<p>This Bachelor‟s thesis aims at explaining the relationship between forests and climate change, a subject that has been given a lot of attention in environmental discussions in recent years, particularly because forests are a source of carbon dioxide emissions and in the same time have the potential to mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration. However, with the importance of mitigation as a background, the focus of this study is on adaptation. The purpose is to identify mutual benefits from the diverse forest ecosystems, and examine the possible benefits from forests to the rural poor population in Tanzania, in a future scenario of increased vulnerability to climate change. The methodology for the study can be divided into two parts, one qualitative literature study and one field study in Babati District northern Tanzania, limited to interviews and excursions. This thesis gives details about the scientific projections and local perceptions of climate change and the effects of climate change. The results of the thesis highlights the importance of sustainably managed forests and agroforestry systems, which have been successful in Babati through local participation; economic incentives such as carbon credit and other payments for ecosystem services, which is a possible future extension of forestry activities; and increased integration between sectors, which make sure that adaptation within different sectors can be done simultaneously.</p>

This Bachelor‟s thesis aims at explaining the relationship between forests and climate change, a subject that has been given a lot of attention in environmental discussions in recent years, particularly because forests are a source of carbon dioxide emissions and in the same time have the potential to mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration. However, with the importance of mitigation as a background, the focus of this study is on adaptation. The purpose is to identify mutual benefits from the diverse forest ecosystems, and examine the possible benefits from forests to the rural poor population in Tanzania, in a future scenario of increased vulnerability to climate change. The methodology for the study can be divided into two parts, one qualitative literature study and one field study in Babati District northern Tanzania, limited to interviews and excursions. This thesis gives details about the scientific projections and local perceptions of climate change and the effects of climate change. The results of the thesis highlights the importance of sustainably managed forests and agroforestry systems, which have been successful in Babati through local participation; economic incentives such as carbon credit and other payments for ecosystem services, which is a possible future extension of forestry activities; and increased integration between sectors, which make sure that adaptation within different sectors can be done simultaneously.

Rationale – Climate disasters represent a significant and growing proportion of the humanitarian burden and are a key factor in increasing poverty and insecurity. A myriad of studies demonstrate that aid delivered in an ex-ante fashion can be effective in mitigating losses of life, assets and livelihoods associated with climate hazards. This inquiry supplements the nascent body of research and empirical evidence base pertaining to the building of anticipatory capacity into large-scale national systems, namely via linking a Forecast-based Financing mechanism to an existing social protection system. Research question – Using the case of flood disasters in Bardiya district, Nepal, the research inquired the following: How can social protection be combined with Forecast-based Financing in order to optimise anticipatory humanitarian relief for climate-related disasters? Sub-questions – Research sub-questions guided the inquiry: (1) To what extent are current social protection beneficiaries exposed to climate-related disasters? (2) What is the specific climate vulnerability of social protection beneficiaries? (3) What are the anticipatory relief needs of climate vulnerable social protection beneficiaries? Methodology – Grounded in empirical research via the conduct of a qualitative single case study, the inquiry adopted a conceptual perspective and an exploratory design. A remote data collection strategy was applied, which included (1) a thorough desk review of key scientific literature and secondary data provided by in-field humanitarian organisations; and (2) semi-structured interviews with key informants. Key findings – The data demonstrated that the exposure of social protection beneficiaries to flood hazards is comparable to the general population. Nevertheless, an elevated climate vulnerability is evident secondary to an increased sensitivity and diminished adaptive capacity. The flood anticipatory relief needs/preferences identified include cash-based assistance, food provisions, evacuation assistance and/or enhanced Early Warning Systems. Conclusion – The research supports the utilisation of the proposed conceptual model for an integrated social protection and Forecast-based Financing mechanism, inclusive of vertical and horizontal expansion, in order to effectively identify the most climate vulnerable groups and to guide the provision of targeted anticipatory actions. The mechanism is optimised when a people-centred approach is utilised, with reference to the idiosyncratic, lifecycle and corresponding intersectional vulnerabilities of the targeted population. These findings will contribute to prospective programming in Nepal; additionally, the extent to which they can be generalised will be informed by future applied efficacy studies and comparative analyses with research from differing contexts.

