In this three-article dissertation, I explore access to civil justice issues from several dimensions. Existing data tells us that poor households are significantly less likely than moderate- and high-income households to attempt to resolve civil justice problems, and that black households are significantly less likely than white households to attempt to resolve civil justice problems through formal means. However, we do not know why. The first article finds that among poor respondents, past experiences with public institutions, both legal and non-legal, contributed to a personal narrative about, and strong desire for, self-sufficiency. This narrative made respondents hesitant to seek help for civil justice matters, even if seeking help appeared to be the financially rational behavior. The second article argues that though there are many similarities between how poor blacks and poor whites interact with the legal system, blacks are much more likely to distrust legal institutions. This distrust leads them to avoid seeking out legal assistance, even in the most dire of circumstances. In the third article, I examine a different access to justice issue. I consider the changes Congress made in 2005 to try to limit access to one of bankruptcy's main protections, the automatic stay, for people who file for bankruptcy more than once in a 365-day period. I find that judges have mostly ignored this law, and that it has made little difference in access to bankruptcy for repeat filer debtors. I explore the roots of the judges' behavior and suggest potential legal reforms.

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Dissertation--Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät--Kiel--Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 2006. / Bibliogr. p. 365-385.

Electronic payment order in civil procedure Abstract Electronic payment order is introduced into the Czech legal system by the amendment of the Civil Judicial Procedure Rules no. 123/2008 Sb. implementing a new institution within the payment order procedure. Electronic payment order is presented as an institution able to help the Czech judiciary system within the shortened civil procedure by the application of the computerization of civil procedure. I decided to begin my thesis with a chapter trying to clarify the role of electronic payment order within the frame of the computerization of justice. I provided a brief account of the development and contemporary trends related to the computerization of justice and I approached the individual institutions which I regarded as appropriate to mention in order to understand the given institution within the whole context. The third chapter deals with reasons for which the institution was implemented into the Czech legal system. I carried out a detail analysis of the explanatory report to the Act introducing the institution of electronic payment order and I made an effort to outline the main reasons for the amendment and to arrange the objectives intended to be achieved by the implementation of the new institution. The third chapter focuses on the institution of the...

This dissertation thesis is aimed into costs of civil proceedings, especially general costs of civil proceedings and special costs of civil proceedings. Regarding the special costs of civil proceedings it deals with its renumeration (ammount and extent). Existing czech law was compared on given cases with german and english law; economic analysis of existing czech law governing the renumeration or general costs of civil proceedings was went through and as the result the externalities were found and defined with the consequencies the law lead to. The dissertation thesis has found a mathematical formula for calculation of summary renumeration of costs accompanied with lawsuits so that for the creditor it is more economical to sue the debts than to cede them to the debt collecting companies, and together with that the new law is proposed to prevent externalities that destruct the funcioning of civil courts by flood of multicopy-lawsuits and externalities that mean property transfer from wide level of citizens towards to the few individuals (bailiffs). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The partisan election of state judges and costly litigation make the civil justice system in the United States vulnerable because they undermine the values upon which the system was founded. The public’s trust that courts administer justice fairly and impartially is questioned by partisan elections funded by large corporations. Moreover, with the advent of electronically stored information, and the market’s control over the price of legal resources, access to the civil justice system is limited by wealth. This thesis seeks to address these problems and analyze the solutions that are most effective and comprehensive.

