Classifications are useful and efficient. We group things into kinds to facilitate the acquisition and transmission of important, often tacit, information about a particular entity qua member of some kind. Whilst it is universally acknowledged that classifications are useful, some scientific classifications (e.g. chemical elements) are held to higher epistemic standards than folk classifications (e.g. bugs). Scientific classifications in terms of 'natural kinds' are considered to be more reliable and successful because they are highly projectible and support law-like and inductive generalisations. What counts as a natural kind is, however, controversial: according to essentialists (e.g. Putnam, Kripke, Ellis) natural kinds are mind-independent and possess essential characteristics; according to promiscuous realists (e.g. Dupre ) there are 'countless legitimate, objectively grounded ways of classifying objects in the world'; and according to scientific realists (e.g. Boyd, Psillos) natural kinds are grounded in the 'causal structure of the world'. More specifically, realism about kinds can be understood as a commitment to the existence of natural divisions (kinds) in the world that we come to know as a result of mature scientific investigation into the nature of such kinds. Realism about natural kinds is supported and articulated in terms of three main arguments, metaphysical, semantical, and epistemological. In the first part of my thesis I offer a sustained and systematic investigation of these three main arguments, with their respective promises and prospects for the viability of realism about kinds and I find them wanting, whilst in the second part of the thesis I pursue an unexplored line of inquiry regarding natural kinds and propose a mild realism about natural kinds via the ontology of real patterns.

Cette thèse a pour objet d'interroger sur la relation entre les troubles du langage et leur dénomination en orthophonie, comme par exemple en français « dysphasie, troubles spécifiques du langage écrit, aphasie, difficultés du langage écrit, retard de langage »... La terminologie employée par les orthophonistes pour décrire les pathologies rencontrées chez leurs patients a intégré celle des courants théoriques en évolution, et ce pour apporter des nuances nécessaires à la précision du diagnostic orthophonique. Pour décrire l'inconstance de ce lien entre le terme diagnostique et la réalité de la pathologie étiquetée, l'auteure s'est appuyée sur des considérations épistémologiques, lexicologiques et terminologiques. Le bilan orthophonique permettant l'établissement de ce diagnostic est suivi par convention d'un compte-rendu de bilan orthophonique (CRBO), reflet de la langue de spécialité et révélateur de la représentation de ces troubles. 435 comptes-rendus authentiques ont été explorés au moyen d'une analyse descriptive lexicologique et terminologique semi-automatique grâce à un codage XML, produisant ainsi une « photographie » de l'utilisation des termes concernant l'ensemble des pathologies dont s'occupe l'orthophoniste. L'analyse a permis de distinguer deux niveaux terminologiques (un traitant de la nature du trouble, et un de sa forme), illustrant les nuances nécessaires aux orthophonistes dans des syntagmes que l'on peut qualifier de collocationnels. La dernière phase d'analyse de ces données a permis de tisser la trame d'une proposition de classification orthophonique, la COFOP (Classification Orthophonique FOndée sur la Pratique clinique). / This thesis attempts to explore the relationship between language disorders and the way they are named by speech and language therapists. The French labels dysphasie, troubles spécifiques du langage écrit, aphasie, difficultés à l'apprentissage du langage écrit, dyslexie, retard de langage, relating to Specific Language Impairment, disorders of the written language, aphasia, dyslexia... belong to speech and language therapy (SLT) terminology and have always evolved following theoretical movements. In order to describe the inconsistency of the link between diagnostic labels and the reality of the labelled pathology, some epistemological, lexicological and terminological issues have been explored. Assessments enable SLT practitioners to make a diagnosis, following which they write a report (CRBO). These reports can be considered as the reflection of the representations speech and language therapists (SLTs) have of the disorders, and show how they use their own terminology. 435 authentic reports have been semi-automatically analysed descriptively using lexicological and terminological tools. The XML encoding captured the current use of the terms describing any pathology encountered by SLTs. The results show two terminological groups (one relating to the nature of the disorder, the other relating to its form), which illustrate the necessary nuances the SLT uses with these collocational phrases. The final phase of the analyses helped to produce a framework for a new speech and language therapy classification based on clinical practice (COFOP).

