<p>Climate change and sustainable development are interlinked in several ways. A global sustainable development with decreased emissions of green-house gases is seen as a prerequisite for mitigation of climate change. Simultaneously a changing climate will put constraints to development endeavours in developing countries. Yet, a sustainable pathway should include both mitigation and adaptation to climate change facilitating social development, economic growth and a stable environment in developing countries. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is combining reduced green-house gas emissions with sustainable development in the CDM project’s host country. This so called dual goal has turned out hard to fulfil, especially the local development objective.</p><p> </p><p>This thesis studies how CDM projects contribute to local development and how this development is viewed differently by various stakeholders. This was made through qualitative interviews with actors connected to two CDM projects in Southern India. In addition, a literature review and a document study was made. The projects chosen are in the renewable energy sector, using biomass fuel. Renewable energy is regarded as an important factor to come to terms with increasing green-house gas emissions.</p><p> </p><p>The results from the literature review and document study show that the expected contribution by CDM projects to local sustainable development is usually expressed in terms of employment, distribution of benefits, social infrastructure, access to energy and technology transfer. The environmental benefit is included in the reduction of green-house gas emissions. In the context of local development, stakeholder participation is brought up as an important factor. The results of the interviews present similar categories of development linked to CDM projects. However, differing views of actual local development assisted by the CDM project was discerned in the answers.</p><p> </p><p>This study points to scale-related problems linked to the global benefit of mitigation of climate change in combination with local development. In conclusion, there is a need for monitoring and evaluation of actual contribution by CDM projects to local sustainable development. To facilitate local sustainable benefits of CDM projects, enhanced stakeholder participation is necessary during the whole project activity period.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>

The study is set to assess private actors participation in the global climate governance through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) adopted during the Kyoto Climate Conference of 1997 in Japan. The general aim of this thesis is to understand why there are so few CDM projects in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). The study is based on literature review of selected academic and policy documents, statistical analysis of CDM project distribution, and a questionnaire distributed to four respondents that include Tricorona, EcoSecurities, Vattenfall and Swedish Energy Agency to acquire relevant data. The data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics and the CDM project pipeline. The main conclusions of the study are: (1) the Kyoto Protocol did not place a binding commitment on industrialized countries as to how they should channel CDM investment in developing countries and; (2) the market incentive placed within the CDM did not take into consideration the historical and socioeconomic issues of poverty, poor infrastructural and institutional problems of Sub Saharan African countries in order to avoid the unequal distribution of projects. The study concludes with the recommendation that the post-2012 CDM era should create a new framework that will assist Sub Saharan African Countries in developing alternative energy, and in promoting green technology. The thesis equally recommends that the market mechanism should be enforced by a new political mechanism that will help to promote good governance, as well as upgrade the existing political institutions and infrastructural development in SSA.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol has been hailed as the grand compromise of the North-South divide over climate change mitigation for its ability to reconcile the economic demands of the North with the developmental needs of the South. Having been primarily analyzed from isolated economic, environmental, or developmental perspectives, the CDM’s efficacy in bridging the North-South divide remains poorly understood. This research evaluates the CDM against three qualitative criteria focused on issues affecting Southern nations’ participation in international agreements. An examination of distributive and procedural issues characterizing the CDM shows that significant trade-offs exist between Northern and Southern interests under the CDM and suggests that the interests of the South are often sacrificed. On this basis, conclusions are drawn which point to the need for increased attention to and accommodation of Southern interests in the CDM specifically, and global climate change efforts more broadly.

