<p> Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world, and Portland Cement is the most commonly used cement in the industry. The manufacturing of materials is dependent on research and industry specification standards. This report focuses on current innovations in concrete developments, with a specific emphasis on Aluminosilicate or &lsquo;geopolymer&rsquo; cements and their possible implications on the evolution of a sustainable architecture in the United States. </p><p> Aluminosilicate cements are currently being researched worldwide and have been implemented in various countries as a replacement for portland cement. It is one of many sustainable cement solutions, but unlike others, provides enhanced characteristics while remaining in the same price range as ordinary portland cement mixtures. This technology uses no limestone or water, thus eliminating the need for high amounts of energy use in the production of its initial ingredients. </p><p> Introducing new construction materials is challenging, especially to a well-established concrete industry such as that of the United States. Precast concrete offers an ideal medium for new concrete materials and their introduction into common practice due to the ability for tight controls. As more sustainable and durable materials are becoming available, construction processes can change and have the ability to affect the future evolution of architectural design. This report articulates these advancements and the importance of architectural involvement within the United States construction industry.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4159. Adviser: Mir M. Ali. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 224-234) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

<p> The objective for this thesis is to outline a Performance-Based Engineering (PBE) framework to address the multiple hazards of Earthquake (EQ) and subsequent Fire Following Earthquake (FFE). Currently, fire codes for the United States are largely empirical and prescriptive in nature. The reliance on prescriptive requirements makes quantifying sustained damage due to fire difficult. Additionally, the empirical standards have resulted from individual member or individual assembly furnace testing, which have been shown to differ greatly from full structural system behavior. The very nature of fire behavior (ignition, growth, suppression, and spread) is fundamentally difficult to quantify due to the inherent randomness present in each stage of fire development. The study of interactions between earthquake damage and fire behavior is also in its infancy with essentially no available empirical testing results. This thesis will present a literature review, a discussion, and critique of the state-of-the-art, and a summary of software currently being used to estimate loss due to EQ and FFE. A generalized PBE framework for EQ and subsequent FFE is presented along with a combined hazard probability to performance objective matrix and a table of variables necessary to fully implement the proposed framework. Future research requirements and summary are also provided with discussions of the difficulties inherent in adequately describing the multiple hazards of EQ and FFE.</p>

O objetivo geral foi caracterizar a arquitetura civil, nomeadamente o casario circunscrito à localidade mineira de São João del-­-Rei. O recorte temporal se definiu entre os anos de 1810 e 1880 aproximadamente, tendo como referências o desembarque da Família Real Portuguesa no Rio de Janeiro, acompanhado da aberturas dos portos em 1808, e a chegada da ferrovia na cidade são-­-joanense em 1881. A pesquisa foi motivada pela identificação de uma lacuna historiográfica em torno do segundo quartel do século XIX, pelo enquadramento estilístico usualmente restrito aos termos \'colonial\' e \'eclético\' e, ainda, por um respectivo acervo arquitetônico remanescente em São João del-­-Rei, que resistia a tais classificações. Devido a limitações inerentes à pesquisa, a aproximação se restringiu aos aspectos do exterior do casario. A escassez de referências cronológicas locais levou à consideração de outros contextos, de acordo com as conexões geográficas e culturais da época. Destacaram-­-se, nesse ínterim, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro e Portugal, além da produção historiográfica paulista, que se mostraram fundamentais para a maior compreensão do caso são-­-joanense. Foram acessadas diferentes fontes de informação, a começar pela reconhecimento empírico dos conjuntos arquitetônicos e seu respectivo levantamento fotográfico. Uma contribuição significativa foi dada pela iconografia coetânea (aquarelas, desenhos, fotografias etc.) e por imagens fotográficas produzidas já no século XX. Foram ainda consultados alguns manuscritos, escritos de época e documentos cartográficos e planimétricos. Com a consideração das referências, o cruzamento das fontes e a análise da amostra são-­-joanense, as edificações foram agrupadas de acordo com suas características formais e tipológicas. Ensaios sequenciais e as relações com períodos históricos resultaram em uma leitura cronologicamente situada do casario. Nesse ínterim, os motivos arquitetônicos remetidos ao século XVIII foram gradualmente cedendo lugar a outros de orientação classicista. Percebeu-­-se, por um lado, o prolongamento e a resistência de motivos tradicionais e, por outro lado, uma paulatina consolidação do sistema classicista, acompanhada de uma maior profusão no regime ornamental. Observou-­-se uma notável transformação da arquitetura ao longo do tempo, expressa tanto na diversidade compositiva como nas intervenções periódicas demandadas pelas necessidades de manutenção e reforma. A presença concomitante de estilemas tradicionais e neoclássicos