Thesis (M.Sc. (Organic Chemistry))--Mahidol University, 1983.

Coumarin and cinnamate derivatives were positioned as either polymer chain ends or side groups to synthesize photoactive macromolecules and gain the ability to reversibly control molecular weight and crosslink density using UV light. The cinnamates and coumarins were reacted onto the polymers via multiple reaction pathways. Polymers were functionalized with coumarin or cinnamate groups via an esterification reaction between hydroxyl functionalities and an acid chloride derivatized coumarin group. In addition to the esterification reaction, cinnamates were also coupled to polymers via a ring opening reaction between a hydroxyl functionalized cinnamate derivative and a maleic anhydride repeat unit copolymerized into the polymer. Both functional groups undergo a [2π + 2π] photodimerization reaction (coumarin groups in the UVA and cinnamate groups in the UVB), which was utilized to crosslink and chain-extend macromolecules. Coumarin dimers possess the additional ability to photocleave and thus reverse when irradiated at 254 nm. The coumarin reversible photodimerization reaction was utilized to reversibly increase the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of coumarin-functionalized PEG monols and diols. For example, the number average molecular weight of the coumarin-functionalized PEG diol doubled and the molecular weight distribution increased from 1.08 to 2.75 when exposed to 110 J cm⁻² of UVA irradiation. Subsequent photocleavage (UVC irradiation, 2 J cm⁻²) of the chain-extended PEGs, cleaved coumarin dimers decreasing the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution to their original values. A number of poly(alkyl acrylate) and poly(methyl acrylate) systems were functionalized with coumarin groups to study the effect of the glass transition temperature and alkyl ester side group composition on the photodimerization reaction and subsequent crosslinking. The glass transition temperature (T_g) acted as an on/off switch for the photodimerization reaction. While the absolute difference between T_g and irradiance temperature did not affect the rate or extent of photodimerization reaction, polymers with a T_g greater than the irradiance temperature displayed less reaction than those with a T_g lower than the irradiance temperature. The final extent of conversion was controlled by a complex combination of factors including alkyl ester side chain steric bulkiness. Coumarin-functionalized alkyl acrylates based on ethylhexyl acrylate were tested as detachable PSAs. A 98% decrease in the adhesive peel strength was observed after exposure to UVA irradiation. Cinnamate groups were utilized in the design and synthesis of UV-curable hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). The cinnamate groups were attached to the PSAs to provide a method to increase molecular weight and add a small amount of crosslinking leading to an increase the adhesive strength of the PSAs. Broadband UV irradiation from a laboratory scale industrial lamp increased the peel strength of the adhesives. Postcure of the irradiated cinnamate-functionalized UV-curable hot melt PSAs was reduced compared to photoinitiated free-radical photocurable UV-curable hot melt PSAs. / Ph. D.

La chimie des cinnamates ortho-fonctionnalisés est particulièrement riche et variée, comme en témoigne le nombre important de méthodologies de synthèse reposant sur leur utilisation comme substrats précurseurs d'hétérocycles d'intérêt biologique. En effet, suivant la nature du groupe fonctionnel et les conditions opératoires, des substrats à base cinnamique ont déjà été exploités avec succès pour la construction d'un large panel de squelettes hétérocycliques, allant de systèmes cycliques à cinq chaînons (benzofurane, indole, ...) à des cycles à six chaînons (coumarine, quinolin(on)e, ...). Dans ce contexte, ma thèse avait pour objectif principal d'apporter une contribution à cette chimie propre aux cinnamates ortho-fonctionnalisés. Le premier objectif de mon travail a porté sur le développement de nouvelles méthodes de synthèse hétérocyclique employant des cinnamates ortho-fonctionnalisés comme précurseurs. D'une part, une méthode de synthèse de coumarines et de quinolones 3-trifluorométhylées a été mise au point à partir de d'ortho-hydroxy- et d'ortho-aminocinnamates. Une étude mécanistique a également été conduite et a permis de mettre évidence la nature radicalaire de la réaction de trifluorométhylation concernée. D'autre part, nous avons évalué avec succès le potentiel synthétique d'ortho-azidocinnamates pour la construction photoinduite d'indoles et de quinoléines. Le second objectif de mon travail a concerné la conception, la synthèse et l'évaluation photophysique/photochimique de nouvelles sondes photoactivables luminescentes à base d'ions lanthanides. Dans ce cas, le motif cinnamique a été installé sur un complexe de lanthanide non luminescent afin de jouer le rôle d'antenne photoactivable. Après une première étude ayant permis de prouver le concept, toute une série de composés a été préparée afin d'établir des relations structures-propriétés, relations qui nous ont finalement permis d'optimiser la performance de cette nouvelle classe de sondes luminescentes photoactivables. / The chemistry of ortho-functionalized cinnamates is particularly rich and varied, as evidenced by the large number of methods using them as building blocks for the synthesis of biologically-relevant heterocycles. In fact, depending on the nature of the functional group and the reaction conditions, various cinnamic-based substrates have already been successfully employed for the synthesis of a wide range of heterocyclic skeletons, ranging from five-membered ring systems (benzofuran, indole, ...) to six-membered rings (coumarin, quinolin(on)e, ...). In this context, the main goal of my thesis was to make a significant contribution to the chemistry peculiar to ortho-functionalized cinnamates. The first objective of my work dealt with the development of new methods for heterocyclic synthesis using ortho-functionalized cinnamates as building blocks. On one hand, a method for the regioselective synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylated coumarins and quinolones was elaborated starting from ortho-hydroxy- and ortho-aminocinnamates. The reaction mechanism of this trifluoromethylation reaction was further investigated and was found to involve radical participation. On the other hand, ortho-azidocinnamates proved suitable building blocks to achieve the construction of indoles and quinolines via a solvent-dependent photochemical process. The second objective of my work was devoted to the design, synthesis and photophysical/photochemical evaluation of new photoactivatable luminescent probes based on lanthanide ions. In this case, a non-luminescent lanthanide complex was equipped with a cinnamoyl residue in order to act as a photoactivatable sensitizer. A preliminary study allowed us to validate the concept "OFF/ON", and then a series of probes was prepared in order to establish relevant structure-property relationships, hence enabling the optimization of this novel class of photoactivatable luminescent probes.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo do comportamento eletroquímico de cinamatos de metila sulfenilados: o 3-feniltio-3-fenil-propenoato de metila, 2-feniltio-3-fenil-propenoato de metila, 3-fenil-3-etiltio-propenoato de metila e 2-etiltio-3-fenil-proenoato de metila. Está incluído a síntese dos substratos, a voltametria e as eletrólises preparativas, abrangendo oxidações e reduções eletroquímicas. As sínteses de três dos quatro ésteres selecionados partiram de um mesmo intermediário, o 3-fenil-propinato de metila, através de reações de Michael e radicalares com etanotiol e tiofenol. O 2-etiltio-3-fenil-propenoato de metila foi obtido a partir do ácido 2-etiltio-acético. As reduções catódicas foram feitas usando-se cela dividida, acetonitrila ou DMF anidros como solventes, mercúrio como eletrodo de trabalho, atmosfera inerte e potencial fixo. Em alguns casos foi utilizado uma mistura de acetonitrila com metanol como solvente, e também cela de compartimento único. Houve uma distinção entre os produtos obtidos das eletrólises dos cinamatos α e β-sulfenilados. Para os primeiros, predominou a saída do grupo do enxofre, formando cinamato de metla, ácidos cinâmico, éster de partida hidrogenado, ciclopentanonas e adipatos de metila acíclicos. Os outros dois α-isômeros não mostraram a mesma facilidade de quebra da ligação carbono-enxofre, levando a produtos de hidrólise, ciclopentanonas e derivados de hexanoatos que mantiveram os grupos sulfenilados As oxidações anódicas foram feitas em celas de compartimento único e separados, usando platina como eletrodo de trabalho, atmosfera inerte e corrente controlada. A maior parte dos experimentos ocorreu em meio reacional prótico (acetonitrila/metanol), fornecendo ésteres di e trimetoxilados, α e β-ésteres e tioacetais (com etiltio e feniltio) / This work presents the studing of electrochemical behavior of sulfenyl cinnamates: the 3-phenyl-3-phenylthio-propenoic methyl ester, 2-phenyl-3-phenyl-propenoic methyl-ester, 3-phenyl-3-ethylthio-propenoic methyl ester, 2-ethylthio-3-phenyl-propenoic methyl ester. The overall plane includes the synthesis of substrates, the cyclic voltammetry and the preparative eletrolysis, enclosing the reductions and oxidations. The synthesis of the three among the four chosen esters came from the same compound, the 3-phenyl-propenoic methyl ester, by Michael and radicals reactions with ethanethyol and thiophenol. The 2-ethylthio-propenoic methyl ester was achieved from the 2-ethylthio-acetic acid. The cathodic reductions werw carried out in divided glass cells, dry acetonitrile or DMF as solvents, mercury as work electrode, inert atmosphere and controlled potential. In some cases, was used a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol and only one experiment was performed in undivided cell. The products formed in β and α-sulfenyl substrates were not equal, because to the first the main role was the cleavage of the sulfur-carbon bond, giving methyl cinnamate ester, cinnamic acid, starting materials hydrogenateds, cyclopentanone and adipates derivatives. The others two isomers not exhibit the loss of sulfur group, forming hydrolisis products, cyclopentanones and hexanoates derivatives what keeping the sulfenyl groups. The anodic oxidations was carried out in divided and undivided glass cells, with platine as work electrode, inert atmosphere and controlled current Most of the electrochemicals reactions were run in protic reactional middle (acetonitrile/methanol), to furhter di and trimethoxylateds esters, β-keto-esters and thioketals (both ethyl and phenylthio).