Carbon offsetting has been an institutionalised response to climate change for over a decade. Over this period, climate change has become more severe and calls for climate justice have become increasingly insistent. Yet the normative controversies of carbon offsetting remain unresolved, as debates about the environmental quality, development impacts and ethical implications of carbon offsetting continue. This thesis explores the relationship between morality and carbon offsetting in three domains. First it provides an evaluation of the ethics of offsetting. Second it gives an account of the 'lay normativity' of the market, describing how carbon market actors interpret and act upon issues of moral concern. And third, it explains offsetting's moral economy. First, the thesis examines the moral rationales for and problems of offsetting in order to clarify the bases of criticisms levelled at offsets by researchers concerned about trends in neoliberal environmental governance. In evaluation of the ethics of offsetting, the PhD recognises some limited rationales, but mainly highlights widespread problems including lack of environmental integrity and failure to produce 'sustainable development'. The structure of the market is shown to create opportunities for malpractice and difficulties for reform. Second, building on work in cultural political economy, the research describes carbon offsetting's lay normativity. The account is based on interviews with over sixty carbon offset market actors including project developers, consultants, auditors, regulators, retailers and buyers in the UK, continental Europe, and in India. Findings show that the market is founded on ethical principles: offsetting is nothing without notions of environmental and developmental care. Critiques of, and reforms to, offsetting are also grounded in principled debate. But carbon market actors often use their power to further commercial interests that are not aligned with production of environmental or developmental value. And yet, even as rationales are ignored and problems are amplified, market actors maintain a discursive semblance of moral behaviour through forms of justification, story-telling and identity work. Third, the thesis explains how principles, profit and power combine to affect the governance of offsetting. It shows that the concentration of power among profit-seeking actors drives the production of offsetting's moral problems in the stages of project development, regulation and retail. Commercial interests in the politics of knowledge lead to manipulation of the discursive framings through which people come to understand offsets. Ethical narratives are deployed to sustain the market in states of dysfunction, enabling privileged groups to gain exchange value at the expense of climate protection and sustainable development. Through this explanatory work, the PhD contributes an original application of ideas about moral political economy to the case of climate change and carbon trading, demonstrating that powerful actors can shape culture and alter our perceptions of right and wrong.

O Protocolo de Quioto estabeleceu, entre outras ferramentas, o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) que permite a atuação dos países em desenvolvimento, tais como China, Índia e Brasil, uma participação relevante no chamado mercado de carbono. Essa participação consiste no desenvolvimento de projetos para redução da emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) que objetivam contribuir com o cumprimento da meta de redução das emissões estabelecida para os países industrializados, bem como promover o desenvolvimento sustentável nos países anfitriões, que sediam os projetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar atividade de projetos de MDL, buscando identificar suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para atingir este objetivo, foram identificados os principais modelos de avaliação das contribuições de atividades de MDL para o desenvolvimento sustentável, após escolhido um modelo para a avaliação dos projetos de MDL brasileiros, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo com quatro projetos de MDL de diferentes tipos de atividade. Conclui-se, com base nos casos analisados, que os projetos apresentam contribuições para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável do país, mas, na maioria dos casos, o MDL não foi o principal motivador, portanto, é muito provável que as atividades fossem realizadas mesmo sem o apoio financeiro obtido através do MDL. / The Kyoto Protocol established, among other devices, the clean development mechanism (CDM), which provides developing countries such as China, India and Brazil with a material interest in the so-called carbon market. This involves the development of projects aimed at reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) that contribute towards achieving the emissions reduction target established for the industrialized countries as well as promoting sustainable development in the host countries hosting the projects. The objective of this study was to analyze the activity of CDM projects in order to identify the contributions they provide towards sustainable development. To achieve this goal, the main models for assessing the contributions of CDM activities towards sustainable development were identified. After choosing a model to be used in assessing CDM projects in Brazil, a multiple case study was carried out with four CDM projects engaged in different types of activity. Based on the analyzed cases, it was concluded the projects provide contributions towards the sustainable development of the country, though in most cases, the CDM was not the main motivator. Therefore, it is very likely that the activities would have been developed out even without the financial support obtained through the CDM.

O Protocolo de Quioto estabeleceu, entre outras ferramentas, o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) que permite a atuação dos países em desenvolvimento, tais como China, Índia e Brasil, uma participação relevante no chamado mercado de carbono. Essa participação consiste no desenvolvimento de projetos para redução da emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) que objetivam contribuir com o cumprimento da meta de redução das emissões estabelecida para os países industrializados, bem como promover o desenvolvimento sustentável nos países anfitriões, que sediam os projetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar atividade de projetos de MDL, buscando identificar suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para atingir este objetivo, foram identificados os principais modelos de avaliação das contribuições de atividades de MDL para o desenvolvimento sustentável, após escolhido um modelo para a avaliação dos projetos de MDL brasileiros, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo com quatro projetos de MDL de diferentes tipos de atividade. Conclui-se, com base nos casos analisados, que os projetos apresentam contribuições para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável do país, mas, na maioria dos casos, o MDL não foi o principal motivador, portanto, é muito provável que as atividades fossem realizadas mesmo sem o apoio financeiro obtido através do MDL. / The Kyoto Protocol established, among other devices, the clean development mechanism (CDM), which provides developing countries such as China, India and Brazil with a material interest in the so-called carbon market. This involves the development of projects aimed at reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) that contribute towards achieving the emissions reduction target established for the industrialized countries as well as promoting sustainable development in the host countries hosting the projects. The objective of this study was to analyze the activity of CDM projects in order to identify the contributions they provide towards sustainable development. To achieve this goal, the main models for assessing the contributions of CDM activities towards sustainable development were identified. After choosing a model to be used in assessing CDM projects in Brazil, a multiple case study was carried out with four CDM projects engaged in different types of activity. Based on the analyzed cases, it was concluded the projects provide contributions towards the sustainable development of the country, though in most cases, the CDM was not the main motivator. Therefore, it is very likely that the activities would have been developed out even without the financial support obtained through the CDM.

