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Hodnocení energetické náročnosti budov národním kalkulačním nástrojem NKN II a porovnání s výsledky energetické simulace / Evaluation of energy demands of buildings using NKN II and comparison with results of energy simulationHlubinka, Jakub January 2016 (has links)
The Master Thesis evaluates the energy demands of two types of family houses. The calculations are performed using the national calculation tool NKN II and the simulation software TRNSYS. The results of both methods are compared and their differences explained. Both calculation tools are compared from the user point view and finally their applicability for project designers is evaluated.
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Efeito do déficit hídrico em características químicas e bioquímicas da soja e na degradação da clorofila, com ênfase na formação de metabólitos incolores / Influence of drought stress on chemical and biochemical characteristics of soybean and on chlorophyll degradation, with focus on the formation of non-coloured chlorophyll catabolitesBorrmann, Daniela 07 August 2009 (has links)
O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor e exportador de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) no mundo. A produção é altamente dependente de fatores climáticos, incluindo a temperatura e quantidade de chuva. A soja cultivada no sul do país em 2005 sofreu déficit hídrico causado por temperaturas altas acompanhado por umidade baixa durante o estádio reprodutivo. Pouco se sabe sobre a influência do déficit hídrico na degradação da clorofila e na qualidade dos grãos em geral. Nesse trabalho foram analisadas, numa primeira etapa, as características químicas e bioquímicas de cinco amostras de soja, provenientes de três cultivares que cresceram sob déficit hídrico e que não atendiam aos padrões para comercialização por conter altas quantidades de sementes verdes. Os grãos foram analisados quanto a diversos parâmetros físico-químicos e bioquímicos incluindo a análise dos pigmentos verdes imediatamente após a colheita e após 20 meses de armazenamento. A acidez foi medida adicionalmente após 30 meses de armazenamento. A atividade de água e umidade foram 0,6-0,7 e 8,7 %-11,9 %, respectivamente, e não mudaram durante a estocagem, mas houve um aumento em acidez o que indica atividade de lipases. A atividade da lipoxigenase 1 foi significativamente prejudicada. Imediatamente após a colheita os pigmentos verdes correspondiam a feofitina a, feofitina b e pequenas quantidades de clorofila a e b, e traços de outros derivados da clorofila, em ordem decrescente. Após 20 meses de estocagem quase todos os pigmentos haviam desaparecido. O déficit hídrico provavelmente aumentou a permeabilidade das membranas, o que levou a um aumento do pH e promoveu a transformação das clorofilas para feofitinas. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi estudado o estágio avançado da degradação natural da clorofila na qual desaparece a coloração esverdeada dos grãos. Esta etapa corresponde à formação de catabólitos incolores (NCC), mas existem controvérsias se essas substâncias são os produtos finais da degradação. Assim, foram investigadas a formação e degradação dos NCC durante a maturação da soja e o efeito do tratamento térmico pós-colheita. A soja foi colhida em seis estádios de maturação e a formação dos NCC foi analisada por HPLC após secagem dos grãos a 40 e 60°C. Todas as amostras contiveram frações com um máximo de absorbância a 320 nm, considerado típico para os NCC. Os teores aumentaram até o 114o dia após a semeadura e decresceram significativamente em estádios mais avançados de maturação. Nas amostras secas a 40 e 60°C os teores de NCC foram menores, devido a níveis iniciais de clorofila inferiores. Esses resultados indicam que os NCC em soja provavelmente não sejam os produtos finais da degradação da clorofila. A sua redução em estádios mais avançados de maturação indica a sua metabolização para outras substâncias. / Brazil is the second largest soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) producer and exporter in the world. The production depends on climatic factors, like temperature and rain volume. Soybeans cultivated in the south of the country in 2005 suffered drought stress imposed by adverse high ambient temperature, accompanied by low humidity during the reproductive stage. Little information is available regarding drought stress on quality of grains. In this study, firstly, chemical and biochemical characteristics of five soybean samples belonging to three cultivars grown under drought stress and did not meet standards for marketing due to high amounts of green seeds, were evaluated. Grains were analyzed for several physicochemical ad biochemical parameters, including analysis of pigment contents, immediately after harvest and after 20 months of storage at room temperature. Acidity was measured additionally after 30 month of storage. Water activity and humidity were 0.6 - 0.7 and 8.7 % - 11.9 %, respectively, and did not change during storage time, but there was an increase in acidity, which alludes to lipase activity. The activity of lipoxygenase 1 was significantly prejudiced. Immediately after harvest, green pigments corresponded mainly to pheophytin a, followed by pheophytin b, small quantities of chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a and traces of other chlorophyll derivatives. After 20 months of storage almost all green pigments had disappeared. Drought stress probably enhanced membrane permeability, which led to a lower pH and promoted transformation of chlorophylls to pheophytins. In the second part of the study, the advanced stage of natural chlorophyll degradation was investigated, in which the green colour of the seeds disappears. This stage corresponds to the formation of non-coloured chlorophyll catabolites (NCC), but there are controversies if those are the final products. Thus, the formation and degradation of NCC during soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) maturation and two post-harvest drying temperatures was investigated. Soybean was harvested at six maturation stages and the formation of NCC was analyzed by HPLC after drying at 40°C and 60°C. All samples contained fractions with an absorption maximum at 320 nm, which are considered typical for NCC. The amounts of NCC increased until 114 days after plantation, and were significantly lower in advanced maturation stages. In samples dried at 40°C and 60°C, NCC amounts were lower, due to inferior initial chlorophyll levels. These results indicate that the NCC in soybeans might not be the final products of chlorophyll degradation. Their reduction in advanced maturation stages may be due to further metabolization.
