Background: Cubitus varus is a cosmetically unacceptable complication of supracondylar fractures of the elbow in children. We have performed the lateral closing wedge (French) osteotomy to correct the varus for 27 years. More complex osteotomies have been described to correct the associated hyperextension and internal rotation deformities and to prevent a prominent lateral condyle. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 90 consecutive patients (1986-2012). The mean age of the patients at surgery was 8.2 years (3 to14 years). The varus angle (mean 21.4°, range 8°- 40°) was assessed pre-operatively with the humero-elbow-wrist (HEW) angle. The postoperative carrying angle (mean 10.4) and the pre- and postoperative range of movement were assessed clinically. The lateral condylar prominence index (LCPI) was retrospectively measured at union. Results: Seventy five (93.3%) of the patients had a good or excellent result. Six (6.7%) had a poor result (residual varus, loss of >20°of pre-operative range of flexion or extension or a complication necessitating repeat surgery). There were no neuro-vascular complications. The mean LCPI was +0.14. Conclusions: The results of the French osteotomy are comparable to the more technically demanding dome, step-cut translation and multi-planar osteotomies, with a lower complication rate. The literature reports adequate remodelling of the hyperextension deformity ( ≤ 10 years) patient. Level of evidence: Level IV: Case series

No description available.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / This paper assesses the legacy of Allan Bloom. Particular focus is given to Bloom's book The Closing of the American Mind, published in 1987. Chapter One discusses the scholarly and commercial appeal of The Closing of the American Mind. The chapter also raises the question that this paper attempts to answer-Is The Closing of the American Mind nothing more than a publishing success and what Sidney Hook described as a "noble failure," or is it a work of lasting significance that has implications for higher-education policy and reform? Chapter Two describes the climate of the University of Chicago that Bloom entered in the mid-1940s. The longtime president of the University, Robert Maynard Hutchins, and his colleague Mortimer Adler are profiled. The chapter also provides profiles of Bloom's mentor, Leo Strauss, and Strauss's disciples, the socalled "Straussians." Some works from Strauss and the Straussians are reviewed. Chapter Three provides an in-depth examination of four axial terms: 1) Reason, 2) Nature, 3) Eros, and 4) Soul. In this chapter, much of Plato's teaching and Bloom's analysis of Plato's teachings are discussed. Chapter Four is a thematic analysis of Bloom's book. Bloom's views on philosophy, poetry, and the permanent questions are examined. This chapter also delves into Bloom's arguments about education and character, and his views on democracy and its homogenizing effects. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Bloom's position on whether educational change is more a proposition of general reform or individual example. Chapter Five presents favorable and unfavorable reviews of The Closing of the American Mind. Key arguments are categorized under 12 sections that serve as indicators of higher-education disputes in America. Chapter Six is the conclusion, and it assesses the strength of Bloom's educational legacy. The study concludes that Bloom's arguments are still valuable, but attempts at educational initiatives will probably fail if they are perceived as "turning back the clock," rather than a movement toward shared core beliefs from which many contemporary educational initiatives have drifted. / 2031-01-01

No description available.

No description available.