The aims of this study are to increase objectivity in stratification, sampling and classification of vegetation, thereby, improving repeatability, predictability and relevancy of vegetation classifications. The aims are achieved by: relating stratification, sampling and classification to scale; improved small-scale vegetation mapping using, satellite imagery; improved plant cover estimations; and vegetation classification by minimum entropy. A comprehensive computer program package was developed to facilitate the aims of this study and reduce time spent on vegetation analyses. It is recommended that the vegetation resource be given the highest national priority because correct vegetation management can also ensure conservation of soil and soil water. / Thesis (PHD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Plant Science / unrestricted

One aim of residential drug treatment programs for drug offenders released from prison is to reduce recidivism rates for these offenders. However, research on this topic has shown mixed results on the effectiveness of such programs, and all of the factors that influence whether an individual will recidivate are still unclear. This study explored the relationship between criminal classification levels of drug offenders and the length of time spent in residential treatment and the effects that this relationship had on drug offenders' odds of recidivism. Data from case history records of drug-involved offenders in Florida from 1991 to 1997 were analyzed to determine whether the length of time in treatment reduced these offenders' odds of recidivism, whether offenders convicted of a felony 1 level offense were more or less likely to recidivate compared to those convicted of a felony 2 or 3 level offense, and whether there was an interaction effect of length of time in treatment and criminal classification level on offenders' odds of recidivism. Binary logistic regression analysis shows that the more time a drug offender spends in residential treatment, the higher the offender's odds of recidivism; drug offenders convicted of a felony 1 level offense were less likely to recidivate than offenders convicted of a felony 2 or 3 level offense; and that there was no interaction effect of length of time spent in treatment and criminal classification level on drug offenders' odds of recidivism. / Master of Science

This paper discusses the development of the Polar UDC. It examines some elements of the UDC specific to the Polar context, in particular the geographical auxiliary schedule. Some future plans for the implementation of UDC in a library and also in a museum context are outlined.