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Efeito do déficit hídrico em características químicas e bioquímicas da soja e na degradação da clorofila, com ênfase na formação de metabólitos incolores / Influence of drought stress on chemical and biochemical characteristics of soybean and on chlorophyll degradation, with focus on the formation of non-coloured chlorophyll catabolitesDaniela Borrmann 07 August 2009 (has links)
O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor e exportador de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) no mundo. A produção é altamente dependente de fatores climáticos, incluindo a temperatura e quantidade de chuva. A soja cultivada no sul do país em 2005 sofreu déficit hídrico causado por temperaturas altas acompanhado por umidade baixa durante o estádio reprodutivo. Pouco se sabe sobre a influência do déficit hídrico na degradação da clorofila e na qualidade dos grãos em geral. Nesse trabalho foram analisadas, numa primeira etapa, as características químicas e bioquímicas de cinco amostras de soja, provenientes de três cultivares que cresceram sob déficit hídrico e que não atendiam aos padrões para comercialização por conter altas quantidades de sementes verdes. Os grãos foram analisados quanto a diversos parâmetros físico-químicos e bioquímicos incluindo a análise dos pigmentos verdes imediatamente após a colheita e após 20 meses de armazenamento. A acidez foi medida adicionalmente após 30 meses de armazenamento. A atividade de água e umidade foram 0,6-0,7 e 8,7 %-11,9 %, respectivamente, e não mudaram durante a estocagem, mas houve um aumento em acidez o que indica atividade de lipases. A atividade da lipoxigenase 1 foi significativamente prejudicada. Imediatamente após a colheita os pigmentos verdes correspondiam a feofitina a, feofitina b e pequenas quantidades de clorofila a e b, e traços de outros derivados da clorofila, em ordem decrescente. Após 20 meses de estocagem quase todos os pigmentos haviam desaparecido. O déficit hídrico provavelmente aumentou a permeabilidade das membranas, o que levou a um aumento do pH e promoveu a transformação das clorofilas para feofitinas. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi estudado o estágio avançado da degradação natural da clorofila na qual desaparece a coloração esverdeada dos grãos. Esta etapa corresponde à formação de catabólitos incolores (NCC), mas existem controvérsias se essas substâncias são os produtos finais da degradação. Assim, foram investigadas a formação e degradação dos NCC durante a maturação da soja e o efeito do tratamento térmico pós-colheita. A soja foi colhida em seis estádios de maturação e a formação dos NCC foi analisada por HPLC após secagem dos grãos a 40 e 60°C. Todas as amostras contiveram frações com um máximo de absorbância a 320 nm, considerado típico para os NCC. Os teores aumentaram até o 114o dia após a semeadura e decresceram significativamente em estádios mais avançados de maturação. Nas amostras secas a 40 e 60°C os teores de NCC foram menores, devido a níveis iniciais de clorofila inferiores. Esses resultados indicam que os NCC em soja provavelmente não sejam os produtos finais da degradação da clorofila. A sua redução em estádios mais avançados de maturação indica a sua metabolização para outras substâncias. / Brazil is the second largest soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) producer and exporter in the world. The production depends on climatic factors, like temperature and rain volume. Soybeans cultivated in the south of the country in 2005 suffered drought stress imposed by adverse high ambient temperature, accompanied by low humidity during the reproductive stage. Little information is available regarding drought stress on quality of grains. In this study, firstly, chemical and biochemical characteristics of five soybean samples belonging to three cultivars grown under drought stress and did not meet standards for marketing due to high amounts of green seeds, were evaluated. Grains were analyzed for several physicochemical ad biochemical parameters, including analysis of pigment contents, immediately after harvest and after 20 months of storage at room temperature. Acidity was measured additionally after 30 month of storage. Water activity and humidity were 0.6 - 0.7 and 8.7 % - 11.9 %, respectively, and did not change during storage time, but there was an increase in acidity, which alludes to lipase activity. The activity of lipoxygenase 1 was significantly prejudiced. Immediately after harvest, green pigments corresponded mainly to pheophytin a, followed by pheophytin b, small quantities of chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a and traces of other chlorophyll derivatives. After 20 months of storage almost all green pigments had disappeared. Drought stress