<p dir="ltr">Previous research has documented rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop (RCC) benefits on weed suppression, erosion control, and water quality. However, RCC adoption is often low prior to corn (Zea mays L.) due to observed yield losses caused by a RCC. Therefore, further research is required to understand and develop corn agronomic, planting equipment, and N fertilizer timing recommendations following a RCC to minimize crop stress and yield losses. The objective of this research was to evaluate corn performance and yield in response to different N fertilizer application timings and after-market closing wheel types following a RCC using multiple field-scale environments. Treatments within the N timing study included three N fertilizer timings (2x2 starter + V5 sidedress, 2x2 + V10, and 2x2 + V5 + V10) and two RCC treatments (RCC and no RCC). Treatments within the closing wheel study included three closing wheel types: Standard Rubber (SR), Cruiser Extreme (CE), and Cupped Razor (MCR), and two RCC treatments (RCC and no RCC. Both studies were conducted at field-scale using commercial equipment at four locations in Indiana in 2022 and 2023. In the N timing study a significant (P<0.1) RCC x N timing interaction was observed in 5 of 6 site-years, indicating optimum N fertilizer timing differs with the presence of a RCC. Without the inclusion of a RCC, the use of a 5x5 + V10 or 5x5 + V5 + V10 N application decreased yield in 4 of 6 and 0 of 6 site-years, respectively when compared to a 5x5 + V5 N application. Whereas, with a RCC the use of a 5x5 + V10 or 5x5 + V5 + V10 N decreased yield in 6 of 6 and 2 of 6 site-years, respectively when compared to a 5x5 + V5 N application. In the closing wheel study, aftermarket closing wheels showed no difference in daily emergence timing and/or final plant stand in no-till conditions without a RCC. However, in RCC treatments, the CE improved total percent corn emergence [7 – 12 days after planting (DAP)] by 6 and 15% at 2 of 3 site-years. Whereas, the MCR improved percent corn emergence (7-12 DAP) by 8% in 1 of 3 site-years. Furthermore, corn grain yield was increased by 5-8 bu ac-1 at 2 of 3 site-years with CE when following a RCC and by 7 bu ac-1 at 1 of 3 site-years with MCR when following a RCC. Overall, results suggest farmers can combine the use of after-market closing wheels designed for high residue/RCC systems and optimum N fertilizer application timing (5x5 + V5 sidedress) to improve corn emergence, reduce N stress, and improve yield following a RCC.</p>

O objetivo deste trabalho é provar um Closing Lema Parcial para variedades bidimensionais compactas, orientáveis ou não--orientáveis. Para enunciá--lo, considere um campo vetorial \\linebreak $X\\in\\mathfrak^r(M)$, $r\\ge 2$, de classe $C^r$ em uma variedade bidimensional compacta $M$, e seja $\\Sigma$ um segmento transversal a $X$ passando por um ponto recorrente não--trivial $p$ de $X$. Seja $P:\\Sigma\\to\\Sigma$ a correspondente transformação de primeiro retorno. O primeiro resultado deste trabalho consiste em mostrar que se $P$ tem a propriedade de que para todo $n\\ge N$ e $x\\in{m dom}\\,(P^n)$, $\\vert DP^n(x)\\vert<\\lambda$, onde $N\\in\\N$ e $0<\\lambda<1$, então existe um campo vetorial $Y$ arbitrariamente próximo de $X$ na topologia $C^r$ tendo uma trajetória periódica passando por $p$. O segundo resultado consiste em apresentar condições, sobre os expoentes de Lyapunov de $P$, para que $\\vert DP^n\\vert<\\lambda$ para todo $n\\ge N$. Nesta tese, também incluímos um resultado sobre a estabilidade assintótica no infinito de campos planares diferenciáveis, mas não necessariamente de classe $C^1$. / The aim of this work is to provide a Partial $C^r$ Closing Lemma for compact surfaces, orientable or non--orientable. To state it, let $X\\in\\mathfrak^r(M)$, $r\\ge 2$, be a $C^r$ vector field on a compact surface $M$ and let $\\Sigma$ be a transverse segment to $X$ passing through a non--trivial recurrent point $p$ of $X$. Let $P:\\Sigma\\to\\Sigma$ be the corresponding first return map. The first result of this work consists in showing that if $P^n$ has the property that for all $n\\ge N$ and $x\\in{m dom}\\,(P^n)$, $\\vert DP^n(x)\\vert<\\lambda$, where $N\\in\\N$ e $0<\\lambda<1$, then there exists a vector field $Y$ arbitrarily close to $X$ in the $C^r$ topology such that $p$ is a periodic point of $Y$. The second result consists in presenting sufficient conditions, upon the Lyapunov exponents of $P$, so that $\\vert DP^n\\vert<\\lambda$ for all $n\\ge N$. In this thesis, we also include a result concerning the asymptotic stability at infinity of planar differentiable vector fields, not necessarily of class $C^1$.