The unreasonable length of Italian civil proceedings goes on filling pages of newspapers and magazines. According to some authoritative views, the inefficiency of the civil justice system helps explain why the Italian model legislation on civil proceedings, as well as its academic research, are not as influential on the European scene as they were in the past. It is interesting to note that an opposed thesis has pointed out that the Italian procedurallaw and recent researches in civil proceedings lack a clear, up-to-date, principle-oriented and comprehensive approach towards problems and challenges that contemporary civil justice systems face today. Such an outdated and overly complicated approach might contribute to the inefficiency of the Italian civiljustice system. The Italian Law Journal, which aims to both spread knowledge (and criticism) of the Italian legal system and foster international debate among lawyers of different traditions, may be an appropriate venue for deepening our understanding of the current performance of the Italian civil justice system. Itmay, in particular, assist in ascertaining the major causes of the inefficiencies, with a view to assessing (in a subsequent article) if the prevailing way of thinking of legal scholars may, in the end, exacerbate the relevant problems. / La longitud poco razonable de los procesos civiles italianos continúa llenando páginas de periódicos y revistas. De acuerdo con algunas opiniones autorizadas, la ineficiencia del sistema de justicia civil ayuda a explicar el motivo por el cual el modelo italiano de legislación en materia de procedimiento civil, así como su investigación académica, no sean tan influyentes en la escena europea como lo fueron en el pasado. Es interesante notar que una tesis opuesta ha señalado que el derecho procesal italiano y las investigaciones recientes sobre el proceso civil carecen de un enfoque claro, integral, actualizado y orientado por principios sobre los problemas y desafíos que el sistema de justicia civil afronta actualmente. Tal enfoque anticuado y demasiado complicado podría contribuir a la ineficiencia del sistema de justicia civil italiano. El Italian Law Journal, cuyo objetivo es la difusión de conocimiento (y crítica) del sistema legal italiano y la promoción del debate internacional entre abogados de distintas tradiciones, puede ser un modo apropiado para profundizar nuestra comprensión del desempeño actual del sistema de justicia civil italiano. Puede, en particular, ayudar a determinar las principales causas de las ineficiencias con el fin de evaluar (en un artículo posterior) si la forma predominante de pensamiento de los estudiosos del derecho posiblemente, al final, exacerba problemas relevantes.

Costs of civil proccedings This dissertation thesis is aimed onto costs of civil proceedings, especially general costs of civil proceedings and special costs of civil proceedings. Regarding to the special costs of civil proceedings it deals with its remuneration (amount and extent). Existing Czech law was analyzed on given cases with comparation of law, economic analysis of law and theory of games and as the result the externalities were found and defined with the consequences the law lead to. The application of game theory on given problematics has shown its value for analysis of legal rules and as for future it is a way where the analytics can develop. The dissertation thesis has found a mathematical formula for calculation of summary remuneration of costs accompanied with lawsuits so that for the creditor it is more economical to sue the debts than to cede them to the debt collecting companies, and together with that the new law is proposed to prevent externalities that destruct the functioning of civil courts by flood of multiply-lawsuits and externalities, that's costs are borne by tax residents.

Depuis l’entrée en vigueur du Traité d’Amsterdam, le 1er mai 1999 et la « communautarisation » de la coopération judiciaire civile, l’Union européenne a adopté de nombreux instruments applicables aux litiges transfrontaliers, au point que l’on peut aujourd’hui parler d’un « droit judiciaire privé européen ». Or, il est permis de s’interroger sur les principes qui le gouvernent. Par comparaison, le Code de procédure civile français comprend un chapitre entier consacré aux principes directeurs du procès civil. De l’étude des instruments de l’Espace judiciaire civil européen, quatre principes directeurs ont été identifiés : le principe du contradictoire, le principe du rôle actif du juge, le principe de célérité et le principe du dialogue transfrontalier. Il est alors possible, dans une démarche prospective, de s’interroger sur leur éventuelle consécration en droit de l’Union. Un certain nombre d’obstacles ont été relevés mais aucun ne paraît dirimant. Possible, cette consécration semble également souhaitable. Ses différents apports ont en effet été mis en évidence. Il restait à déterminer la base juridique ainsi que l’instrument normatif de cette consécration. À ce titre, l’article 81 du Traité sur le fonctionnement de l’Union européenne relatif à la coopération judiciaire en matière civile pourrait servir de base juridique. Par ailleurs, c’est lavoie du règlement et non celle de la directive qui a été ici privilégiée. / Since the Treaty of Amsterdam entered into force on the 1st of May 1999 and the “communitarisation” of judicial cooperation in civil matters, the European Union has adopted many legal instruments relating to cross-border litigation, to the extent that one can now refer to a distinct “European International Private Law”, the governing principles of which have yet to be defined. By comparison, the French Code of Civil Procedure includes an entire chapter devoted to the governing principles applicable to civil trials. Based on a study of the European civil justice area, four governing principles can be identified: the adversarial principle, the principle of the judge’s active role, the principle of urgency and the principle of cross-border dialogue. In prospective terms, it follows that the possibility of these four principles’ being enacted in EU law is a matter worthy of examination. Several obstacles can be identified, none of which appears to be insuperable. Having been recognised as a possibility, such a consecration also seems desirable on the grounds of its several demonstrable advantages. The legal basis and vehicle of the above-mentioned four principles’ legal enshrinement remain to be determined. In this regard, article 81 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, pertaining to judicial cooperation in civil matters, couldserve as a legal basis. In terms of implementation, this study also argues in favor of regulations over directives.