implicou composições híbridas, que não apresentaram correspondência plena com categorias estilísticas usualmente praticadas. Aspectos arquitetônicos variaram de acordo com matizes regionais, com destaque para os peculiares estuques do casario são-­-joanense. Nesse sentido, verificou-­-se um movimento de apropriação da cultura arquitetônica, o qual passou por um processo de acomodação local. De forma geral, ficaram sugeridas a relatividade das balizas cronológicas e as limitações dos enquadramentos estilísticos e tipológicos para o estudo da história da arquitetura brasileira, tornando-­-se pertinente considerar as contingências artísticas e históricas das obras em sua individualidade, em seu conjunto e no contexto em que se inserem. / The objective general was characterize To architecture civil, Namely O House Circumscribed The Locality Mining Of Are John The - King. The Clipping temporal If Defined in between the years Of 1810 And 1880 about, by having as references O landing gives Family Real Portuguese at the River Of January, accompanied gives Openings Two Ports in 1808, And To arrival gives railroad at City Saint - Johannine in 1881. A search was Motivated By identification Of One gap Historiographical in lathe Hilarious second quarter Hilarious century XIX, fur framework stylistic usually Restricted To the terms \'colonial\' And \'eclectic\' and, still, per A respective Collection architectural remaining in Are John Of - King, What Resisted To Such Classifications. Due To Limitations Inherent The search, To approach If Restricted To the aspects Hilarious Outdoor Hilarious House A scarcity Of references Chronological Places it took The consideration Of others Contexts, Of wake up With at Connections Geographical And Cultural gives time. However, In this interim, To City Hilarious River Of January And Portugal, beyond gives production Historiographical Paulista What If Showed Fundamental for To larger understanding Hilarious case Are - joanense. Were Accessed many different sources Of information, To begin By recognition empirical Two Sets Architectural And your respective Lifting photographic. An contribution Significant was Given By iconography Coethnical (Watercolors, drawings, Photos etc.) And per images Photographic Produced already at the century XX. Were Still Consulted some Manuscripts, Written Of time And Documents Cartographic And Planimetric. With To consideration Of references, O crossing Of sources And To analysis gives sample Are - joanense, at Buildings were Grouped Of wake up With your characteristics Formal And Typologies. Essay Sequential And at relations With Periods Historical Resulted in One reading Chronologically Located Hilarious House In that interim, the Reasons Architectural Remitted to century XVIII were gradually Yielding place To others Of guidance Classicist It was perceived, per A side, O Prolongation And To resistance Of Reasons Traditional and, per other side, One Gradual consolidation Hilarious system Classicist, Accompanied Of One larger profusion at the Regime ornamental. It was observed One remarkable transformation gives architecture to long Hilarious time, Express so much at diversity Compositional as In the Interventions Periodic Defendants by Needs Of maintenance And reform. A presence concomitant Of Stilettos Traditional And Neoclassical Meant Compositions Hybrids, What no Presented correspondence Full With Categories Stylistic usually Practiced. Aspects Architectural They varied Of wake up With Nuances Regional, With Featured for the Peculiar Stuccos Hilarious House Are - joanense. In that sense, It was verified A movement Of appropriation gives culture Architectural, O Which has passed per A process Of accommodation local. In form general, They stayed Suggested To relativity Of Beacons Chronological And at Limitations Two Frames Stylistic And Typological for O study gives history gives architecture Brazilian Becoming relevant consider at Contingencies Artistic And Historical Of construction in your individuality, in your set And at the context in What If Inserted.

La thèse propose une approche pluridisciplinaire, mêlant l’analyse de la topographie et la lecture minutieuse du bâti, avec relevés à l’appui, à l’exploitation de nombreuses comptabilités et des sources iconographiques. Les ensembles architecturaux profondément modifiés d’Amboise − et de ce fait très complexes à appréhender − ont en effet demandé une analyse conjointe du château et de la ville.D’une ampleur jamais encore égalée, le chantier de construction royal, initié par Louis XI en 1463, eut des répercussions immédiates sur l’économie et l’urbanisme de cette petite « ville-Pont » de 300 à 400 feux. En 1498, les chantiers étaient lancés et Amboise avait tous les atouts pour devenir une cité d’importance mais à cette date, la mort accidentelle de Charles VIII en arrêta l’essor. Toutefois, le dynamisme du chantier d’Amboise sur une quarantaine d’années constitua le laboratoire de nouvelles solutions architecturales qui influencèrent les chantiers princiers du début de la Renaissance. / This thesis presents a multidisciplinary approach, it consists in the study of topography, of buildings, thanks to layouts, and of the existing accounts and iconography. Because the architecture has changed a lot it has required analyzing both the castle and the town. From 1463, Louis XI’s huge magnificent project had repercussions on the economy and the development of this small “bridge-Town”. In 1498, the building sites were set up and the town was to become a city but Charles VIII’s unexpected death stopped its expansion. However, this dynamic building period, over 40 years, has to be considered as an experiment of new architectural forms which would impact princely buildings in the early Renaissance.