O objetivo deste trabalho é provar um Closing Lema Parcial para variedades bidimensionais compactas, orientáveis ou não--orientáveis. Para enunciá--lo, considere um campo vetorial \\linebreak $X\\in\\mathfrak^r(M)$, $r\\ge 2$, de classe $C^r$ em uma variedade bidimensional compacta $M$, e seja $\\Sigma$ um segmento transversal a $X$ passando por um ponto recorrente não--trivial $p$ de $X$. Seja $P:\\Sigma\\to\\Sigma$ a correspondente transformação de primeiro retorno. O primeiro resultado deste trabalho consiste em mostrar que se $P$ tem a propriedade de que para todo $n\\ge N$ e $x\\in{m dom}\\,(P^n)$, $\\vert DP^n(x)\\vert<\\lambda$, onde $N\\in\\N$ e $0<\\lambda<1$, então existe um campo vetorial $Y$ arbitrariamente próximo de $X$ na topologia $C^r$ tendo uma trajetória periódica passando por $p$. O segundo resultado consiste em apresentar condições, sobre os expoentes de Lyapunov de $P$, para que $\\vert DP^n\\vert<\\lambda$ para todo $n\\ge N$. Nesta tese, também incluímos um resultado sobre a estabilidade assintótica no infinito de campos planares diferenciáveis, mas não necessariamente de classe $C^1$. / The aim of this work is to provide a Partial $C^r$ Closing Lemma for compact surfaces, orientable or non--orientable. To state it, let $X\\in\\mathfrak^r(M)$, $r\\ge 2$, be a $C^r$ vector field on a compact surface $M$ and let $\\Sigma$ be a transverse segment to $X$ passing through a non--trivial recurrent point $p$ of $X$. Let $P:\\Sigma\\to\\Sigma$ be the corresponding first return map. The first result of this work consists in showing that if $P^n$ has the property that for all $n\\ge N$ and $x\\in{m dom}\\,(P^n)$, $\\vert DP^n(x)\\vert<\\lambda$, where $N\\in\\N$ e $0<\\lambda<1$, then there exists a vector field $Y$ arbitrarily close to $X$ in the $C^r$ topology such that $p$ is a periodic point of $Y$. The second result consists in presenting sufficient conditions, upon the Lyapunov exponents of $P$, so that $\\vert DP^n\\vert<\\lambda$ for all $n\\ge N$. In this thesis, we also include a result concerning the asymptotic stability at infinity of planar differentiable vector fields, not necessarily of class $C^1$.

A fase de fechamento de uma mina, se não for bem administrada, causa impactos ambientais que atingem de forma direta a população do entorno. Historicamente, as minas exauridas eram abandonadas sem que se fossem tomadas providências para reduzir riscos e impactos sócio-ambientais. Na atualidade, em diversos países, as empresas de mineração são responsáveis pela reabilitação das áreas mineradas e por tomar providências visando mitigar os impactos negativos do fechamento de minas. No entanto, muitas vezes ainda se vê uma atitude negligente por parte de certos empreendedores, abandonando a área minerada ou implantando somente medidas insatisfatórias para um adequado fechamento da mina, sob alegação de que não possuem meios para financiarem as medidas necessárias numa fase em que não há mais geração de receita, pois não se fez a provisão de recursos durante a operação do empreendimento. Tal situação é inaceitável diante dos novos rumos tomados pela humanidade, que exige, ainda que de forma incipiente, a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Surge daí, a necessidade de se pensar em métodos para concretizar a implementação de um plano de fechamento para cada mina, de forma a satisfazer às expectativas da comunidade e demais interessados. Neste cenário, torna-se necessário considerar os recursos financeiros para se atingir tal objetivo. Uma alternativa é a internalização, para a empresa, dos custos ambientais envolvidos na fase de fechamento, ou seja, a aplicação do Princípio Poluidor-Pagador e do método ABC (Custeio Baseado em Atividade), como o objetivo de provisionar recursos para a execução dos projetos previstos. Outra questão a ser considerada é a da responsabilidade. Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se definir o papel de cada segmento (empreendedor, governo e sociedade) no fechamento da mineração. Com base em um estudo de caso e na revisão da experiência internacional, conclui-se que o plano de fechamento deve ser desenvolvido desde o início do projeto mineral, permitindo, entre outros aspectos, o adequado provisionamento de recursos e o estabelecimento de garantias financeiras. Os planos de fechamento que obtiveram êxito foram elaborados com intensa participação de todos os envolvidos, durante todas as fases de desenvolvimento da mineração, mantendo-se um canal aberto de discussões e reivindicações entre empresa e comunidade. Nos casos em que isso não ocorreu, o abandono da área ou a insatisfação da sociedade com a empresa prevaleceram e deixaram uma imagem negativa da empresa e do setor mineral. Nota-se que muitos planos de fechamento não dão a devida atenção aos aspectos relacionados ao meio antrópico e à vida da comunidade onde se insere a mina. Ao empreendedor cabe, portanto, preparar e implementar um plano de fechamento e provisionar recursos para tal. O governo deve definir as premissas a serem seguidas e fiscalizar a execução daquilo que foi aprovado. À sociedade cabe manifestar os seus anseios e acompanhar/participar a execução do plano de fechamento, além de discutir as alternativas de uso da área uma vez encerrada a mineração. O plano de fechamento deve contemplar todos os projetos de engenharia para a recuperação da área degradada, programas de recuperação da fauna e recomposição da flora, programas de desenvolvimento social, tanto para a comunidade atingida como para funcionários e fornecedores da mineração; deve incluir uma estimativa de investimento condizente com os trabalhos