O Protocolo de Quioto estabeleceu, entre outras ferramentas, o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) que permite a atuação dos países em desenvolvimento, tais como China, Índia e Brasil, uma participação relevante no chamado mercado de carbono. Essa participação consiste no desenvolvimento de projetos para redução da emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) que objetivam contribuir com o cumprimento da meta de redução das emissões estabelecida para os países industrializados, bem como promover o desenvolvimento sustentável nos países anfitriões, que sediam os projetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar atividade de projetos de MDL, buscando identificar suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para atingir este objetivo, foram identificados os principais modelos de avaliação das contribuições de atividades de MDL para o desenvolvimento sustentável, após escolhido um modelo para a avaliação dos projetos de MDL brasileiros, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo com quatro projetos de MDL de diferentes tipos de atividade. Conclui-se, com base nos casos analisados, que os projetos apresentam contribuições para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável do país, mas, na maioria dos casos, o MDL não foi o principal motivador, portanto, é muito provável que as atividades fossem realizadas mesmo sem o apoio financeiro obtido através do MDL. / The Kyoto Protocol established, among other devices, the clean development mechanism (CDM), which provides developing countries such as China, India and Brazil with a material interest in the so-called carbon market. This involves the development of projects aimed at reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) that contribute towards achieving the emissions reduction target established for the industrialized countries as well as promoting sustainable development in the host countries hosting the projects. The objective of this study was to analyze the activity of CDM projects in order to identify the contributions they provide towards sustainable development. To achieve this goal, the main models for assessing the contributions of CDM activities towards sustainable development were identified. After choosing a model to be used in assessing CDM projects in Brazil, a multiple case study was carried out with four CDM projects engaged in different types of activity. Based on the analyzed cases, it was concluded the projects provide contributions towards the sustainable development of the country, though in most cases, the CDM was not the main motivator. Therefore, it is very likely that the activities would have been developed out even without the financial support obtained through the CDM.

A Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas, que tem como objetivo final a estabilização das concentrações de gases de efeito estufa em um nível que impeça a interferência humana perigosa no sistema climático, estabeleceu o Protocolo de Kyoto. O Protocolo é um instrumento que permite aos Países do Anexo I (aqueles historicamente responsáveis pelas emissões de GEE) os meios de atingirem suas metas de redução de emissões de Carbono. Para que as metas sejam atingidas, o Protocolo instituiu mecanismos de flexibilização, dos quais destacamos o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). O MDL prevê financiamentos de Países do Anexo I em atividade que resultem em reduções/seqüestro de Carbono em países Não Anexo I. O primeiro projeto de MDL registrado no Comitê Executivo no mundo é o brasileiro NovaGerar, objeto deste estudo. O propósito deste trabalho é discutir o Protocolo de Kyoto, o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo e verificar suas oportunidades a partir do projeto NovaGerar. / The United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has as final target to establish the greenhouse gases concentration on the atmosphere in one level that impedes the dangerous human interference on the climatic system. The UNFCCC established the Kyoto Protocol, one tool which allows Annex I Countries (that ones historically responsible for greenhouse gas emissions) to achieve their reduction targets. The Protocol put in place flexibility mechanisms - to help Annex I Countries to achieve their reduction targets - among them we highlight the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM foresees Annex I Countries financings to activities which result in reduction/sequestration of Carbon in non Annex I Countries. The first CDM project registered in the Executive Committee was the Brazilian NovaGerar, subject of this study. The purpose of this text is to discuss the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism and verify its opportunities based on NovaGerar project.