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo do comportamento eletroquímico de cinamatos de metila sulfenilados: o 3-feniltio-3-fenil-propenoato de metila, 2-feniltio-3-fenil-propenoato de metila, 3-fenil-3-etiltio-propenoato de metila e 2-etiltio-3-fenil-proenoato de metila. Está incluído a síntese dos substratos, a voltametria e as eletrólises preparativas, abrangendo oxidações e reduções eletroquímicas. As sínteses de três dos quatro ésteres selecionados partiram de um mesmo intermediário, o 3-fenil-propinato de metila, através de reações de Michael e radicalares com etanotiol e tiofenol. O 2-etiltio-3-fenil-propenoato de metila foi obtido a partir do ácido 2-etiltio-acético. As reduções catódicas foram feitas usando-se cela dividida, acetonitrila ou DMF anidros como solventes, mercúrio como eletrodo de trabalho, atmosfera inerte e potencial fixo. Em alguns casos foi utilizado uma mistura de acetonitrila com metanol como solvente, e também cela de compartimento único. Houve uma distinção entre os produtos obtidos das eletrólises dos cinamatos α e β-sulfenilados. Para os primeiros, predominou a saída do grupo do enxofre, formando cinamato de metla, ácidos cinâmico, éster de partida hidrogenado, ciclopentanonas e adipatos de metila acíclicos. Os outros dois α-isômeros não mostraram a mesma facilidade de quebra da ligação carbono-enxofre, levando a produtos de hidrólise, ciclopentanonas e derivados de hexanoatos que mantiveram os grupos sulfenilados As oxidações anódicas foram feitas em celas de compartimento único e separados, usando platina como eletrodo de trabalho, atmosfera inerte e corrente controlada. A maior parte dos experimentos ocorreu em meio reacional prótico (acetonitrila/metanol), fornecendo ésteres di e trimetoxilados, α e β-ésteres e tioacetais (com etiltio e feniltio) / This work presents the studing of electrochemical behavior of sulfenyl cinnamates: the 3-phenyl-3-phenylthio-propenoic methyl ester, 2-phenyl-3-phenyl-propenoic methyl-ester, 3-phenyl-3-ethylthio-propenoic methyl ester, 2-ethylthio-3-phenyl-propenoic methyl ester. The overall plane includes the synthesis of substrates, the cyclic voltammetry and the preparative eletrolysis, enclosing the reductions and oxidations. The synthesis of the three among the four chosen esters came from the same compound, the 3-phenyl-propenoic methyl ester, by Michael and radicals reactions with ethanethyol and thiophenol. The 2-ethylthio-propenoic methyl ester was achieved from the 2-ethylthio-acetic acid. The cathodic reductions werw carried out in divided glass cells, dry acetonitrile or DMF as solvents, mercury as work electrode, inert atmosphere and controlled potential. In some cases, was used a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol and only one experiment was performed in undivided cell. The products formed in β and α-sulfenyl substrates were not equal, because to the first the main role was the cleavage of the sulfur-carbon bond, giving methyl cinnamate ester, cinnamic acid, starting materials hydrogenateds, cyclopentanone and adipates derivatives. The others two isomers not exhibit the loss of sulfur group, forming hydrolisis products, cyclopentanones and hexanoates derivatives what keeping the sulfenyl groups. The anodic oxidations was carried out in divided and undivided glass cells, with platine as work electrode, inert atmosphere and controlled current Most of the electrochemicals reactions were run in protic reactional middle (acetonitrile/methanol), to furhter di and trimethoxylateds esters, β-keto-esters and thioketals (both ethyl and phenylthio).

