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During the last decade, several studies highlighted a higher risk of asthma among workers using cleaning products and, more specifically, among cleaning workers. A hypothesis on a causal role of irritant exposure has been proposed. Given the large population exposed to these agents, not only at work, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of the cleaning-related respiratory symptoms, as well as the risk factors of asthma in this workforce in order to achieve a healthier work and home environment. EPIASLI-2 aimed to disentangle the patho-physiological characteristics of asthma in cleaning workers as well as to identify the main risk factors for asthma and hand dermatitis. A two-stage sampling among Barcelona’s cleaning companies and their employees was performed during 2007-08. After a cross-sectional survey among the identified workers, a nested case-control study among current cleaners was conducted. The exposure and symptoms were measured by a questionnaire. In addition, we obtained blood and Exhaled Breath Condensate samples, Fe-NO, lung function and BHR measures. The project resulted in one review article and three original papers, all of them already published or submitted in international renowned journals. We found an increased prevalence of asthma and hand dermatitis symptoms among cleaning workers using irritants and multiuse products and among those working in hospitals and outdoor areas. The evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers and lung function suggests that eosinophilic inflammation does not play a key role. Nevertheless, an immunological mechanism of asthma must not be neglected. People exposed to high-risk cleaning products must be monitored and the exposure among this population must be reduced if not avoided. / Durante la última decada, numerosos estudios resaltaron un mayor riesgo de asma entre los trabajadores que usan productos de limpieza y, más concretamente, entre trabajadores de limpieza. Se ha hipotetizado que la exposición a irritantes puede ser la causa subyacente. Dada la gran población expuesta a estos agents, no solo en el trabajo, es crucial entender los mecanismos de los síntomas respiratorios asociados a la limpieza, así como los factores de riesgo de asma para alcanzar un ambiente más saludable en casa y en el trabajo. EPIASLI-2 se diseñó para esclarecer dichos puntos en relación con asma y con dermatitis de manos. En 2007-08 se realizó un muestreo en dos etapas entre las empresas de limpieza de Barcelona y sus empleados. Tras el estudio transversal de dichas empresas, se realizó un estudio caso-control entre los trabajadores de limpieza. La exposición y la sintomatología se midieron con cuestionarios. Además, obtuvimos muestras de sangre, condensado de aire exhalado, FeNO, función pulmonar y tests de hiperreactividad bronquial. El proyecto resultó en un artículo de revisión y tres artículos originales, todos ellos publicados o en revisión en reconocidas revistas internacionales. Encontramos un incremento en la prevalencia de síntomas de asma y dermatitis de manos entre los limpiadores que usaban irritantes y productos multiusos así como entre los que trabajaban en hospitales y áreas abiertas. La evaluación de los biomarcadores de inflamación y la función pulmonar sugieren que la inflamación eosinofílica no tiene un papel importante. Sin embargo, los mecanismos inmunológicos de asma no deben ser ignorados. La población expuesta a productos de limpieza de alto riesgo debe ser vigilada y la exposición debe ser reducida cuando no evitada.

Human practices have resulted in great damage to the environment. Carbon-depletion, water and air pollution, as well as global warming are examples of the environmental footprints caused by several industries and their related applications. Detergency (cleaning) is widely practiced operation in household, industry and institutional sectors and thus consumes significant amounts of water, energy and chemicals and, therefore, contributes appreciably to the environmental destruction. This process is still not fully understood, on a molecular level, and not acceptably optimised. Therefore, this study is a contribution toward a better fundamental understanding and optimisation of protein stain removal from interfaces, which may ultimately result in the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable cleaning products and technologies. In this research, the cleaning of rubisco, a grassy protein stain, from different surfaces (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and dyed) using different cleaning agent formulations was investigated. These studies encompassed experimental work and fundamental analysis in terms of mathematical modelling. The results revealed a consistent correlation between enzyme adsorption kinetics and stain cleanability. Higher adsorption and desorption absolute rates ( a k and d k ) resulted in higher enzyme mobility and thus higher stain cleanability regardless of the enzyme adsorbed amount. Surface chemistry underlying the stain has indirectly influenced stain cleanability through the alteration of enzyme adsorption kinetics. Such fundamental findings may aid in screening enzyme candidates for detergent formulations and may also assist in designing easily cleanable surfaces. Another fundamental finding is the cooperative cleaning mechanism of surfactant and enzyme of rubisco stain from different interfaces. The break down of intermolecular physical bonds between interfacial rubisco molecules by surfactants and the break down of the intramolecular covalent bonds by enzyme resulted in a higher protein displacement from interfaces. The overall protein removal by the two different actions of surfactant and enzyme showed a superiority of a biosurfactant-enzyme formulation. This finding may have significant implications on developing sustainable detergents that have superior cleaning performance and no or minimal environmental hazard. Overall, the findings reported in this Ph.D. thesis may form a basis for further comprehensive scientific research, which may ultimately provide detergent market with more efficient and optimum cleaning products and technologies.