Il est généralement reconnu, par la communauté́ scientifique, que le risque de morbidité́ augmente lors des vagues de chaleur. On retrouve néanmoins des différences importantes en ce qui a trait à la vulnérabilité́ des populations au stress thermique. L'effet de la température sur la morbidité́ diffère selon plusieurs facteurs, dont l’âge. Pour des raisons physiologiques et comportementales, les enfants sont l’un des groupes les plus vulnérables aux vagues de chaleur (Hutter et al., 2007; Thompson et al., 2012). La présente étude vise à analyser l’influence de la vulnérabilité́ différentielle face aux problèmes de santé chez les enfants lors des vagues de chaleur à Ouagadougou. L’analyse de la vulnérabilité́ aux risques environnementaux rend compte des conditions de fragilité́ des individus pouvant mener à des expériences de souffrance et de dépendance à autrui. Ceci influence conséquemment la capacité à faire face aux catastrophes et à se rétablir (Becerra, 2012; Muttarak et al., 2015). Les données utilisées ont été́ recueillies par l’Observatoire de Population de Ouagadougou (OPO) de mars à mai 2017 lors d’une enquête sur la vulnérabilité́ et la capacité d'adaptation de la population de l'OPO aux vagues de chaleur. Ces données transversales regroupent un sous-échantillon aléatoire de 332 enfants de cinq ans et moins, habitant dans cinq quartiers de la périphérie nord de Ouagadougou. Nous les analysons tout d’abord à l’aide de tableaux croisés, de tests de chi-2 et d’une analyse factorielle. Des régressions logistiques ordinales permettent ensuite d’étudier la force et la significativité des associations entre la prévalence des symptômes lors des vagues de chaleur et les variables associées à la vulnérabilité climatique. L’analyse permet de relever des associations inattendues entre la prévalence de certains symptômes chez l’enfant lors des vagues de chaleur et plusieurs variables indépendantes. Par exemple, lorsque nous étudions les effets bruts des variables indépendantes sur la variable dépendante, nous constatons que les enfants dont la mère n’a pas tendance à apporter de l’aide supplémentaire aux très jeunes enfants lors des périodes de très forte chaleur sont plus susceptibles de ne pas présenter de symptôme(s) que de présenter des symptômes (OR = 0,60* (0,36 ; 1,01), à la limite du significatif de 10%), comparativement aux enfants ayant une mère apportant de l’aide supplémentaire. Nous notons également que les enfants dont le toit de chambre est isolé ou construit avec du ciment / béton (dalle) sont plus susceptibles de manifester des symptômes lors des vagues de chaleur que de ne pas en manifester (OR = 1,68* (0,97 ; 2,91), à la limite du significatif de 10%), en comparaison aux enfants dont le toit de chambre est fait de tôle galvanisée / métal / fer-blanc / zinc. Néanmoins, ces résultats sont très faiblement significatifs (seuil de 10%) à partir d’un échantillon de petite taille. Ainsi, le fait que les résultats sont à la limite du significatif à 10% nous amène à interpréter de manière prudente l’existence des liens entre ces variables. Dans l’explication de ces résultats, nous soupçonnons la présence de biais dans l’auto-déclaration des symptômes. Les limites des données incluent l’auto-déclaration des symptômes, la petite taille de l’échantillon, la nature transversale des données ainsi que la présence de biais de rappel liée aux problèmes de mémoire. Compte tenu de ces limites méthodologiques, il serait nécessaire de confirmer les résultats obtenus dans de futures recherches. Néanmoins, ces résultats pourront contribuer à orienter de futures recherches sur l’effet des vagues de chaleur chez les enfants au Sahel. / It is generally recognized by the scientific community that the risk of morbidity increases during heatwaves. However, there are important differences in regard to the vulnerability of populations to increased temperatures. The effect of temperature on morbidity differs depending on several factors, including age. Children are one of the most vulnerable groups when it comes to heatwaves due to physiological and behavioral reasons (Hutter et al., 2007; Thompson et al., 2012). This study aims to analyze the influence of differential vulnerability on children’s health during heatwaves in Ouagadougou. The analysis of vulnerability on environmental risks takes into account the fragile conditions of individuals that can lead to experiences of suffering and dependence on others. Consequently, it influences the capacity to cope with and recover from disasters (Becerra, 2012; Muttarak et al., 2015). The data