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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Clinical Oncology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Wollongong, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-120)

Majorer la tolérance de l’hôte à l’inflammation est un facteur qui pourrait diminuer l’ampleur des lésions tissulaires au cours des pathologies inflammatoires. Dans ce travail, nous rapportons que la molécule clusterine, une protéine chaperonne extracellulaire très conservée et présente dans la plupart des tissus et fluides biologiques, neutralise les effets cytotoxiques de molécules associées à l’inflammation. Le taux sérique de clusterine est diminué chez les patients atteints de certaines maladies inflammatoires, et les souris déficientes en clusterine ont une sensibilité plus importante à l’inflammation. Clusterine interagit avec certaines molécules associées à l’inflammation et forme des complexes qui sont détectés dans le sérum des patients. In vitro, clusterine inhibe la mort cellulaire induite par les molécules associées à l’inflammation. Bien que l’inflammation induise la libération rapide d’un stock préformé contenu dans les polynucléaires neutrophiles et les plaquettes, les taux de clusterine sérique sont abaissés chez l’homme et la souris en contexte inflammatoire. Démontrant la non redondance et le rôle protecteur de clusterine, l’inflammation est majorée chez la souris déficiente en clusterine.Nous concluons que clusterine augmente la tolérance de l’hôte à l’inflammation. / Increasing host tolerance to inflammation may lower the intensity of tissular injury in inflammatory diseases. We report here that clusterin, a conserved extracellular chaperone, present in most tissues and fluids, neutralizes the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic properties of inflammation-induced molecules. Serum clusterin levels are decreased in patients with some inflammatory diseases and clusterin deficient mice have higher sensibility to inflammation.Clusterin interacts with some inflammation-associated molecules and form complexes that are detected in human serum and, consequently, prevents in vitro cell death induced by these molecules. Although inflammation triggers the rapid release of preformed clusterin stock by neutrophils and platelets, serum clusterin concentrations get down in inflammatory conditions in human and mice. Inflammation is boosted, in vivo and in vitro, using clusterin-deficient mice, showing the non-redundant and major protective roles of clusterin. We conclude that clusterin enhances host tolerance to inflammation.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) in senile plaques and tau in neurofibrillary tangles, as well as marked neuron and synapse loss. Of these pathological changes, synapse loss correlates most strongly with cognitive decline. Understanding the contributions of different risk factors, toxic proteins, and protein networks to synaptic dysfunction and loss is essential to understanding and one day curing this disease. Oligomeric species of both Aβ and tau are implicated in synapse, however the interaction between them requires further exploration. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate the interaction of Aβ and tau in a novel mouse model AD. In this model APP/PS1 mice were crossed with mice expressing full length wild type human tau (hTau). Expression of hTau in APP/PS1 mice increased plaque size by~50% and increased plaque-associated dystrophic neurites. However, no increase in neurite curvature, neuron loss, or synapse loss was observed in the hTau APP/PS1 animals compared with APP/PS1 alone. The underlying cause of most cases of AD is not known, however genetic risk factors have been identified, the strongest of which is the APOE e4 allele. APOE e4 is associated with increased risk of developing AD and increased rates of cognitive decline compared to the more common APOE e3 allele. The second aim of this thesis was to detect differences in the AD synaptic proteome compared with controls and to also investigate the effect of an APOE e4 allele on those changes. Unbiased label free LC-MS/ MS based proteomics of synapses isolated from human AD and control post-mortem brains of known APOE genotypes was used. Of the 1043 proteins detected in 20 synaptic preparations 17% (173) were found to differ significantly (p < 0.05, fold change >1.2) in AD compared with control. A significant sub-set of these proteins were affected by APOE e4 allele genotype. One of these was Clusterin which was not only increased in the AD synapse but further increased in cases with an APOE e4 allele. Clusterin is closely related to ApoE has also been genetically linked to AD in genome-wide association studies. Aim three was to further investigate the involvement of Clusterin at the synapse and the interaction of ApoE with Clusterin using array tomography. Array tomography confirmed an increase in Clusterin co-localization with presynapses and postsynapses in AD cases compared with controls and found a further increase in cases with an APOE e4 allele. Array tomography also found an increase in synapses which co-localized with Clusterin and Aβ together in cases with an APOE e4 allele. This implies that Clusterin is important in Aβ mediated synapse loss in AD. To further investigate the role of synapse loss in AD aim 4 of this thesis was to develop a novel human based model of Aβ mediated synapse loss. This model uses cortical neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from a control individual that are challenged with Aβ extracted from brains from AD and control individuals. This model shows a significant and concentration dependent reduction in the number of synapses in response Aβ from AD brain but not to control brain extract or AD brain extract immunodepleted of Aβ. The work presented in this thesis has investigated two novel models of AD to assess the effect of known toxic proteins in AD related synapse degeneration. This work also shows that profound protein changes occur at the synapse in AD and that many of these are affected by APOE genotype. Many of these changes potentially cause or contribute to synaptic dysfunction in AD and therefore could be important for therapeutic interventions.

1 Abstract The cluster of obesity, insulin resistance and other associated comorbidities represents a significant health risk for the affected individuals as well as the whole population. Chronic low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue is considered one of the main mechanisms respon- sible for the progression from simple obesity to a fully developed metabolic syndrome. The aim of our study was to explore two different approaches that could potentially ameliorate adipose tissue inflammation - therapeutic hypothermia and the adipocytokine clusterin. In the first part, we showed that a period of deep hypothermia associated with the an- oxic phase of cardiac surgery significantly delayed the onset of systemic inflammatory re- sponse induced by surgery. The relative gene expression of the studied genes was not altered during the hypothermic period, but was significantly increased in five out of ten studied genes (IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, HIF1-α, GLUT1) and decreased in two genes (IRS1, GPX1) at the end of surgery. We conclude that deep hypothermia delays the onset of local adipose tissue hy- poxia and inflammation. These results could partially explain the positive effects of therapeu- tic deep hypothermia on postoperative morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgery patients. In the second part, we examined plasma...

Hand osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that causes pain, functional limitation and negatively affects the patients' quality of life. The most severe subtype of this disease is erosive OA. Erosive hand OA is characterized by an abrupt onset, inflammation and is linked to worse outcomes than non-erosive hand OA. Current methods do not allow early diagnosis or to distinguish between patients with different forms at disease onset. This could be changed by the utilization of biomarkers in clinical practice. Biomarkers are molecules released into circulation that reflect biological processes. The main goal of this study was to analyze the levels of circulating biomarkers with the aim to differentiate patients from healthy subjects and patients with erosive OA from patients with non-erosive disease. Serum concentrations of seven biomarkers and the expression of plasma microRNAs were determined. Patients with hand OA showed altered cartilage metabolism, increased levels of adiponectin, decreased levels of clusterin and a dysregulated expression of several microRNAs in comparison to the healthy population. Patients with erosive OA had lower levels of clusterin and decreased expression of miR-151-3p than those with the non-erosive form of the disease. These findings suggest the potential...