O objetivo geral foi caracterizar a arquitetura civil, nomeadamente o casario circunscrito à localidade mineira de São João del-­-Rei. O recorte temporal se definiu entre os anos de 1810 e 1880 aproximadamente, tendo como referências o desembarque da Família Real Portuguesa no Rio de Janeiro, acompanhado da aberturas dos portos em 1808, e a chegada da ferrovia na cidade são-­-joanense em 1881. A pesquisa foi motivada pela identificação de uma lacuna historiográfica em torno do segundo quartel do século XIX, pelo enquadramento estilístico usualmente restrito aos termos \'colonial\' e \'eclético\' e, ainda, por um respectivo acervo arquitetônico remanescente em São João del-­-Rei, que resistia a tais classificações. Devido a limitações inerentes à pesquisa, a aproximação se restringiu aos aspectos do exterior do casario. A escassez de referências cronológicas locais levou à consideração de outros contextos, de acordo com as conexões geográficas e culturais da época. Destacaram-­-se, nesse ínterim, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro e Portugal, além da produção historiográfica paulista, que se mostraram fundamentais para a maior compreensão do caso são-­-joanense. Foram acessadas diferentes fontes de informação, a começar pela reconhecimento empírico dos conjuntos arquitetônicos e seu respectivo levantamento fotográfico. Uma contribuição significativa foi dada pela iconografia coetânea (aquarelas, desenhos, fotografias etc.) e por imagens fotográficas produzidas já no século XX. Foram ainda consultados alguns manuscritos, escritos de época e documentos cartográficos e planimétricos. Com a consideração das referências, o cruzamento das fontes e a análise da amostra são-­-joanense, as edificações foram agrupadas de acordo com suas características formais e tipológicas. Ensaios sequenciais e as relações com períodos históricos resultaram em uma leitura cronologicamente situada do casario. Nesse ínterim, os motivos arquitetônicos remetidos ao século XVIII foram gradualmente cedendo lugar a outros de orientação classicista. Percebeu-­-se, por um lado, o prolongamento e a resistência de motivos tradicionais e, por outro lado, uma paulatina consolidação do sistema classicista, acompanhada de uma maior profusão no regime ornamental. Observou-­-se uma notável transformação da arquitetura ao longo do tempo, expressa tanto na diversidade compositiva como nas intervenções periódicas demandadas pelas necessidades de manutenção e reforma. A presença concomitante de estilemas tradicionais e neoclássicos implicou composições híbridas, que não apresentaram correspondência plena com categorias estilísticas usualmente praticadas. Aspectos arquitetônicos variaram de acordo com matizes regionais, com destaque para os peculiares estuques do casario são-­-joanense. Nesse sentido, verificou-­-se um movimento de apropriação da cultura arquitetônica, o qual passou por um processo de acomodação local. De forma geral, ficaram sugeridas a relatividade das balizas cronológicas e as limitações dos enquadramentos estilísticos e tipológicos para o estudo da história da arquitetura brasileira, tornando-­-se pertinente considerar as contingências artísticas e históricas das obras em sua individualidade, em seu conjunto e no contexto em que se inserem. / The objective general was characterize To architecture civil, Namely O House Circumscribed The Locality Mining Of Are John The - King. The Clipping temporal If Defined in between the years Of 1810 And 1880 about, by having as references O landing gives Family Real Portuguese at the River Of January, accompanied gives Openings Two Ports in 1808, And To arrival gives railroad at City Saint - Johannine in 1881. A search was Motivated By identification Of One gap Historiographical in lathe Hilarious second quarter Hilarious century XIX, fur framework stylistic usually Restricted To the terms \'colonial\' And \'eclectic\' and, still, per A respective Collection architectural remaining in Are John Of - King, What Resisted To Such Classifications. Due To Limitations Inherent The search, To approach If Restricted To the aspects Hilarious Outdoor Hilarious House A scarcity Of references Chronological Places it took The consideration Of others Contexts, Of wake up With at Connections Geographical And Cultural gives time. However, In this interim, To City Hilarious River Of January And Portugal, beyond gives production Historiographical Paulista What If Showed Fundamental for To larger understanding Hilarious case Are - joanense. Were Accessed many different sources Of information, To begin By recognition empirical Two Sets Architectural And your respective Lifting photographic. An contribution Significant was