Orientador: Ruy de Quadros Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T16:15:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_MarianeQueirozde_M.pdf: 1651877 bytes, checksum: 96c77fad53d4f0135ad1faf49866e212 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Principal objetivo desta dissertação é estudar o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo como uma influência na adoção de práticas e tecnologias mais limpas e sustentáveis no setor de energia elétrica do Brasil A inquietação sobre as mudanças climáticas tem saído do âmbito puramente ambiental e se tornado uma preocupação econômica e social. A discussão sobre a responsabilidade das atividades humanas para o aquecimento global (ações antropogênicas), sobre os efeitos das mudanças climáticas serem ou não iminentes e o que fazer para impedir o agravamento do problema são questões que nos últimos anos tem orientado o debate ambiental em relação às mudanças climáticas. Com a implantação do Protocolo de Kyoto, o mecanismo proposto para auxiliar a mitigação e o desenvolvimento econômico é o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). Por meio deste mecanismo, os países desenvolvidos e aqueles em desenvolvimento poderão criar projetos, em cooperação, para atingir os objetivos de redução dos gases de efeito estufa. Desta forma, o MDL serviria como motivação econômica às nações que precisam reduzir suas emissões de dióxido de carbono. Para melhor entendimento da contextualização e classificação teórica do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo é apresentado as principais características da Economia Ambiental sobre as questões ambientais e uma visão alternativa a esta corrente de pensamento econômico. Mostrando que a influência do desenvolvimento tecnológico em sistemas de energia e meio ambiente permeia as discussões da política energética e ambiental. Após apresentar o referencial teórico é descrito o setor elétrico brasileiro e em seguida as características institucionais do MDL. A última parte da dissertação apresenta a experiência do MDL no Brasil, descrevendo as atividades de projetos e a estrutura e trâmite dos projetos na instituição brasileira responsável pela análise e aprovação dos projetos. Para analisar os projetos de MDL em energia renovável no País foi necessário entender quais são os procedimentos para aprovação dos projetos e os resultados alcançados no desenvolvimento desses projetos. Após a descrição institucional foi feito o estudo e análise dos projetos brasileiros em energia renovável para geração de energia elétrica, para tentar responder à questão proposta neste trabalho, se MDL representa um estímulo efetivo à adoção e difusão de tecnologias e práticas mais limpas e sustentáveis no Brasil, principalmente no setor de energia elétrica / Abstract: This essay's main goal is studying the Clean Development Mechanism as an influence in the adoption of more practical, clean and sustainable technologies in the electrical electric power sector of Brazil. The inquietude on climate changes has left the environmental scope and is becoming an economical and social concern. The discussion on human activity responsibilities over global warming, the climate changing effects being or not imminent and what to do to avoid the escalation of the problem are questions that have being heading and orienting the environmental debate on climate changing. With the implantation of the Kyoto Protocol, the mechanism proposed to contribute the mitigation and economical development is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Through this mechanism, developed and developing countries will be able to create, together or not, projects to achieve the objectives of reducing the amount of greenhouse gases issued. This way, CDM will stand as an economical motivation to all nations that need to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. For better understanding of the contextualization and theoretical classification of the Clean Development Mechanism, are presented the main characteristics of Environmental Economics on environmental issues and an alternative view to this economics school. Showing that the influence of technological development in energy and environment systems permeate the discussions of energy and environmental policy. After presenting the theoretical reference, the Brazilian electricity sector is described and then the institutional characteristics of the CDM. This essay last part presents the CDM experience in Brazil, describing the project activities, structures and advances on the Brazilian institute responsible for analyzing and approving the projects. To analyze the CDM projects on renewable energy in Brazil, it was necessary to understand which are the procedures for approval and achieved results while developing these projects. After the institutional description, the study and analysis of the Brazilian projects on renewable energy for electric power generation was made to try answering the question proposed in this essay: whether CDM represents an effective spur to the adoption and diffusion of more practical, sustainable and cleaner technologies in Brazil, especially in the electricity sector / Mestrado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Under the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has the dual objectives of facilitating a cost-effective way of meeting greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and contributing to global sustainable development. Due in part to a lack of consensus on definitions of sustainability and sustainable development and a lack of capacity to address these concepts, there is a risk that CDM projects may fail to move the host country towards sustainability. We suggest the use of a scientific, principle-based definition of sustainability to guide project participants in their decision-making process. We propose a user-friendly project planning tool – CDM Select – that can build capacity for project developers to employ a strategic, whole-system approach to sustainable development and increase the likelihood that CDM projects move society towards sustainability. Early review of CDM Select by experts and practitioners in the CDM arena indicate that it has strong potential to assist in these efforts.