a serem implementados e definir claramente o cronograma físico-financeiro. O principal objetivo é alcançar, no menor tempo possível, a estabilidade física, química e biológica, bem como o desenvolvimento social da comunidade atingida pela mineração / A mine closure plan, if not well administered, can cause adverse environmental impacts that may directly affect the population in the surroundings. Traditionally, the exhausted mines were abandoned without being taken the suitable provisions to reduce the hazards and social-environmental shocks. Presently, in several countries, the mining industries, are responsible for the rehabilitation of the mined areas and for taking the necessary precautions aiming to moderate the negative impacts of the mine closure. Nevertheless, continuous negligent attitudes are still observed on the entrepreneurs’ part , disregarding the mined areas or establishing unsatisfactory measures for a suitable mine close-out, under assertion of insufficient means to finance the required steps when no income is generated due to a lack of provision of resources beforehand during operation undertaking. Such a situation becomes unacceptable with the course humanity is now taking, that demands, even in principle means, the promotion of a sustainable development. Therefore, there arises the need of generating new methods to render implementation of a closure plan for each mine, in the means of satisfying the expectations of the communities and interested parties. To develop and execute such a plan, it becomes extremely important to identify and determine the financial resources to reach this purpose. One of the options would be the internalization of the environmental costs of the closure plan to the company, applying the Pollution-Pay-Principle and the ABC Method (Activity Based Costing) with the objective to provide those resources for the execution of projects . In addition, it is of equal importance to determine the closure plan accountability. This thesis considers how each segment of the society (government, general public and entrepreneurs ) should act and participate in a closure plan process. Based on the evaluation of the data presented, it was concluded that a closure plan should be developed at the very beginning of a mining project leading to an adequate provision of financial resources and establishment of financial warranties. . The success of some closure plans were due to intense participation of all involved, during all the phases of mining development, asserting opened discussion and demands amongst the company and community. In some cases, the abuse of the area or the dissatisfaction of the society regarding the company prevailed and caused a negative image of the company and mineral industry. It is noticed that many closure plans do not give proper attention to the aspects related to the environment and the community life where the mine is. The entrepreneur is the only responsible party for implementing and preparing such plan and furthermore providing the resources required. The government is in charge for developing closure plans guidelines to be followed, verify and enforce compliance to the guidelines. The general public should express its cravings , verify and participate in the closure plan and furthermore on discussions of the alternative use of the area once the mine is closed. The plan should also ponder on the engineering projects for recovering the area, fauna recovery programs and rearrangement of botany, social-development programs as for the community affected and employees and mining suppliers; an investment estimate, suitable for the work which is to be implemented, should be included and clearly define the financial chronology. The main purpose is to succeed in physical, chemical and biological stability in the short and long term, as well as the social development of the affected community.

A fase de fechamento de uma mina, se não for bem administrada, causa impactos ambientais que atingem de forma direta a população do entorno. Historicamente, as minas exauridas eram abandonadas sem que se fossem tomadas providências para reduzir riscos e impactos sócio-ambientais. Na atualidade, em diversos países, as empresas de mineração são responsáveis pela reabilitação das áreas mineradas e por tomar providências visando mitigar os impactos negativos do fechamento de minas. No entanto, muitas vezes ainda se vê uma atitude negligente por parte de certos empreendedores, abandonando a área minerada ou implantando somente medidas insatisfatórias para um adequado fechamento da mina, sob alegação de que não possuem meios para financiarem as medidas necessárias numa fase em que não há mais geração de receita, pois não se fez a provisão de recursos durante a operação do empreendimento. Tal situação é inaceitável diante dos novos rumos tomados pela humanidade, que exige, ainda que de forma incipiente, a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Surge daí, a necessidade de se pensar em métodos para concretizar a implementação de um plano de fechamento para cada mina, de forma a satisfazer às expectativas da comunidade e demais interessados. Neste cenário, torna-se necessário considerar os recursos financeiros para se atingir tal objetivo. Uma alternativa é a internalização, para a empresa, dos custos ambientais envolvidos na fase de fechamento, ou seja, a aplicação do Princípio Poluidor-Pagador e do método ABC (Custeio Baseado em Atividade), como o objetivo de provisionar recursos para a execução dos projetos previstos. Outra questão a ser considerada é a da responsabilidade. Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se definir o papel de cada segmento (empreendedor, governo e sociedade) no fechamento da mineração. Com base em um estudo de caso e na revisão da experiência internacional, conclui-se que o plano de fechamento deve ser desenvolvido desde o início do projeto mineral, permitindo, entre outros aspectos, o adequado provisionamento de recursos e o estabelecimento de garantias financeiras. Os planos de fechamento que obtiveram êxito foram elaborados com intensa participação de todos os envolvidos, durante todas as fases de desenvolvimento da mineração, mantendo-se um canal aberto de discussões e reivindicações entre empresa e comunidade. Nos casos em que isso não ocorreu, o abandono da área ou a insatisfação da sociedade com a empresa prevaleceram e deixaram uma imagem negativa da empresa e do setor mineral. Nota-se que muitos planos de fechamento não dão a devida atenção aos aspectos relacionados ao meio antrópico e à vida da comunidade onde se insere a mina. Ao empreendedor cabe, portanto, preparar e implementar um plano de fechamento e provisionar recursos para tal. O governo deve definir as premissas a serem seguidas e fiscalizar a execução daquilo que foi aprovado. À sociedade cabe manifestar os seus anseios e acompanhar/participar a execução do plano de fechamento, além de discutir as alternativas de uso da área uma vez encerrada a mineração. O plano de fechamento deve contemplar todos os projetos de engenharia para a recuperação da área degradada, programas de recuperação da fauna e recomposição da flora, programas de desenvolvimento social, tanto para a comunidade atingida como para funcionários e fornecedores da mineração; deve incluir uma estimativa de investimento condizente com os trabalhos a serem implementados e definir claramente o cronograma físico-financeiro. O principal objetivo é alcançar, no menor tempo possível, a estabilidade física, química e biológica, bem como o desenvolvimento social da comunidade atingida pela mineração / A mine closure plan, if not well administered, can cause adverse environmental impacts that may directly affect the population in the surroundings. Traditionally, the exhausted mines were abandoned without being taken the suitable provisions to reduce the hazards and social-environmental shocks. Presently, in several countries, the mining industries, are responsible for the rehabilitation of the mined areas and for taking the necessary precautions aiming to moderate the negative impacts of the mine closure. Nevertheless, continuous negligent attitudes are still observed on the entrepreneurs’ part , disregarding the mined areas or establishing unsatisfactory measures for a suitable mine close-out, under assertion of insufficient means to finance the required steps when no income is generated due to a lack of provision of resources beforehand during operation undertaking. Such a situation becomes unacceptable with the course humanity is now taking, that demands, even in principle means, the promotion of a sustainable development. Therefore, there arises the need of generating new methods to render implementation of a closure plan for each mine, in the means of satisfying the expectations of the communities and interested parties. To develop and execute such a plan, it becomes extremely important to identify and determine the financial resources to reach this purpose. One of the options would be the internalization of the environmental costs of the closure plan to the company, applying the Pollution-Pay-Principle and the ABC Method (Activity Based Costing) with the objective to provide those resources for the execution of projects . In addition, it is of equal importance to determine the closure plan accountability. This thesis considers how each segment of the society (government, general public and entrepreneurs ) should act and participate in a closure plan process. Based on the evaluation of the data presented, it was concluded that a closure plan should be developed at the very beginning of a mining project leading to an adequate provision of financial resources and establishment of financial warranties. . The success of some closure plans were due to intense participation of all involved, during all the phases of mining development, asserting opened discussion and demands amongst the company and community. In some cases, the abuse of the area or the dissatisfaction of the society regarding the company prevailed and caused a negative image of the company and mineral industry. It is noticed that many closure plans do not give proper attention to the aspects related to the environment and the community life where the mine is. The entrepreneur is the only responsible party for implementing and preparing such plan and furthermore providing the resources required. The government is in charge for developing closure plans guidelines to be followed, verify and enforce compliance to the guidelines. The general public should express its cravings , verify and participate in the closure plan and furthermore on discussions of the alternative use of the area once the mine is closed. The plan should also ponder on the engineering projects for recovering the area, fauna recovery programs and rearrangement of botany, social-development programs as for the community affected and employees and mining suppliers; an investment estimate, suitable for the work which is to be implemented, should be included and clearly define the financial chronology. The main purpose is to succeed in physical, chemical and biological stability in the short and long term, as well as the social development of the affected community.