Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac) é uma bactéria fitopatógênica que causa de cancro cítrico em plantações no mundo inteiro. Trinta e cinco proteínas alvo foram selecionadas para estudos de proteômica estrutural a partir do genoma de Xac. As proteínas foram clonadas, expressas e testadas usando uma nova metodologia de triagem de proteínas que permite que espectros de RMN 2D 15N-HSQC sejam coletados antes da purificação da proteína em estudo. Esta abordagem possibilitou determinar quais proteínas alvo melhor se adequavam para estudos estruturais futuros por RMN e/ou cristalografia de raios X de forma rápida e eficaz. A proteína ClpS de Xac, descrita como moduladora da atividade da protease bacteriana ClpAP, foi uma das proteínas selecionadas para estudos estruturais por RMN usando esta metodologia. O assinalamento das ressonâncias da cadeia principal e das cadeias laterais desta proteína usando experimentos de tripla ressonância e dados de dinâmica e de troca H/D forneceram informações sobre a sua estrutura secundária. Um modelo tridimensional foi gerado por modelagem por homologia a partir de um homólogo de E. coli e foi validado por acoplamentos dipolares residuais (DHN ) obtidos experimentalmente. Todos os dados RMN sugerem que a região N-terminal de ClpS se apresenta desestruturada. O mapeamento por RMN da interação de ClpS com a sua parceira ClpA é também apresentado. / Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac) is a phytopathogenic bacterium that causes citrus canker around the world. Thirty-five target proteins for structural proteomics studies have been selected from the Xac genome. The target proteins were cloned, expressed and tested using a novel screening methodology that allows for 2D 15N-HSQC NMR spectra to be collected prior to the purification of the target protein. This approach allowed us to determine which target proteins were amenable for future structural studies by NMR and/or X-ray crystallography in a fast and efficient manner. The ClpS protein, which has been described as a modulator of substrate specificity of the bacterial protease ClpAP, was one of the proteins selected structural studies by NMR using this methodology. Backbone and side-chain assignment derived from 3D triple resonance NMR experiments and dynamic data from hydrogen-deuterium exchange NMR experiments have provided information on the secondary structure elements of this protein. A model for Xac ClpS was generated by homology modeling from an E. coli homogue and validated using experimentally obtained DHN residual dipolar couplings. All NMR data suggest that the N-terminal region of the protein ClpS is highly unstructured. NMR mapping of the interaction of ClpS with its partner protein ClpA is also presented.

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac) é uma bactéria fitopatógênica que causa de cancro cítrico em plantações no mundo inteiro. Trinta e cinco proteínas alvo foram selecionadas para estudos de proteômica estrutural a partir do genoma de Xac. As proteínas foram clonadas, expressas e testadas usando uma nova metodologia de triagem de proteínas que permite que espectros de RMN 2D 15N-HSQC sejam coletados antes da purificação da proteína em estudo. Esta abordagem possibilitou determinar quais proteínas alvo melhor se adequavam para estudos estruturais futuros por RMN e/ou cristalografia de raios X de forma rápida e eficaz. A proteína ClpS de Xac, descrita como moduladora da atividade da protease bacteriana ClpAP, foi uma das proteínas selecionadas para estudos estruturais por RMN usando esta metodologia. O assinalamento das ressonâncias da cadeia principal e das cadeias laterais desta proteína usando experimentos de tripla ressonância e dados de dinâmica e de troca H/D forneceram informações sobre a sua estrutura secundária. Um modelo tridimensional foi gerado por modelagem por homologia a partir de um homólogo de E. coli e foi validado por acoplamentos dipolares residuais (DHN ) obtidos experimentalmente. Todos os dados RMN sugerem que a região N-terminal de ClpS se apresenta desestruturada. O mapeamento por RMN da interação de ClpS com a sua parceira ClpA é também apresentado. / Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac) is a phytopathogenic bacterium that causes citrus canker around the world. Thirty-five target proteins for structural proteomics studies have been selected from the Xac genome. The target proteins were cloned, expressed and tested using a novel screening methodology that allows for 2D 15N-HSQC NMR spectra to be collected prior to the purification of the target protein. This approach allowed us to determine which target proteins were amenable for future structural studies by NMR and/or X-ray crystallography in a fast and efficient manner. The ClpS protein, which has been described as a modulator of substrate specificity of the bacterial protease ClpAP, was one of the proteins selected structural studies by NMR using this methodology. Backbone and side-chain assignment derived from 3D triple resonance NMR experiments and dynamic data from hydrogen-deuterium exchange NMR experiments have provided information on the secondary structure elements of this protein. A model for Xac ClpS was generated by homology modeling from an E. coli homogue and validated using experimentally obtained DHN residual dipolar couplings. All NMR data suggest that the N-terminal region of the protein ClpS is highly unstructured. NMR mapping of the interaction of ClpS with its partner protein ClpA is also presented.

