Thesis (MPA) -- Stellenbosch University, 1993. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The history and development of civil protection in South Africa, as well as in seven world states, appear to have common characteristics. The phenomenon civil protection and the authoritive allocation of protection values can be categorised in three models. The traditional model depicts the allocation of protection values based on inheritance from generation to generation. The command approach refers to the allocation and exercising of protection values in accordance with authoritative and dictatorial government powers. The market model of civil protection refers to the free market mechanism within which the demand and supply of protection values will determine the nature and extent of civil protection measures. The origin and development of civil protection world wide can be traced back from the earliest times, i.e. from the family grouping through feudalism, mercantalism and city states up to the contemporary representative government systems. The general theory of civil protection, based on the semantics and genetics of civil protection, identifies the authoritive allocation of protection values in accordance with five perspectives viz; (a) the historic traditional perspective based on the evolutionary development of protection skills handed down from generation to generation; (b) the war perspective with threats against civilians, in times of war, being the motivation for civil protection; (c) the disaster- and emergency situation perspective with man- and natural caused threats being the motivation for civil protection; (d) the generic perspective with logic in accordance with semantics and genetics being the motivation for understanding civil protection; and (e) the human need perspective with deprivation of human need satisfaction giving rise to civil protection. In South Africa civil protection can be described in relation to informal civil protection based on resistance movements, to the left of the government-of-the-day political spectrum as well as to the right of the government-of-the-day political spectrum. Due to the early stage of existence, research on right wing resistance can only be superfluous. Nongovernmental organisations represent the second formation of informal civil protection. South African civil protection based on legislation in the form of political acts as well as executive legislation, formulated by the burocracy, the so-called regime, represents the third formation of civil protection viz. formal civil protection. The efficiency of civil protection in South Africa is a bone of contemporary contention due to present day unrest- and natural contingencies that threatens civilians. Theoretical principles of efficiency, based on five approaches in determining organisation efficiency can be compared to the status of civil protection in South Africa, by way of an introspection and problem statement in order to evaluate the performance of civil protection. An eclectic approach based on the five approaches mentioned, is an appropriate method of evaluating organisational efficiency. The efficiency of the resistance- and non-governmental civil protection formations in South Africa seems to be adequate for continued existence within the South African protection environment. The formal formation of civil protection seems to have an inadequate standard of organisational efficiency. A normative future perspective is therefore essential. The generic all encompassing nature of civil protection as phenomenon should be confirmed, along with the prerogative of non-governmental organisations and resistance movements to be acknowledged as civil protection formations. Formal civil protection in South Africa encompasses the entire governmental sector with all its branches and within all levels of hierarchy. The establishment of a Corporate Civil Protection Support and Management Prooramme, as a facilitating staff function for the protection of civilians, is recommended in order to alleviate the present standard of formal civil protection inefficiency and in eliminating malperceptions on civil protection. The Corporate Management Programme, should eliminate the fragmentations, duplications and encroachments currently existing within formal civil protection in South Africa. Contributions to the efficiency of civil protection can also be realised. