Our world is experiencing a crisis of unsustainability with ecological, socioeconomic, and existential dimensions. Thus, planning for the transition to sustainability is a challenge requiring transformation of the dorrunant cultural paradigm. I address this problem of planning between cultural paradigms by examining the discourse between First Nations Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and Western Science, and identify lessons that contribute to a sounder epistemological basis for planning theory and practice. To link planning theory, sustainability and TEK, I combined literature reviews, interviews and lessons from my experience with First Nations. I derived a cross-cultural analytical framework based on epistemology, cosmology and ontology (ECO), and applied it to planning theory, case studies of the Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound and my own professional work. Planning for sustainability must address multiple dimensions. My approach includes biophysical, social and cultural capital, postulating that greater social and cultural capital could decrease consumption of biophysical capital. In this framework "ECO" addresses cultural capital. My analysis of TEK reveals more than just "knowledge," rather a way of life which generates knowledge. I coined the term TEK-Systems (TEKS) to refer to the social and cultural capital, and methodological features of these lotowledge-generating systems. Applying ECO reveals philosophical elements of TEK, that are neglected in the literature. TEKS combine empirical knowledge with other ways of knowing offering alternative models of reality to the cultural mainstream. The Scientific Panel recognized all significant features of TEKS and ECO in my framework, and employed Nuu-Chah-Nulth TEK protocol in their planning model. Various forms of knowledge from wholly different philosophical origins informed complex planning and decision- making process with consensus outcomes. Similarly, the most significant lessons from my professional application was that respect, cultural framing, and community involvement are key professional tools. Planning between cultural paradigms requires recognizing different knowledge systems; including different ways of knowing strengthens planning for sustainability. This approach establishes new terrain for planning theory. It requires inclusive planning and decision- making processes which foster caring, respect and commitment. Enhancing social and cultural capital provides community and spiritual resources for sustainability. Planners need specialized framing to work in these areas. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Headwater streams typically have no fish, owing to steep gradients and impassible barriers; therefore, scientific research and protection measures have been focused on fish bearing streams. The Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound (CSP) developed a channel classification system which is pertinent to all streams, fishless and fish bearing alike, and upon which management prescriptions in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia are based (CSP, 1995). The CSP classification delineates channels according to four physical criteria: bed material, gradient, entrenchment, and width. The current study was undertaken to determine the efficacy with which the CSP classification system delineates small, steep streams, on the basis of channel geomorphic units within them, and to examine the benthic macroinvertebrate habitat capability of these geomorphic units. Falls, bedrock cascades, boulder cascades, rapids, chutes, riffles, glides, and pools were described according to their bed slope and dominant channel-material type and organization. In addition, the area of each geomorphic unit was measured. Seventeen streams were grouped into four CSP channel classes which were compared with respect to the mean relative proportion of class area in geomorphic units. Stratified random benthic samples were extracted from geomorphic units in order to investigate and to compare their habitat capability. "Alluvial channels" in the study exhibited only weak, very infrequent fluvial transport; therefore, they were termed semi-alluvial. In general, high gradient geomorphic units (i.e. bedrock and boulder cascades) were dominant in steep, largely non-alluvial channels. Lower gradient units (i.e. riffles and rapids) were common in semi-alluvial streams with more mild slopes. Accordingly, channel classes with opposing bed material and gradient designations exhibited notable differences with respect to relative proportions of geomorphic units while width and entrenchment designations exerted little influence on channel organization. Ultimately, only two of the four CSP classification criteria effectively systematized channels on the basis of channel geomorphic units within them. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates was greatest in riffles (≈100 individuals per two minute kick sample), followed by rapids (≈80 individuals/sample), pools (≈70 individuals/sample), boulder cascades (≈60 individuals/sample), chutes (≈50 individuals/sample), and lowest in bedrock cascades (≈25 individuals/sample). In addition, abundance of invertebrates in channels with ephemeral flow regimes was considerably lower compared to channels with seasonal or perennial flow regimes. Ordination of macroinvertebrate taxa showed that community structure of bedrock cascades and chutes were similar but different from other habitats. Similarly, the benthic macroinvertebrate community structure of channels with ephemeral flow regimes was very distinct.

Our increased knowledge and awareness of the environment and the finite capacity of the world‘s resources has seen increased regional tensions and conflicts over natural resource development and land use planning. This study uses two separate approaches to investigation, incorporating case study method and grounded theory analysis. The region of Clayoquot Sound has a history of land use controversy from which to index the nature and complexity of conflicting interests. In conducting a conflict assessment and thematic frame analysis this study explores the nature of conflicting perceptual frames and arrives at an explanatory theory about how those frames contribute to conflict situations and present barriers to effective communication and participation in collaborative management efforts. The final discussion highlights ways in which approaches to dealing with value diversity can help build shared understandings and reduce biases and mistrust, which tend to exacerbate conflict, and improve capacity for action.

Headwater streams typically have no fish, owing to steep gradients and impassible barriers; therefore, scientific research and protection measures have been focused on fish bearing streams. The Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound (CSP) developed a channel classification system which is pertinent to all streams, fishless and fish bearing alike, and upon which management prescriptions in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia are based (CSP, 1995). The CSP classification delineates channels according to four physical criteria: bed material, gradient, entrenchment, and width. The current study was undertaken to determine the efficacy with which the CSP classification system delineates small, steep streams, on the basis of channel geomorphic units within them, and to examine the benthic macroinvertebrate habitat capability of these geomorphic units. Falls, bedrock cascades, boulder cascades, rapids, chutes, riffles, glides, and pools were described according to their bed slope and dominant channel-material type and organization. In addition, the area of each geomorphic unit was measured. Seventeen streams were grouped into four CSP channel classes which were compared with respect to the mean relative proportion of class area in geomorphic units. Stratified random benthic samples were extracted from geomorphic units in order to investigate and to compare their habitat capability. "Alluvial channels" in the study exhibited only weak, very infrequent fluvial transport; therefore, they were termed semi-alluvial. In general, high gradient geomorphic units (i.e. bedrock and boulder cascades) were dominant in steep, largely non-alluvial channels. Lower gradient units (i.e. riffles and rapids) were common in semi-alluvial streams with more mild slopes. Accordingly, channel classes with opposing bed material and gradient designations exhibited notable differences with respect to relative proportions of geomorphic units while width and entrenchment designations exerted little influence on channel organization. Ultimately, only two of the four CSP classification criteria effectively systematized channels on the basis of channel geomorphic units within them. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates was greatest in riffles (≈100 individuals per two minute kick sample), followed by rapids (≈80 individuals/sample), pools (≈70 individuals/sample), boulder cascades (≈60 individuals/sample), chutes (≈50 individuals/sample), and lowest in bedrock cascades (≈25 individuals/sample). In addition, abundance of invertebrates in channels with ephemeral flow regimes was considerably lower compared to channels with seasonal or perennial flow regimes. Ordination of macroinvertebrate taxa showed that community structure of bedrock cascades and chutes were similar but different from other habitats. Similarly, the benthic macroinvertebrate community structure of channels with ephemeral flow regimes was very distinct. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate