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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Effect of Leaves and Steel Support Cables on The Dynamic Properties of Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) with Co-Dominant Trunks

Reiland, Mark 01 January 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Natural frequency and damping ratio were measured for ten forest grown northern red oak trees with co-dominant trunks. Steels support cables were installed in the canopies of five of the sample trees prior to measurement. Free vibration testing was performed during periods when leaves were and were not present. An accelerometer mounted at the base of the co-dominant union measured the acceleration time history during the free vibration testing. Natural frequency was determined from the acceleration time history using power spectral density analysis. Damping ratios were calculated from the power spectral density plots using the half power bandwidth method. Trees with steel support cables had higher natural frequencies than trees without steel support cables. Sample trees had higher natural frequencies in the leaf off condition than the leaf on condition. The increase in natural frequency associated with the steel support cable was less pronounced in the leaf on condition. There was no difference between the damping ratios of cabled and non-cabled trees. Trees in the leaf on condition had significantly higher damping ratios than trees in the leaf off condition.
2

Mapeamento de marcas moleculares e identificação de QTL com base em desequilíbrio de fase gamética / Constructing genetic map and indentifying QTL based on linkage disequilibrium

Silva, Admilson da Costa e 26 March 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 338043 bytes, checksum: a834b14ee2a313c551703de0f053cc4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In the study of genetic linkage between two marker loci or between markers and a QTL it is usually necessary to have appropriate designed populations (experimental populations). However, for some species such designed populations could be hard to obtain. In this scenario, the linkage disequilibrium (LD) has been used to build genetic map and to identify QTL. In this work, we used simulation to evaluate the efficiency of LD to construct genetic maps (LD-genetic map) of molecular markers as well as to map QTL (LD-QTL mapping) in non- structured families of outbreed populations. As for the LD- genetic map study, we designed genomes with high saturation level (markers apart from each other less than 5 cM), and random saturation level (markers apart from each other ranging from 0 to 20 cM), five linkage groups and 20 markers per linkage group. We simulated compounds of second generation with 200 and 1000 individuals, derived from the mating of two parental populations of size 200, under four levels (1.0, 0.9, 0.8 and 0.7) of difference in the frequency of each marker (marker-frequency difference) between parental populations. These compounds were used to obtain the sampled genomes, which were compared with the designed genomes to measure the efficiency of LD to construct genetic map. In the LD-QTL mapping study, we adopted, with slightly modifications, the steps to obtain the designed genome and the compounds as described above. We designed genomes with ten linkage groups, each with 20 markers, but for linkage group 1 which had just five markers. We distributed 200 genes controlling quantitative traits along the ten linkage groups. However, only the linkage group 1 had a major QTL along with 19 minor genes. All other linkage groups had 20 minor genes each. In the LD-QTL mapping study, for the detection, estimation of substitution effects and of dominance, we idealized three quantitative traits, each being affected by a major QTL. The trait yield (g/ear) had a QTL with positive dominance; the trait expansion capacity (mL/g) had a QTL with bidirectional dominance; and the trait relative liquid growth (%) had a QTL with negative dominance. We used the method of single marker analysis base on regression to model the QTL effects. The analyses of power for QTL identification and substitution effect estimation were done by linear regression. On the other hand, the analysis of dominance effect was done by polynomial regression with the quadratic term included in the model. In the LD-genetic map study the linkage groups were satisfactory recovered, with only few exceptions. The bias in recovering the designed genome increased with the decreasing of the marker- frequency difference between parental populations from 1.0 to 0.7. Based on the percentage of correct ordered markers in the genome, we found that the LD-genetic map was efficient, with correct ordering of markers superior to 