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Burgerlike beskerming openbaar wêreldwyd bepaalde geskiedkundige en ontstaanskenmerke. Beskermingswaardes word gesaghebbend toegewys volgens drie benaderings oftewel toewysingsmodelle. Die tradisionele model, verwys na die toewysing van beskermingswaardes kragtens oorerwing van geslag tot geslag. Die bevelsbenadering verwys na die toewysing en uitoefening van beskermingswaardes kragtens outoritêre en diktatoriale regeringsmag. Die markmodel van burgerlike beskerming verwys na die vryemarkmeganisme waar die vraag en aanbod na beskermingswaardes sal bepaal wat die omvang van burgerlike beskermingsmaatreëls sal wees. Die ontstaan en geskiedenis van burgerlike beskerming wêreldwyd dateer sedert die vroegste tye vanaf die familiegroepering deur die feudalisme, merkantilisme en stadstate tot die hedendaagse verteenwoordigende regeringstelsel. Die algemene teorie van burgerlike beskerming, aan die hand van die betekenis van die term en kragtens die genetiek en semantiek, bevestig vyf perspektiewe as verklaring vir die bestaan van burgerlike beskerming, naamlik: (a) die kultuur-historiese perspektief met evolusie van tradisionele beskermingsgebruike as verklaring; (b) die oorlogsperspektief stel oorlogsbedreigings teen die burgerlike as verklaring; (c) die ramp- en noodbestuursperspektief, stel ramp- en noodtoestand bedreigings as verklaring; (d) die behoefte bevredigingsperspektief, stel ontneming van die menslike reg tot behoeftebevrediging as verklaring: en (e) die generiese perspektlef stel logika kragtens die semantiek en genetiek as verklaring. In Suid-Afrika word weerstand informele burgerlike beskerming bedryf deur weerstandsbewegings, oftewel bevrydingsbewegings links van die regering-van-die-dag politieke spektrum, sowel as regs van die regering-van-die-dag politieke spektrum. Nie-owerheid organisasies as 'n vergestalting van nie-owerheid informele burgerlike beskerming word vry algemeen aangetref as die tweede informele vergestalting en word bedryf deur die privaatsektor as sake-ondernemings, welsynsorganisasies en gemeenskapsgroeperings soos sosiale klubs. Formele burgerlike beskerming aan die hand van afgekondigde politieke- sowel as uitvoerende wetgewing, aan die hand van die burokrasie, die sogenaamde regime, verteenwoordig die derde vergestalting van burgerlike beskerming wat ook vry algerneen in Suid-Afrika aangetref word. Die effektiwiteit van burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika het in die jongste tye 'n knellende vraagstuk geword vanwee toenemende bedreiging teen burgerlikes. Die teoretiese grondslag van die betekenis van effektiwiteit asook benaderings tot organisasie-effektiwiteit kan, indien met oorleg toegepas, 'n geldige aanduiding wees van burgerlike beskerming effektiwiteit. Formele burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika, toon 'n kommerenswaardige standaard van effektiwiteit aan die hand van 'n introspeksie en probleemstelling. Daar· teenoor toon die twee informele vergestaltings 'n toereikende effektiwiteitstandaard ten einde voortgesette funksionering te regverdig. Die normatiewe toekoms van burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika, kragtens aard en omvang, behoort normatief opgeklaar te word ten einde die persepsiologiese dwalings en verwarrings op te klaar. Die generies-omvattende aard van burgerlike beskerming as verskynsel en die bestaansreg van nie-owerheid organisasies en weerstandsbewegings as informele burgerlike beskermingsvergestaltings behoort amptelik erken te word as deelhouers van burgerlike beskerming. Die normatiewe vooruitskouing van formele burgerlike beskerming daarenteen is 'n aangeleentheid wat indringende en regstellende maatreëls verg. Formele burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika behels die geheel owerheidsektor in sy vele vertakkinge en hierargiese vlakke. Die vestiging van 'n Korporatiewe Burgerlike Beskerming Ondersteunende Bestuursprogram as fasiliterende staffunksie vir die beskerming van burgerlikes is 'n tydgenootlike vernuwing wat ernstige oorweging behoort te geniet. Die vestiging van sodanige Korporatiewe Bestuursprogram word as opklaring vir die Suid-Afrikaanse formele burgerlike beskermingsprobleem voorgehou. Die vestiging en bedryf van die Korporatiewe Bestuursprogram verg dat daar 'n geintegreerde korporatiewe en gekoordineerde program tot stand gebring behoort te word wat bestaande fragmenterings, dupliserings en oorvleuelings van formele burgerlike beskerming in Suid-Afrika behoort uit te skakel en ook die effektiewe beskerming van burgerlikes in Suid-Afrika behoort te realiseer.

