Title: Czech terminological mountaineering and sport climbing dictionnary. Goals: Create Czech terminological mountaineering a sport climbing dictionnary. Method: Searches primary and secondary literature. In the first case it was published dictionaries, mountaineering and climbing guides, studies and grammars. In the second case it was a popular publications, monographs important mountaineers and climbers, magazines and websites. Results and conclusion: We have created Czech terminological mountaineering and sport climbing dictionnary with about a thousands lexical units. Words contain around one hundred borrowings from foreign languages, especially English (anglicisms), German (germanisms) and French (galicisms). Most often, the terminology in mountainneering and sport climbing forms deriving, namely the most suffix derivation. Dominant trend in the vocablulary of mountaineering and sport climbing generally increase the amount of borrowed words, especially form english. We consider it a serious problem that has been created bilingual dictionaries from this area before being released Czech terminological mountaineering and sport climbing dictionnary. Key words: Climbing, sport climbing, terminology.

The purpose of this research is to imitate the motion of the crab, and to propose a new control strategy for hexapod robots. Referring to the proportion of a real crab, we construct a 12- actuator hexapod robot. Walking experiments are achieved by using a tripod gait, a metachronal gait and a paired metachronal gait. We observe the loading of actuators and compare the functionality of the gaits. A special feed-forward gait and the Zero Torque control strategy are added in the climbing experiment. A compressed rubber-wire carpet and wire dactyl claws are used to simulate the non-slip climbing condition. Our experiment results show that the loading condition of the pendulous tripod gait is better than conventional tripod gait, and the paired metachronal gait is better than metachronal gait. During climbing experiments, our robot walks on a vertical, an upside-down, and two transitional terrains.

Rock climbing is a multi-dimensional sport encompassing physiological, psychological, bio-mechanical and skill components. Interpretation of data in current investigations is limited by the lack of knowledge regarding the extent of the potential interaction of pre-climb anxieties with the physiological responses during an ascent. This thesis attempts to delineate the psychological and physiological contributions of on-sight top rope and lead climbing in multiple ability groups of rock climbers. Furthermore, the thesis goes on to gain an understanding of the de-oxygenation and re-oxygenation profiles in two forearm flexors during sustained and intermittent contractions-to-failure, as well as during the subsequent recovery period. In study one, intermediate, advanced and elite rock climbers were asked to on-sight a route at the top of their respective best self-reported on-sight grade. There were no ability group or ascent style differences for any pre-climb measures of anxiety. However, elite rock climbers had significantly higher oxygen consumption, heart rate (HR) and cortisol (physiological component) responses compared to lower ability groups. Furthermore, the elite climbers spent a significantly greater percentage of their static time resting during the ascent compared to all lower ability groups. As there appears to be no differences in the anxiety based interaction with the physiological response, study one suggests that ability group and ascent style differences may be attributed mainly to the changes in the physical demands of the route. Furthermore, it would appear the higher level rock climbers may have a greater reliance on the aerobic metabolism during an on-sight ascent. Study two investigated the haemodynamic responses to sustained and intermittent handgrip contractions which are seen during rock climbing ascents. Intermediate, advanced and elite climbers as well as a control group were asked to perform sustained and intermittent contractions (10s) at 40% of maximal volitional capacity until exhaustion. Oxygen saturation, blood flow (BF) and HR were measured pre, during and post contractions. Elite and advanced climbers were able to de-oxygenate both the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor carpi radialis significantly more than the intermediate climbers, and the control group. During the intermittent test to failure, relative re-oxygenation during the rest period (3s) (re-oxygenation which takes into account the amount of de-oxygenation during the previous contraction), may be an important determinant of the force time integral. During the intermittent test, the increase in Δ BF, release HR and Δ HR during the rest periods suggest that vessel occlusion in elite and advanced rock climbers may not be as prominant as previously speculated upon. Furthermore, elite rock climbers appear to have a significantly faster time to half recovery after both sustained and intermittent contractions-to-failure. In conclusion, it would appear that the psychological responses assessed pre on-sight rock climbing may not be different between ability groups or ascent styles. Instead, ability group differences may be due to physiological adaptations caused in part by the significantly greater amount of training. Furthermore, elite rock climbers appear to be able to de-oxygenate and re-oxygenate faster and to a greater extent than lower ability level climbers due to an increased Δ BF and Δ HR during intermittent rest periods, as well as post-exercise. Further investigation focusing on aerobic/anaerobic contribution, determination of capillary density and muscle fiber type would aid in gaining a greater understanding of rock climbing performance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of body mass and sex on the joint biomechanics of the lower extremity during stair ascent and descent. Nineteen normal weight (8M and11F; BMI: 22.1 ± 1.8 kg/m2), 18 overweight (14M and 4F; BMI: 27.4 ± 1.3 kg/m2) and 8 obese subjects (3M and 5F; BMI: 33.3 ± 2.5 kg/m2) were recruited. Joint mechanical loading presented by joint moment of force and peak joint angles at the hip, knee, and ankle during stair climbing were recorded and analyzed using a motion analysis system with 10 cameras and 4 force plates. The MANOVA and linear regression analysis found a significantly larger knee extensor moment (p=0.026) among the overweight compared to the normal weight participants during descent. Sex differences were found in the peak joint angles, as the females abducted their knees more than the males (p=0.002; r(51) = 0.51) during descent.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin -- La Crosse, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-39).

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of body mass and sex on the joint biomechanics of the lower extremity during stair ascent and descent. Nineteen normal weight (8M and11F; BMI: 22.1 ± 1.8 kg/m2), 18 overweight (14M and 4F; BMI: 27.4 ± 1.3 kg/m2) and 8 obese subjects (3M and 5F; BMI: 33.3 ± 2.5 kg/m2) were recruited. Joint mechanical loading presented by joint moment of force and peak joint angles at the hip, knee, and ankle during stair climbing were recorded and analyzed using a motion analysis system with 10 cameras and 4 force plates. The MANOVA and linear regression analysis found a significantly larger knee extensor moment (p=0.026) among the overweight compared to the normal weight participants during descent. Sex differences were found in the peak joint angles, as the females abducted their knees more than the males (p=0.002; r(51) = 0.51) during descent.

Title: Use of MOXY monitor for evaluation of oxygenation of finger flexors during incremental climbing load. Objectives: The aim of the work was to assess the dynamics of muscle oxygenation using MOXI monitor and Portamon during incremetal climbing load Methods: The test involved 19 individuals (14 male (M) and 5 female (F), age 29,5 ± 8,5 (years) M, 26,5 ± 5,7 (years) F, weight 70,2 ± 7,9 (kg) M and 58,1 ± 2,4 (kg) F, height 176,9 ± 5,6 (cm) M, 170,2 ± 1,3 (cm) F, length of climbing experience 12,1 ± 7,1 years M 9,8 ± 4 F, performance on the Union International des scale Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) 6+ to 10 M and 7 to 9 F). Climbers underwent test climbing on a climbing ergometer at submaximal load (vertical, 9 m / min) and a incremental climbing test to a subjective maximum. Tissue saturation in the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy with a Portamon and MOXY instrument. Results: In 5 of the 19 tested, it was not possible to determine the oxygenation breakpoint using the MOXY record. Compared to Portamon, the difference in threshold values ranged from 0-9ř. Conclusion: Due to the unclear breakpoint in oxygenation in some respondents and the small agreement with the Portamon device, MOXY cannot be used to evaluate...

The purpose of this diploma thesis was design and realisation of measuring system, enabling measuring forces between climber´s feet and holds on the climbing wall and using this measu-red values during a training of sport climber. In this thesis there are discovered possibilities about constructing this system and determina-ted basic requirements of measuring. There are also stated principles of application the strain gauges for measuring the tension. Descriptions of developping specific sensors, hardware interface and PC application are also part of this thesis. Constructed system was used for mea-suring climbers and values were analysed by using the application.

Title: Assessment of the activity of the shoulder girdle muscles during static period of climbing movement. Objectives: The aim of the study is to determinate the electromyographic activity of shoulder fixators during natural and corrected climbing grip. The second aim is to compare this activity between the group of climbers and nonclimbers. Methods: The research involved 6 people, 3 climbers and 3 nonclimbers. The surface electromyography had been chosen as an objectification method. Measurements were perfomed during 4 static situation with two variants (natural and corected position). We tested these muscles: m. pectoralis major, m.sternocleidomastoideus, horní, střední a dolní část svalu m.trapezius, m.serratus anterior. The average amplitude normalizated to maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was evaluated. Results: The significantly lower average amplitude was measured for the middle trapezius (18,4 ± 8,9 % MVC) in natural position (average of all positions) than in position corrected (35,3 ± 11,8 % MVC). For the lower trapezius, the average amplitude in natural position (30,1 ± 13,8 % MVC) was measured significantly lower too than in corrected position (61,7 ± 15,4 % MVC). Conclusions: The measurement results showed that, the EMG activity of the middle and lower m. trapezius was during...

This work presents the indoor climbing walls in climbing centers for the public in Prague. It creates an overview of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of indoor climbing walls in Prague. Thesis allowing ordinary users and the general public interested in climbing easier selection of the appropriate climbing wall according on their level, the safety requirements, background, but also the place of residence.