86%. Our results support that the most efficient population for LD-genetic map was the one equivalent to an F2 intercross population. With respect to the QTL detection, in general, the power of detection was satisfactory, independent of the quantitative trait simulated. The results of effect substitution of marker revealed that markers closer to the QTL had bigger effects. The detections of dominance effects were efficient only on the compounds from the mating of parental populations with marker-frequency difference superior than 0.9 and sample size of 1.000. The results of dominance direction analyses on the markers for the trait yield were efficient in determining the direction of dominance of QTL, with few exceptions where complete dominance was present. For the trait expansion capacity, the specification of which markers had positive or negative effect was not possible because of the bidirectional nature of the simulated dominance effects. For the trait liquid growth the estimated effects of dominance at markers often revealed the correct dominance effects direction of the QTL. It is important to point out that the results of our LD-QTL mapping study were based on traits in which the phenotypic variance explained by the QTL is between 10 and 30% of the total phenotypic variance. / No estudo de ligação entre dois locos marcadores e análise de QTL é preciso realizar cruzamentos apropriados para o mapeamento das populações. No entanto, a realização de cruzamentos pode ser difícil em algumas espécies. Nestes casos, tem-se utilizado desequilíbrio de ligação (LD) ou de fase gamética. Este trabalho, realizado por meio de simulação de dados, teve como objetivos avaliar a eficiência do mapeamento de marcas moleculares e identificar o QTL em populações não-endogâmicas e não-estruturadas em famílias, com base em desequilíbrio de fase gamética. Para o mapeamento de marcas moleculares foram simulados genomas com nível de saturação alto (distância menor que 5 cM) e aleatório (distância entre 0 e 20 cM), cinco grupos de ligação e 20 marcas por grupo. Para obtenção dos genomas amostrais foram simulados compostos de segunda geração, com 1.000 e 200 indivíduos, derivados do cruzamento entre duas populações parentais, com tamanho 200, sob quatro níveis (1,0, 0,9, 0,8 e 0,7) de diferença mínima de freqüência de mesma marca entre os genitores. A partir dos genomas amostrais foi avaliada a eficiência de recuperação dos genomas paramétricos. Na detecção de QTL, seguiu-se o mesmo processo para simulação dos genomas e dos compostos, porém com algumas particularidades. Foram simulados genomas com dez grupos de ligação, devendo ser ressaltado que em cada genoma somente o grupo de ligação 1 foi simulado com cinco locos marcadores. Nestes grupos também foram distribuídos 200 genes controladores de características quantitativas. Porém, somente no grupo de ligação 1 foram alocados QTL e 19 genes de efeito menor. Em cada um dos demais grupos de ligação foram alocados mais 20 genes de efeito menor. Na análise de QTL, incluindo detecção e estimação dos efeitos de substituição e desvios de dominância, foram idealizadas três características quantitativas, com um QTL controlando cada característica. As características foram: produção (g/espiga), com direção de dominância positiva; capacidade de expansão (ml/g), com direção de dominância bidirecional; e crescimento líquido relativo (%), com direção de dominância negativa. Neste trabalho, foi empregado o método das marcas simples com base em análise de regressão. A avaliação do poder de detecção de QTL e os efeitos de substituição foram obtidos por regressão linear, enquanto os efeitos de dominância foram obtidos por regressão polinomial, incluindo o termo quadrático. No mapeamento de marcas moleculares, verificou-se que os grupos de ligação foram recuperados de forma satisfatória, com algumas exceções. Maior viés na recuperação dos genomas paramétricos foi verificado à medida que se diminuiu a diferença de freqüência de mesma marca entre os genitores de 1,0 para 0,7. Com base no porcentual de marcas ordenadas corretamente o mapeamento foi eficiente, apresentando valores superiores a 86%. Diante dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que a população mais eficiente para o mapeamento é a equivalente a uma F2. Quanto à detecção de QTL, de modo geral, o poder de detecção foi satisfatório, independentemente do caráter idealizado. A análise do efeito de substituição de marca revelou maior magnitude de efeito para as marcas mais próximas ao QTL. Em relação ao teste de dominância nos locos marcadores, foi verificada eficiência na detecção de dominância apenas nos compostos obtidos do cruzamento entre genitores com diferença de freqüência de mesma marca maior ou igual a 0,9 e com tamanho de amostra igual 1.000. