Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erlan Rodrigues Andrade.pdf: 915500 bytes, checksum: fc507e21515ee08dc4f8e682d16ec0f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-08 / Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli contributed decisively to the development of the ideas of political freedom, under the civic and republican bias. Machiavelli reading and commenting Livy exalted republican Rome and conflicts among the Greats, who dominated , and the people who struggled not to be dominated, which were the cause of freedom in Rome. And from that caused a rupture with the political thought of antiquity and his time, in proclaiming political realism in the modern political analysis. Machiavelli is a unique author in the analysis of civic freedom in proclaiming that the best government is the Republican, the people is the main defender of freedom, that the institutionalization of conflict, not the pursuit peace ideal, can propitiate the civic freedom, among other arguments. The analysis of machiavellian civic freedom focuses on the First Book of the Discourses on the First Decade of Livy, especially in the first 18 chapters, considering forming a theoretical set over the republics. To enter in the Florentine in republican debate, which was a part, seeks to understand some of its main categories: disunity, riots, corruption, people, Greats, theory of humors, republic, verità effetualle, philosophy of history, virtù , fortune , 'human nature', matter and form. Although Machiavelli is a thinker of the sixteenth century, its contribution is sitting in a society where liberal thought achieves its hegemony under a new configuration, which is called neoliberal, that added to globalization and others hegemonic practices generate a series of economic, social, legal, politics and educational measures that minimize, invalidate and prevent conflicts by constructing identities and their justification and legitimation. Machiavelli was the author who through a dream of freedom advocated dialogue, conflict, dissent, that many condemn without pondering and someone that examine well, will discover that they gave rise to good laws, the ordinances beneficial and civic freedom / Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli contribuiu decisivamente para a elaboração das ideias de liberdade política, sob o viés cívico e republicano. Maquiavel ao reler e comentar Tito Lívio exaltou a Roma republicana e os conflitos entre os grandes, que dominavam, e o povo que lutava para não ser dominado, que foram a causa da liberdade de Roma. E a partir disso causou uma ruptura com o pensamento político da Antiguidade e de sua época, ao proclamar o realismo político e inaugurar a moderna análise política. Maquiavel é um autor ímpar na análise da liberdade cívica ao proclamar que o melhor governo é o Republicano, que o povo é o principal defensor da liberdade, que a institucionalização dos conflitos, e não a busca ideal da paz, pode oportunizar a liberdade cívica, dentre outros argumentos. A análise da liberdade cívica maquiaveliana se concentra no Livro Primeiro dos Discursos sobre a Primeira Década de Tito Lívio, principalmente nos primeiros 18 capítulos, haja vista formarem um conjunto teórico sobre as repúblicas. Para inserir o Florentino no debate republicano, do qual fazia parte, busca-se compreender algumas de suas principais categorias: a desunião, tumultos, corrupção, povo, grandes, teoria dos humores, república, verità effetualle, filosofia da história, virtù, fortuna, 'natureza humana', matéria e forma. Muito embora Maquiavel seja um pensador do século XVI, sua contribuição encontra assento em uma sociedade em que o pensamento liberal alcança sua hegemonia, sob uma nova configuração, a qual denomina-se neoliberal, que somada a globalização e às demais práticas hegemônicas geram uma série de medidas econômicas, sociais, jurídicas, políticas e educacionais que minimizam, invalidam e impedem os conflitos através da construção de identidades e suas respectivas justificação e legitimação. Maquiavel foi o autor que através de um sonho de liberdade defendeu o diálogo, o conflito, o dissenso, que muitos condenam sem ponderar e sendo que aquele que examinar bem descobrirá que eles deram origem a boas leis, a ordenações benéficas e a liberdade cívica

Thesis wants to show how well the Czechoslovak secret police was informed about the activities, plans and tactics of the political opposition especially in the year 1989. The main sources for the paper are the authentic records of the State Security as regular situation reports, information on the security situation in the country, inside directives of the secret police, but also some documents of the Communist Party leadership. Text shows which were the most important activities of the independent initiatives in the viewpoint of StB and prove that the security forces of the regime seem to might have had (surprisingly) good information on the opposition initiatives. Paper is also aimed on some functional aspects of the State Security, which did not exist in a political vacuum, but was directly subordinated to the Communist Party. Finally, it describes changes in the organizational structures of StB, particularly linked to the reform in 1988. Key words: State security, year 1989, opposition in Czechoslovakia, Charta 77, Movement for Civic Freedom, Obroda, Democratic initiative