Functionalizable spherical colloidal lignin particles (CLPs) represent a valuable asset for the valorization of lignin side-streams from the pulp industry. The spherical structure allows for the circumvention of the heterogeneous and poorly dispersible structure of the biopolymer. However, organic solvents and alkaline media degrade the particle structure and dissolve the polymers due to their chemical nature and solubility. The solvents will alter the aggregated polymers into irregular shapes that would correspond to inconsistent physicochemical properties. Then, the material will become unusable for advanced material applications, namely wood adhesives. In this study, a replicable process to yield pH ca. 12 stable CLPs for wood adhesives or further functionalization for other advanced material applications was developed and optimized. Lignin was functionalized with cross-linkers, glyoxal or formaldehyde, and selfassembled into spherical structures in the micro emulsification of the organic solution. The formed colloids were partially rotary evaporated to retain organic solvents within the colloidal structures, and then be cured at 73-76 °C until pH stable and further functionalized for advanced material applications. The functionalization with glyoxal was pursued further for its possibly increased reactivity and the health concerns associated with formaldehyde. The process requires the addition of glyoxal to lignin in an acidic organi cmedia at ambient temperature, and the solution to react at 64 °C. Glyoxal is likely added to the polymer structure in its hydrated and dimerized form, and its attachment to lignin should be analyzed through the behavior of glyoxal in different media. The formed colloids were rotary evaporated to an organic solvent content of 60 wt. % of the spheres to allow the occurrence of the curing reaction. These materials were finally cured by thermosetting them at 73-76 °C until pH stable. The particles can be cured with base-catalysis through the controlled addition of the base NaOH(aq). However, the mode and rate of addition of the catalyst are critically important for a nondegradative infusion of a base into solvent present ot removed particles without morphological changes. Further procedural improvement and larger batches are necessary to conduct CLP adhesive experiments. / Funktionaliserbara sfäriska kolloidala ligninpartiklar (CLP) är en värdefull tillgång för valorisering av ligninsidoströmmar från massaindustrin. Den sfäriska strukturen reducerar effekten av den heterogena och dåligt dispergerbara biopolymeren. Organiska lösningsmedel och alkaliska medier försämrar emellertid partikelstrukturen och löser upp polymererna på grund av deras kemiska natur och löslighet. Lösningsmedel kommer att resultera i att de aggregerade polymererna antar oregelbundna former vilket skulle resultera i inkonsistenta fysikalisk-kemiska egenskaper. Därigenom blir materialet oanvändbart för avancerade materialapplikationer, såsom t ex trälim. I denna studie, utvecklades och optimerades en reproducerbar process för att ge pH ca. 12 stabila CLP för trälim eller ytterligare funktionalisering för andra avancerade materialapplikationer. Lignin funktionaliserades med tvärbindare, glyoxal eller formaldehyd och självorganiserades till sfäriskas trukturer genom mikroemulgering av organfasen. De bildade kolloiderna indunstades delvis roterande för att bibehålla det organiska lösningsmedlet i de kolloidala strukturerna och härdades sedan vid 73-76 ° C tills pH-stabilitet och funktionaliserades ytterligare för avancerade materialapplikationer. Funktionaliseringen med glyoxal utfördes också för att reaktiviteteten och begränsa de hälsoproblem som är förknippade med formaldehyd. Förfarandet kräver tillsats av glyoxal till lignin i ett surt organiskt medium vid rumstemperatur för att sedan reageras vid 64 ° C. Glyoxal i dess hydratiserade och dimeriserade form adderas sannolikt till polymeren, och dess kemiska inbindning till lignin kan analyseras genom att undersöka glyoxal uppförande i olika medier. De bildade kolloiderna indunstades till ett organiskt lösningsmedelsinnehåll av 60 viktprocent för att möjliggöra härdning. Dessa material härdades slutligen genom värmehärdning vid 73-76 ° C tills pH var stabilt. Partiklarna kan härdas med baskatalys genom kontrollerad tillsats av basen NaOH (aq). Emellerti där sättet och tillsatshastigheten för katalysatorn kritiskt viktigt. Ytterligare processförbättringar och större satser är nödvändiga för att genomföra CLP-limexperiment.