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Contexte: Les agents de nettoyage sont des substances qui aident l'eau dans le processus de nettoyage. Les biocides comprennent les substances utilisées pour désinfecter, désodoriser, stériliser et assainir. L'utilisation d'agents de nettoyage, de biocides et d'autres produits liés au nettoyage est omniprésente. Certaines études suggèrent que l'exposition professionnelle à des substances liées au nettoyage peut être associée au cancer du poumon. Objectif: Examiner l'association entre le risque de cancer du poumon et l'exposition professionnelle aux agents de nettoyage, aux biocides et à d'autres agents de nettoyage. Méthodes: Cette étude utilise les données de deux études cas-témoins basées sur la population sur le cancer du poumon (étude 1: 1979-1986; étude 2: 1996-2001) menées à Montréal. Dans les deux études, les cas comprenaient des hommes ayant reçu un diagnostic de cancer du poumon confirmé histologiquement dans 18 hôpitaux métropolitains de Montréal. Dans les deux études, un ensemble de témoins de population sélectionnés au hasard à partir de la liste électorale du Québec a été établi (étude 2: 762 cas et 899 témoins); tandis que dans l'étude 1, un groupe témoin de cancer supplémentaire a été sélectionné à partir d'un groupe d'autres patients diagnostiqués avec un autre cancer incident (857 cas, 533 témoins de population, 1349 témoins de cancer). Dans les deux études, des antécédents professionnels détaillés ont été recueillis au cours des entretiens; une équipe de chimistes et d'hygiénistes industriels a ensuite évalué l'exposition professionnelle à de nombreuses substances professionnelles, notamment des agents de nettoyage, des biocides, des alcools aliphatiques, de l'ammoniac, de la soude caustique, des cires et des produits de polissage. Une régression logistique multivariée nonconditionnelle a été utilisée pour estimer les ratios des côtes et les intervalles de confiance à 95% du risque de cancer du poumon associé à diverses mesures de l'exposition professionnelle à ces six agents, tout en ajustant pour les facteurs de risque établis. Les interactions selon l'intensité du tabagisme et l'état d'asthme ont été explorées avec l'inclusion de termes de produits croisés. Résultats: Dans l'ensemble, il n'y avait pas d'association cohérente soutenant le rôle de l'exposition professionnelle aux agents de nettoyage, aux biocides et à d'autres agents de nettoyage dans l'étiologie du cancer du poumon. Bien qu'il y ait eu des preuves que l'intensité du tabagisme peut modifier l'association entre la soude caustique et le risque de cancer du poumon dans l'étude 1; où, chez les fumeurs de faible intensité, une augmentation du risque par trois a été observée par rapport à une association nulle observée chez les fumeurs d'intensité moyenne à forte (pInteraction=0,03). Alors que, dans l'étude 2, les personnes exposées professionnellement à des alcools aliphatiques et qui ont déjà souffert d'asthme ont connu quatre fois du risque de cancer du poumon par rapport à une association nulle observée chez ceux qui n'ont jamais eu d'asthme (pInteraction = 0,04). Conclusion: Pris ensemble, les résultats de cette étude ne soutiennent pas le rôle de l'exposition professionnelle aux agents de nettoyage, aux biocides et à d'autres produits de nettoyage dans l'étiologie du cancer du poumon. / Background: Cleaning agents are materials that aid water in the cleaning process. Biocides include materials used to disinfect, deodorize, sterilize, and sanitize. The use of cleaning agents, biocides, and other cleaning-related agents is ubiquitous. Some studies suggest that occupational exposure to cleaning-related substances may be associated with lung cancer. Objective: To examine the association between lung cancer risk and occupational exposure to cleaning-related agents. Methods: This study uses data from two population-based case-control studies on lung cancer (Study 1: 1979-1986; Study 2: 1996-2001) carried out in Montreal. In both studies, cases included men diagnosed with incident histologically confirmed lung cancer identified across 18 Montreal metropolitan hospitals. In both studies, a set of population-based controls randomly selected from the Quebec electoral list was established (Study 2: 762 cases and 899 controls); while in Study 1, an additional cancer control group was selected from a pool of other patients diagnosed with incident cancer (857 cases, 533 population controls, 1349 cancer controls). In both studies, detailed lifetime job histories were collected during interviews; a team of chemists and industrial hygienists then evaluated occupational exposure to many occupational substances including cleaning agents, biocides, aliphatic alcohols, ammonia, caustic soda, and waxes and polishes. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for lung cancer risk associated with various metrics of occupational exposure to these six agents, while adjusting for established risk factors. Interactions by smoking intensity and asthma status were explored with the inclusion of cross-product terms. Results: Overall, there was no consistent association supporting a role of occupational exposure to cleaning agents, biocides, and other cleaning-related agents in lung cancer etiology. Though there was some evidence that smoking intensity may modify the association between caustic soda and lung cancer risk in Study 1, where, among never-low intensity smokers, a threefold increase in risk was observed in comparison to a null association observed among medium-heavy intensity smokers (pInteraction=0.03). While, in Study 2, those occupationally exposed to aliphatic alcohols and who have ever had asthma experienced a four-fold increase in lung cancer risk in comparison to a null association observed among those who have never had asthma (pInteraction = 0.04). Conclusion: Taken together, the results of this study do not support the role of occupational exposure to cleaning agents, biocides, and other cleaning-related agents in lung cancer etiology.