Hygromycin A (HygA) binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits its peptidyl transferase (PT) activity. The presented structural and biochemical data indicate that HygA does not interfere with the initial binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site, but prevents its subsequent adjustment such that it fails to act as a substrate in the PT reaction. Structurally we demonstrate that HygA binds within the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) and induces a unique conformation. Specifically in its ribosomal binding site HygA would overlap and clash with aminoacyl-A76 ribose moiety and, therefore, its primary mode of action involves sterically restricting access of the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA to the PTC. / Bizkaia:Talent and the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (Marie Curie Actions; COFUND; to S.C., A.S., T.K.); Marie Curie Actions Career Integration Grant (PCIG14-GA-2013-632072 to P.F.); Ministerio de Economía Y Competitividad (CTQ2014-55907-R to P.F., S.C.); FIRB Futuro in Ricerca from the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universitá e della Ricerca (RBFR130VS5_001 to A.F.); Peruvian Programa Nacional de Innovación para la Competitividad y Productividad (382-PNICP-PIBA-2014 (to P.M. and A.F.)). Funding for open access charge: Institutional funding. / Revisión por pares

O câncer de pele se apresenta como um sério problema de saúde pública mundial, sendo incidente nos cinco continentes. As ações relacionadas à prevenção dessa doença envolvem, entre outras coisas, a utilização de protetores solares e a educação em saúde. Em virtude do aumento do número de indivíduos com câncer de pele a cada ano, é de grande valor estudos de entendimento e desenvolvimento de filtros solares melhores e mais seguros. Os produtos utilizados com a finalidade de proteger a pele dos raios solares ultravioletas (UV) possuem em sua composição filtros solares, que podem ter ação física, refletindo e dissipando a radiação UV; ou ação química, absorvendo a radiação UV. Os filtros químicos podem apresentar absorção em UVB (290-320 nm), UVA (320-400 nm) ou em ambas as faixas, sendo considerados de amplo espectro. . Dentre as várias classes de compostos com perfil de filtro solar UVB, os cinamatos destacam-se por apresentarem boa eficácia e excelente custo-benefício. A aplicação de cálculos teóricos tornou-se indispensável no planejamento de fármacos e nos estudos de mecanismo de ação de moléculas bioativas, visto a diminuição de tempo e custos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento. O desenvolvimento de métodos quânticos robustos, como o TD-DFT, permitiu a simulação de propriedades experimentais in silico, tais como espectros de RMN e UV. Diante deste panorama, aplicamos tal método na simulação de espectros UV para os cinamatos com perfil de filtros solares. Realizou-se uma busca do melhor funcional para simulação dos espectros, na qual se determinou que os funcionais B3LYP e B3P86 apresentaram melhores resultados quando comparados ao espectro experimental do composto p-metoxicinamato de etilexila determinado em metanol. Foram simulados os espectros de UV para sete compostos derivados do ácido cinâmico, os quais apresentaram λ máximo próximo a 310 nm, como descrito na literatura. Observou-se que a energia média para que ocorra a principal transição eletrônica, de HOMO para LUMO, é de 3,95 eV. O método mostrou-se adequado para a determinação de espectros UV para a classe dos cinamatos e pode ser utilizado na busca de novos compostos dessa classe a serem empregados como filtros solares. / Skin cancer presents itself as a very serious world public health problem, being incident all over the five continents. Using sunscreen and receiving health education, among other factors, are related to prevent the disease. The number of people with skin cancer increases every year, therefore, studies for better knowledge and development for better and safer sunscreens are crucial. Products used with the intention to protect the skin from ultraviolet sunrays (UV) are partially composed by sunscreen, which may lead to two different reactions, a physical reaction, that reflects and ceases the UV radiation; or a chemical reaction, that absorbs the UV radiation. Chemical filters may present absorption in UVB (290-320 nm), UVA (320 400 nm) or in both, which is considered as broad spectrum. Among the various types of compound forms with sunscreen UVB profile, cinnamates stand out for presenting good efficiency and excellent cost-benefit. The application of theoretical calculations became essential for drug design and bioactive molecules action mechanism studies, considering time saving and costs in research and development. The development of robust quantum method, such as TD-DFT allowed the simulation of experimental properties in silico, like RMN and UV spectra. Given this overview, this method was applied to simulate UV spectra of cinnamates with sunscreen profile. A search was done to define the best functional to simulate all spectrum, where the functionals B3LYP and B3P86 showed the best results when compared to experimental spectra of the compound ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate determined in methanol. An UV spectrum simulation for seven compounds derived from cinnamic acid showed maximum wavelength around to 310 nm, as described in the literature. It was observed that the average energy for the main electronic transition, HOMO to LUMO, is 3,95 eV. The method proved to be adequate for the determination of UV spectra for cinnamate class and it can be used as a tool on the search for new compounds from this class to be used as sunscreen.