La dengue constitue actuellement l'arbovirose la plus répandue sur la planète avec 40% de la population mondiale exposée, soit environ 2,5 milliards de personnes. La maladie est endémique dans tous les continents excepté l'Europe même si les premiers cas de transmission autochtone ont été observés en France métropolitaine et en Croatie en 2010. L'augmentation régulière de son incidence fait actuellement de la dengue un problème de santé publique majeur dans les pays tropicaux et une menace pour d'autres pays du monde. En raison de son mode de transmission, la dengue constitue une maladie étroitement liée à l'environnement. L'urbanisation constitue un facteur important dans l'émergence ou la réémergence d'épidémies de dengue dans les pays tropicaux. Cette étude menée a pour objet d'analyser les liens existant entre le domaine de la santé (situation sanitaire et épidémiologique de la dengue) et de celui de l'environnement (évolution de l'urbanisation) en Guadeloupe continentale entre 2000 et 2008.Pour ce faire, les cas suspects et confirmés de dengue ont été recueillis. L'incidence pour ces deux types de cas a été calculée puis représentée à deux échelles administratives différentes: communes et sections. Les facteurs environnementaux comprenant les variables physiques et socio-démographiques ont été pris en compte pour la définition, l'identification et l'analyse de l'évolution des contextes d'habitation durant la période étudiée. Deux méthodes ont été utilisées: la classification «Raster» consistant en une analyse régulière basée sur des mailles de taille identique et la classification « Vecteur» s'appuyant sur les limites administratives des sections. Ces classifications ont permis de décrire la répartition des différents contextes d'habitation sur le territoire de la Guadeloupe et d'obtenir des indicateurs qui ont été analysés en relation avec les données sanitaires. Il a été mis en évidence que la situation épidémiologique de la dengue dans le département s'est significativement aggravée au cours de la période étudiée. Des épidémies majeures sont apparues en 2001, 2005/2006 et 2007. Le nord Basse-Terre, la région Pointoise ainsi que le sud-est de la Grande-Terre, de la ville du Gosier à Saint-François le long de la côte, sont les régions les plus concernées par l'augmentation d'incidence de la maladie. Concernant les contextes d'habitation, huit contextes distincts ont été identifiés: touristique, naturel, intermédiaire, agricole, résidentiel, rural, périurbain et urbain. Le contexte intermédiaire correspond à des régions de transition entre les autres contextes d'habitation. La différence entre les contextes agricoles et ruraux réside dans la prédominance de surface agricole pour le premier alors que le contexte rural est caractérisé par les espaces cultivés habités. L'évolution surfacique de ces contextes au cours du temps a été analysée en relation avec les incidences. Les résultats montrent que les contextes d'habitation sont statistiquement.associés à l'incidence de la dengue en Guadeloupe. En particulier, les contextes touristiques, résidentiels et ruraux possèdent une association positive élevée avec l'incidence de la dengue. / At present, dengue fever has become the arbovirose the most wide-spread worldwide with 40 % ofthe exposed population, 2,5 billion people. The disease is endemie in all the continents excepted Europe even though the fust cases ofautochthonoustransmissionwere observedinmetropolitanFranceandCroatiain2010.Because oftherecentincrease of its incidence, dengue fever is now a major public health problem in the tropical countries and a threat for the other countries in the worldwide. Due to its mode oftransmission, the disease is closely linked to the environment. Urbanization is an important factor ofthe emergence or the re-emergence of dengue in the tropical countries. This study aims to analyze the links between health and environment domains, which correspond to the epidemiological situation of the dengue and the evolution ofthe urbanization in Guadeloupe.Information about suspect and confirmed cases of dengue were collected. The incidence of suspect and confirmed cases has been estimated, then represented at two different administrative boundaries: communes and sections. Environmental factors including the physical and socio-demographic variables were taken into account to the definition, the identification and the analyze ofevolution of the housing patterns during the studied period. Two methods were used: Il Raster" consisting of a regular analysis based on squares units and "Vector" based on the administrative limits of sections. These classifications allowed to describe the distribution ofthe different housing patterns ofGuadeloupe and to estimate indicators for the analyzing of sanitary data. The results highlight a worsening ofepidemiological situation ofthe dengue over the time in the department. Major outbreaks occurred in 2001,2005/2006 and 2007. The north Basse-Terre, the Pointe-à-Pitre urban area as weIl as the whole coast (frOID the city of Gosier to Saint-François) ofthe southeast ofGrande-Terre were the most affected regions by the increase ofincidence of dengue. Concerning the housing classes, eight different patterns were identified: tourist, natural, intermediate, agricultural, residential, rural, suburban and urban. The intermediate class corresponds to buffer regions between the other patterns. The difference between the agricultural and rural contexts lies in the predominance ofagricultural surface for the first one while the rural context is characterized by the inhabited farmland. The evolution over time of spatial extend ofthese patterns was described in relation with incidence. Results showed that the housing patterns are statically associated with the incidence ofdengue in Guadeloupe. In particular, the touristic, residential and rural patterns have a high positive association with dengue incidence.

The Yuppie, the Young Urban Professional, is a social type closely linked to the popular historical conception of the 1980s. The type is characterized as a young person working in banking, media or finance with expensive tastes in consumption and an individualistic, vapid mindset. Considering the popular conception of the Yuppie as a sort of manifestation of all things 80s, this paper explores how the Yuppie was represented in Swedish newspapers in the period 1984 to 1991. Using Bourdieu’s concept of the classificatory struggle this study charts how the Yuppie was invoked in the social world of its day. Contrary to the mythic belief of the 1980s as the decade of the Yuppie, the social type is represented only as a culturally dominant type between 1985 and 1987 and becomes a historical concept by 1988. The Yuppie was channeled as opposed to the socially conscious Hippie-type of the 1970s and the traditional Swedish working class. Furthermore, the Yuppie was viewed by contemporary commentators as a sort of amalgamation of various social and economic trends that they meant characterized the 1980s, such as the growth and deregulation of the financial sector, rising prices of housing in central Stockholm, and the rise of new forms of labor starkly different from the traditional swedish industry. This contemporary ‘historization’ of the Yuppie attests to a view of history as a sort of pendulum of zeitgeists, where Yuppie replaces hippie, individualism replaces social conscience, seemingly of its own volition.