Given By iconography Coethnical (Watercolors, drawings, Photos etc.) And per images Photographic Produced already at the century XX. Were Still Consulted some Manuscripts, Written Of time And Documents Cartographic And Planimetric. With To consideration Of references, O crossing Of sources And To analysis gives sample Are - joanense, at Buildings were Grouped Of wake up With your characteristics Formal And Typologies. Essay Sequential And at relations With Periods Historical Resulted in One reading Chronologically Located Hilarious House In that interim, the Reasons Architectural Remitted to century XVIII were gradually Yielding place To others Of guidance Classicist It was perceived, per A side, O Prolongation And To resistance Of Reasons Traditional and, per other side, One Gradual consolidation Hilarious system Classicist, Accompanied Of One larger profusion at the Regime ornamental. It was observed One remarkable transformation gives architecture to long Hilarious time, Express so much at diversity Compositional as In the Interventions Periodic Defendants by Needs Of maintenance And reform. A presence concomitant Of Stilettos Traditional And Neoclassical Meant Compositions Hybrids, What no Presented correspondence Full With Categories Stylistic usually Practiced. Aspects Architectural They varied Of wake up With Nuances Regional, With Featured for the Peculiar Stuccos Hilarious House Are - joanense. In that sense, It was verified A movement Of appropriation gives culture Architectural, O Which has passed per A process Of accommodation local. In form general, They stayed Suggested To relativity Of Beacons Chronological And at Limitations Two Frames Stylistic And Typological for O study gives history gives architecture Brazilian Becoming relevant consider at Contingencies Artistic And Historical Of construction in your individuality, in your set And at the context in What If Inserted.

Le travail de recherche vise à encadrer la figure de Lequeu dans le paysage culturel et architectural de la Révolution française, en proposant une prise de distance critique et une mise à part des célèbres dessins des Figures lascives, à lesquels la figure de l'architecte a été parfois grossièrement éclairée. Au contraire, notre analyse se concentre sur ce qui constitue le cœur de son œuvre graphique: les planches numérotées de l'Architecture civile, que Lequeu rédige à partir de 1778, et qui sont aujourd'hui, conservées au Cabinet des estampes de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Visionnaire dans sa tentative de créer une nouvelle conception du dessin architectural, qu'il élabore conjointement au caractère de son architecture, les plus amères des contradictions du XVIIIe siècle se concentrent en lui inévitablement attiré par le moderne, il en a systématiquement horreur et tourne son regard vers un passé idéalisé, rêvé comme un port salvateur mais insaisissable. C'est dans cette juxtaposition d'éléments qui de la littérature chevaleresque aboutit aux traités théorico-pratiques de la Renaissance, redécouvre les mouvements humains et entre en contact, pour la première fois avec l’introspection psychologique, décrit donc le rôle de Lequeu, dans l'histoire de l'architecture européenne. Les planches de !"Architecture civile interprètent à la fois les angoisses d'un artiste aux prises avec l'ancien, et la modernité de la culture technique française du XVIIIe siècle. / The research aims to explore the figure of Lequeu in the cultural and architectural panorama of the French Revolution, proposing a critical distance from the famous drawings named Figures lascives. Our analysis focused on what constitutes the core of his graphic work: the numbered drawings of Architecture Civile, that Lequeu drafts from 1778 and now conserved at the Cabinet des estampes of Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris). Visionary in its attempt to create a new conception of architectural drawing, Lequeu developed the character of its architecture, where the most of eighteenth century's contradictions are concentrated. lnevitably attracted to the modern, it has systematically horror oh that, and turns his eyes to an idealized past, dreamed but elusive port. lt is in this juxtaposition of elements, which of place of Lequeu: no architect before him has tried such a great mix of different interests and skills. The link with the art of his time, who discovers, for the first lime, the psychological introspection, describes the role of Lequeu in the history of European architecture. The drawings of Architecture Civile interpret both the anguish of an artist struggling with the old, and the modernity of the French technical culture of the eighteenth century.