O câncer de pele se apresenta como um sério problema de saúde pública mundial, sendo incidente nos cinco continentes. As ações relacionadas à prevenção dessa doença envolvem, entre outras coisas, a utilização de protetores solares e a educação em saúde. Em virtude do aumento do número de indivíduos com câncer de pele a cada ano, é de grande valor estudos de entendimento e desenvolvimento de filtros solares melhores e mais seguros. Os produtos utilizados com a finalidade de proteger a pele dos raios solares ultravioletas (UV) possuem em sua composição filtros solares, que podem ter ação física, refletindo e dissipando a radiação UV; ou ação química, absorvendo a radiação UV. Os filtros químicos podem apresentar absorção em UVB (290-320 nm), UVA (320-400 nm) ou em ambas as faixas, sendo considerados de amplo espectro. . Dentre as várias classes de compostos com perfil de filtro solar UVB, os cinamatos destacam-se por apresentarem boa eficácia e excelente custo-benefício. A aplicação de cálculos teóricos tornou-se indispensável no planejamento de fármacos e nos estudos de mecanismo de ação de moléculas bioativas, visto a diminuição de tempo e custos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento. O desenvolvimento de métodos quânticos robustos, como o TD-DFT, permitiu a simulação de propriedades experimentais in silico, tais como espectros de RMN e UV. Diante deste panorama, aplicamos tal método na simulação de espectros UV para os cinamatos com perfil de filtros solares. Realizou-se uma busca do melhor funcional para simulação dos espectros, na qual se determinou que os funcionais B3LYP e B3P86 apresentaram melhores resultados quando comparados ao espectro experimental do composto p-metoxicinamato de etilexila determinado em metanol. Foram simulados os espectros de UV para sete compostos derivados do ácido cinâmico, os quais apresentaram λ máximo próximo a 310 nm, como descrito na literatura. Observou-se que a energia média para que ocorra a principal transição eletrônica, de HOMO para LUMO, é de 3,95 eV. O método mostrou-se adequado para a determinação de espectros UV para a classe dos cinamatos e pode ser utilizado na busca de novos compostos dessa classe a serem empregados como filtros solares. / Skin cancer presents itself as a very serious world public health problem, being incident all over the five continents. Using sunscreen and receiving health education, among other factors, are related to prevent the disease. The number of people with skin cancer increases every year, therefore, studies for better knowledge and development for better and safer sunscreens are crucial. Products used with the intention to protect the skin from ultraviolet sunrays (UV) are partially composed by sunscreen, which may lead to two different reactions, a physical reaction, that reflects and ceases the UV radiation; or a chemical reaction, that absorbs the UV radiation. Chemical filters may present absorption in UVB (290-320 nm), UVA (320 400 nm) or in both, which is considered as broad spectrum. Among the various types of compound forms with sunscreen UVB profile, cinnamates stand out for presenting good efficiency and excellent cost-benefit. The application of theoretical calculations became essential for drug design and bioactive molecules action mechanism studies, considering time saving and costs in research and development. The development of robust quantum method, such as TD-DFT allowed the simulation of experimental properties in silico, like RMN and UV spectra. Given this overview, this method was applied to simulate UV spectra of cinnamates with sunscreen profile. A search was done to define the best functional to simulate all spectrum, where the functionals B3LYP and B3P86 showed the best results when compared to experimental spectra of the compound ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate determined in methanol. An UV spectrum simulation for seven compounds derived from cinnamic acid showed maximum wavelength around to 310 nm, as described in the literature. It was observed that the average energy for the main electronic transition, HOMO to LUMO, is 3,95 eV. The method proved to be adequate for the determination of UV spectra for cinnamate class and it can be used as a tool on the search for new compounds from this class to be used as sunscreen.