CHDS State/Local / Within the last three years, Homeland Security (HLS) has emerged as a new focus for local law enforcement agencies throughout the nation. While local police must effectively address community needs associated with crime and quality of life, they are also now on the front lines of the nation's battle against the forces of international terrorism. Using existing knowledge (derived primarily from the emergency management field), police agencies have worked to develop locally relevant, viable and available expertise in the developing field of HLS. If federal estimates are accurate, however, a critical mass of these experts will retire within the next five years. As these organizational experts approach retirement, their communities will be forced to deal with the consequences of an exodus of fundamental knowledge, experience and expertise. Police organizations will be challenged to continue the efficient delivery of homeland security services absent the experts who were instrumental in developing the field. Existing research in Knowledge Management (KM) may offer some guidance to managing this problem. KM seeks to offer organizational guidance on how to identify knowledge generation processes and then leverage, maintain and manage knowledge assets within an organization. This thesis seeks to explore the potential application of KM theories to the real challenges faced by local police agencies in the National Capitol Region as they attempt to effectively engage HLS management. / Assistant Chief of Police/Investigative Services, Montgomery County Department of Police

CHDS State/Local / Beginning in 2004, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) began to define and implement a national domestic all-hazards preparedness goal, intended to improve the nation's preparedness for national catastrophes, including terrorist attacks. DHS's approach was capabilities-based planning (CBP), adopted from the Department of Defense (DoD). CPB is intended to develop the means--capabilities--for organizations to set priorities responding to a wide range of potential, but uncertain challenges and circumstances, mindful of issues of cost and sustainability. This thesis is intended to help officials better understand CBP and the factors important to its successful implementation. These factors range from setting out the business case for CBP adoption to necessary organizational and cultural enablers. In conclusion, the thesis recommends enhancing the CBP approach to national preparedness planning through integrating its approach with use of a national preparedness management standard, coverage of the mission areas of the National Strategy for Homeland Security, and encouraging performance partnership and collaborative. / Analyst-In-Charge and Senior Analyst, US Government Accountability Office

CHDS State/Local / Responding and recovering from large scale disasters is extremely labor intensive. Unfortunately, a problem confronting all communities is inability to employ on a regular basis the large number of personnel needed to effectively manage large scale disasters. One possible solution to increase workforce capacity during times of critical need is for emergency managers to integrate a volunteer component into their existing disaster management plan. The federal government is assisting local communities with volunteer recruitment by nationally sponsoring Neighborhood Watch, Volunteers in Police Service, Medical Reserve Corps, Community Emergency Response Team and Fire Corps programs through county-wide Citizen Corps Councils. The acceptance of volunteers by paid responders can vary significantly from one community to another. The results of a 13 item questionnaire from 50 CERT volunteers from a metropolitan community, who had at least one previous experience working with paid responders during the recovery phase of a large scale disaster identified that 24 percent felt as if they were in the way, 20 percent felt as if they worked harder than the paid responders, 36 percent were given assignments that did not match their skill level or training, only 48 percent were tasked immediately and only 60 percent reported that paid responders were helpful. Encouraging is the fact that even though some experiences may have been less than optimal, 100 percent reported that they would feel comfortable working with the same responders during another event. In addition, two case studies are used to tell the story of CERT volunteers that assisted with the recovery phase after the 2004 hurricane season in Florida. Each case study concludes with a list of lessons learned that emergency managers can consider when planning for similar missions. Primary issues and courses of action are provided to assist community leaders with deciding whether or not volunteers should be integrated into their existing disaster management plans. If the decision is made to integrate volunteers, several recommendations are discussed to assist planners with developing implementation strategies to address the needs and concerns of both populationâ s volunteers and paid responders. / Division Chief, Tampa Fire Rescue

CHDS State/Local / A threat assessment model to identify domestic radical groups on a trajectory towards terrorist violence remains an elusive goal. The lack of a model constrains proactive counter-terrorism efforts resulting in largely reactive strategies that often are ineffectual in discovering and disrupting terrorist plots while in an inchoate stage. The Path to Terrorist Violence Model, based on a threat assessment model used in the emerging field of threat management for the judiciary and elected officials, is a valid and reliable assessment methodology to identify radical groups at risk of escalation to acts of terrorism. By focusing on attack-related behaviors that a group must take to mount a planned attack, the Path to Terrorist Violence avoids contentious issues related to psychosocial, religious, race or ethnicity-based profiling assumptions. / Captain, Douglas County Sheriff's Department

CHDS State/Local / This thesis evaluates, through the lens of the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act, training and assignment policy alternatives for expediting the development and deployment of military officers to fill billets requiring interagency expertise. Using United States Northern Command as a case study, it examines these policy alternatives and proposes Joint Mission Essential Tasks that might form the basis for required training and education. It proposes the establishment of a Homeland Defense College and suggests that military officers be awarded credit for joint tours through service with non-DOD agencies. The thesis argues that uniformed service resistance to expanded DOD/inter-agency engagement should be anticipated. Mitigating measures are suggested based extensively upon a conceptual framework for successful military innovation developed by Terry C. Pierce. / Civilian, GS-14, USNORTHCOM

Defense against terrorism both at home and abroad has become a priority in the United States. As a result, resource allocation has also increased. However, even as resources increase, they are still finite. So the dilemma becomes how to efficiently allocate these limited resources. Currently the data, while abundant, is confusing. One suggested method is to allocate resources based on risk. However, there is virtually no guidance on how that risk should be defined or what the parameters are in a risk-based approach. Also, there is no flow of information model that outlines how to communicate to decision makers the risk reduction potential of each policy alternative. This thesis investigates the usefulness of quantitative risk analysis as an approach to determine the allocation of counter-terrorism resources. This approach develops a simulation-based quantitative risk assessment method that allows for subjective elements and uncertainties. The risk assessment information is then integrated with the cost of the alternatives to yield a risk-reduction-cost-tradeoff curve that guides decision makers with resource allocation decisions. This approach is demonstrated by using the Port Security Grant Program as an example. We find that the approach provides the decision maker the information required to discover robust resource allocation solutions.

