Cinza, aos 15
e 30 dias ap?s sua germina??o, ao comparar-lo aos demais pr?-cultivos utilizando-se cons?rcios
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