<p> This is a study of the relationships between the systems of consanguineal and affinal classification, the types of genealogical and affinal connections to which the terms refer, and the modes of conduct that are normatively grounded in relations of genealogical connection as they are conceived by the people of Longana district, Aoba. The Longana have a Crow system of kin classification in conjunction with exogamous matrimoieties. </p> <p> Important to the analysis of Longana kinship is their theory of procreation, which consists essentially of three parts. First, the Longana believe that parents contribute equally to the substance of their offspring. The Longana themselves posit relations of genealogical connection. Second, the theory of gestation states that a woman's children congenitally acquire her kin class status with respect to her cross-sex sibling. Third, the Longana have a story that accounts for the origins of men and women, sexual knowledge and procreation.</p> <p> The mode of consanguineal classification cannot be discovered by analyzing the terms together with the kin types to which they refer separately from the system of spouse 2nd affinal classification, and separately from the modes of conduct that are normatively ascribed to relations of consanguinity and affinity. The principal reason for this is that certain consanguineal relationships, namely the children of grandchildren and the off spring of cross-sex siblings, refer to more than consanguinity, or substance, alone.</p> <p> These consanguineal relationships refer also to relations of affinity; to ideas concerning gestation and its significance in the context of the cross-sex sibling bond; to ideas concerning the creation of men and women, and hence to the origin and nature of procreation itself. These conceptions are expressed in the story of human reproduction in which the first woman was a sibling with a male sexual identity with respect to her husband and his brothers. The story is a sequence of events between the first siblings, their spouses and affines, wherein the principles for classifying consanguineals and affines are contained. Also, the story is the means by which particular modes of conduct come to be connoted by the connections between ego and his or her cross-sex sibling, cross-sex sibling's spouse, and cross-sex sibling's offspring -- what is called the cross-sex sibling complex. The cross-sex sibling complex, together with the terminology and modes of conduct appropriate to it, are manifestations, symbols, of the theory of procreation. </p> <p> An understanding of the significance of the cross-sex sibling complex is essential for discovering the principles of the Crow terminology, and has relevance for understanding Longana descent, politics, economics, and ritual. In particular, the theory of procreation informs the cross-sex sibling complex in such a way that certain offspring of cross-sex siblings have, congenitally, two sexual identities with respect to their parents' cross-sex siblings, and the resulting multiple kin class statuses held by these kin types refer to the relationships between the first woman and her brothers and her children expressed in the story of human reproduction.</p> <p> Thus, the Longana concept of genealogical connection contradicts the prevalent, if implicit, assumption that kin types have associated with them either a male or a female sexual identity, and contradicts the assumption that a genealogical grid constitutes a conveniently simple, semantically neutral, framework for analyzing kinship systems. Finally, the dissertation suggests that a pro-genealogy approach to kinship, and a cultural or symbolic approach to kinship, are not necessarily opposed strategies for investigating the relationships between systems of kin classification and the modes of conduct that may be associated with such systems. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

No / Quite recently, considerable attention has been paid to solar flare prediction because extreme solar eruptions could affect our daily life activities and on different technologies. Therefore, this paper presents a novel method of the development of improved second-generation of the Automated Solar Activity Prediction system (ASAP). The suggested algorithm improves the ASAP system by expanding a period of training vector and generating new machine learning rules to be more successful. Two neural networks are responsible for determining whether the sunspots group will release flare as well as determining if the flare is an M-class or X-class. Several measurement criteria are applied to determine the extent of system performance also all results are provided in this paper. Furthermore, the quadratic score (QR) is used as a metric criterion to compare between the prediction of the proposed algorithm with the Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) between 2012 and 2013. The results exhibit that the proposed algorithm outperforms the old ASAP system. Keywords: Solar flares, Machine Learning, Neural network, Space, Prediction, weather.