probably enhanced membrane permeability, which led to a lower pH and promoted transformation of chlorophylls to pheophytins. In the second part of the study, the advanced stage of natural chlorophyll degradation was investigated, in which the green colour of the seeds disappears. This stage corresponds to the formation of non-coloured chlorophyll catabolites (NCC), but there are controversies if those are the final products. Thus, the formation and degradation of NCC during soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) maturation and two post-harvest drying temperatures was investigated. Soybean was harvested at six maturation stages and the formation of NCC was analyzed by HPLC after drying at 40°C and 60°C. All samples contained fractions with an absorption maximum at 320 nm, which are considered typical for NCC. The amounts of NCC increased until 114 days after plantation, and were significantly lower in advanced maturation stages. In samples dried at 40°C and 60°C, NCC amounts were lower, due to inferior initial chlorophyll levels. These results indicate that the NCC in soybeans might not be the final products of chlorophyll degradation. Their reduction in advanced maturation stages may be due to further metabolization.
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Climate deteriorations and Neanderthal demise in interior IberiaWolf, Daniel, Kolb, Thomas, Alcaraz-Castaño, Manuel, Heinrich, Susann, Baumgart, Philipp, Calvo, Ruben, Sánchez, Jésus, Ryborz, Karolin, Schäfer, Imke, Bliedtner, Marcek, Zech, Roland, Zöller, Ludwig, Faust, Dominik 15 June 2018 (has links) (PDF)
Time and circumstances for the disappearance of Neanderthals and its relationship with the advent of Modern Humans are not yet sufficiently resolved, especially in case of the Iberian Peninsula. Reconstructing palaeoenvironmental conditions during the last glacial period is crucial to clarifying whether climate deteriorations or competition and contacts with Modern Humans played the pivotal role in driving Neanderthals to extinction. A high-resolution loess record from the Upper Tagus Basin in central Spain demonstrates that the Neanderthal abandonment of inner Iberian territories 42 kyr ago coincided with the evolvement of hostile environmental conditions, while archaeological evidence testifies that this desertion took place regardless of modern humans’ activities. According to stratigraphic findings and stable isotope analyses, this period corresponded to the driest environmental conditions of the last glacial apart from an even drier period linked to Heinrich Stadial 3. Our results show that during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4 and 2 climate deteriorations in interior Iberia temporally coincided with northern hemisphere cold periods (Heinrich stadials). Solely during the middle MIS 3, in a period surrounding 42 kyr ago, this relation seems not straightforward, which may demonstrate the complexity of terrestrial climate conditions during glacial periods.
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Climate deteriorations and Neanderthal demise in interior IberiaWolf, Daniel, Kolb, Thomas, Alcaraz-Castaño, Manuel, Heinrich, Susann, Baumgart, Philipp, Calvo, Ruben, Sánchez, Jésus, Ryborz, Karolin, Schäfer, Imke, Bliedtner, Marcek, Zech, Roland, Zöller, Ludwig, Faust, Dominik 15 June 2018 (has links)
Time and circumstances for the disappearance of Neanderthals and its relationship with the advent of Modern Humans are not yet sufficiently resolved, especially in case of the Iberian Peninsula. Reconstructing palaeoenvironmental conditions during the last glacial period is crucial to clarifying whether climate deteriorations or competition and contacts with Modern Humans played the pivotal role in driving Neanderthals to extinction. A high-resolution loess record from the Upper Tagus Basin in central Spain demonstrates that the Neanderthal abandonment of inner Iberian territories 42 kyr ago coincided with the evolvement of hostile environmental conditions, while archaeological evidence testifies that this desertion took place regardless of modern humans’ activities. According to stratigraphic findings and stable isotope analyses, this period corresponded to the driest environmental conditions of the last glacial apart from an even drier period linked to Heinrich Stadial 3. Our results show that during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4 and 2 climate deteriorations in interior Iberia temporally coincided with northern hemisphere cold periods (Heinrich stadials). Solely during the middle MIS 3, in a period surrounding 42 kyr ago, this relation seems not straightforward, which may demonstrate the complexity of terrestrial climate conditions during glacial periods.
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