The 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States were the impetus for change within the U.S. homeland security establishment. Despite these changes, deficiencies still exist. In addition to these deficiencies, the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) is in full swing and the United States is engaged around the world. These factors provide valid reasons for the United States to research other countries' homeland security paradigms to provide a contrast in methods of combating terrorism. This thesis investigates the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the U.S. reactions in response to these attacks. As a country that has combated terrorism in the past, Japan's experiences with the Japanese Red Army (JRA) and Aum Shinrikyo, indigenous terrorist groups, are elucidated. The U.S. responses to 9/11 are compared to Japan's responses to the JRA, Aum Shinrikyo and 9/11. These comparisons are analyzed and used to describe the Japanese homeland security paradigm. This paradigm is applied to the U.S. strategy to combat terrorism to identify aspects of U.S. strategy that should be improved by implementing the Japanese homeland security paradigm. This thesis was written in the hope that the United States can learn from another country's successes and failures in combating terrorism.

Recent domestic emergencies such as the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and the destruction of New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 proved to many Americans that disaster preparedness, response and recovery are vital to America's national security. These tragic events raised doubts about the federal government's preparedness and competence to rapidly respond to crises, and increased political and public pressure to improve federal response capabilities, including the possibility of widening the U.S. military's role in homeland security and disaster response. However, before widening its role, the U.S. military must take on the initiative to evaluate and improve upon the military's current roles and mechanisms for providing effective and timely domestic incident management. Closer evaluation of the existing provisions and procedures for providing domestic military assistance is critical to this initiative and is desperately needed. This thesis examines one of the DoD's current provisions for providing immediate disaster response and assistance-the DoD's Immediate Response Authority (IRA). This thesis evaluates the IRA provision's role and capability to provide disaster assistance when first responders are wiped out or otherwise incapable of providing effective initial disaster response. Most would agree a "smarter" DoD role is more valuable than a larger one. This thesis explores various means to make the IRA provision "smarter" to help maximize resources and improve immediate military disaster response and assistance. This thesis also strives to determine where the DoD's IRA provision fits in relation to other federal and military response mechanisms and established national strategy and policy. The research identifies current barriers to the IRA provision's effectiveness, such as strategic guidance, oversight, and training, and also provides recommendations to help eliminate these barriers to eventually improve the overall effectiveness of this valuable resource for city, state, and federal first responders.

Since the attacks of September 11th, 2001 involving commercial aircraft used as missiles to attack critical assets located within the United States, the U.S has worked diligently to enhance its military air defense posture. Air defense of critical U.S. assets and National Special Security Events (NSSE) have been enhanced by adding static and proposed deployable Ground Based Air Defense (GBAD) systems designed to provide a [beta]last line[gamma] of defense from air attacks over U.S. soil. Currently this last line of defense is incorporated with the air and maritime military air defense forces providing a [beta]defense in depth[gamma] over critical assets, but does not support the air and maritime air defense over broader ranges of U.S. soil where critical assets do not exist. As the U.S. continues to enhance its air defense posture around critical assets and high priority events against terrorist attacks from the air, it is reasonable to assume that the terrorists may adjust their strategy for air attacks. The terrorists may deem it more beneficial to attack targets which lack a last line defense. It is therefore critical to examine new means and methods to provide GBAD in areas which may be determined to be less lucrative targets. In addition to the proposed alternate terrorist strategy, it is also reasonable to assume that increased security measures in the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) will deter the terrorists from attempting another hijacking event; thus forcing them to seek other means of attack. Cruise missiles (CM) are a cheap and effective means of causing limited destruction. Cruise missiles can be programmed to maneuver and operate at various altitudes and are small enough to be transported with little to no visibility. A cruise missile in the wrong hands could find its way to within miles of the U.S. borders and coastlines. If launched; a cruise missile could engage random targets throughout the U.S., such as malls or schools, and cause a major upset to our national security. Therefore, a defense system should be established which incorporates GBAD that is capable of engaging the CM threat with little to no notice, over the entire U.S. border and coastal regions.