used were collected by the Ouagadougou Population Observatory (OPO) from March to May 2017 during a survey on the vulnerability and adaptability of the OPO population to heatwaves. The cross-sectional data brings together a random subsample of 332 children aged five and under, living in five neighborhoods in the northern outskirts of Ouagadougou. We first analyze them using crosstabs, chi-2 tests and factor analysis. Ordinal logistic regressions are then performed to study the strength and significance of the associations between the prevalence of symptoms during heatwaves and the variables associated with climatic vulnerability. Descriptive analysis reveals unexpected associations between the prevalence of certain symptoms in children during heatwaves and several independent variables. An in-depth analysis carried out with the use of ordinal logistic regressions shows that the results do not support our initial hypotheses. For example, when we study the gross effects of the independent variables on the dependent variable, we found that children with mothers who do not tend to provide extra help to very young children during intense periods of heat are more likely to be symptom-free than to have symptoms (OR = 0.60 * (0,36 ; 1,01), at the significant limit of 10%), compared to children with mothers who provide extra help. We also note that children whose room roof is insulated or built with cement / concrete (slab) are more likely to show symptoms during heat waves than to not show symptoms (OR = 1.68 * (0,97 ; 2,91), at the significant limit of 10%), compared to children whose room roof is made of galvanized sheet metal / metal / tinplate / zinc. Nevertheless, these results are very weakly significant (10% threshold) from a small sample size. Thus, the fact that the results are at the limit of significance at 10% leads us to interpret the existence of links between these variables cautiously. In an attempt to explain these results, we suspect that there is a bias in the self-reported symptoms. Data limitations include self-reporting of symptoms, small sample size, the cross-sectional nature of the data, and the presence of recall bias related to memory problems. Given these methodological limitations, it would be necessary to confirm our results with those obtained in future research. However, the results obtained may help guide future research about the effect of heatwaves on children’s health in Sahel.

Climate change is one of the most important issues in today's world. Its effect reaches beyond geographical borders and deeply connects to human welfare, rights, and possibilities. Climate change affects the climate and all other sectors of development in the world. The complexity of climate justice lies in its ability to recognize and confront the injustice and unfairness of climate change (Schapper, 2018). As a result of the consequences of climate change, water scarcity is becoming an increasingly serious issue in many places of the world today. In our global community, about 2 billion people do not have reliable access to safe drinking water, and 3.6 billion lack proper sanitation services. Additionally, 2.3 billion individuals do not have basic handwashing facilities. These challenges arise from uneven access to water and sanitation, increasing populations, development practices that use a lot of water, unpredictable changes in rainfall, and pollution. Moreover, a staggering 2.3 billion individuals face the absence of fundamental handwashing facilities (World Bank, 2023). To obtain two viewpoints on the concerns, we focused the study on India and Somalia, two countries facing water scarcity. Although they differ in many other aspects, they face comparable water scarcity and climate change challenges. Furthermore, the urgent issue of climate change is important to study as it could worsen tensions, create more conflicts, and hurt the most vulnerable groups. Examining this matter is crucial for creating frameworks and policies to increase resilience, safeguard vulnerable communities, and protect human rights. The definition of human rights is basic entitlements for everyone, no matter race, gender, sexuality, or who they are. We follow the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) definition. The theory is that regardless of where they are from or who they are, they are treated daily and have the same opportunities (United Nations, 2023). This research aims to understand and address the complex correlations between climate change, water resources, human rights, and the legal framework for climate justice.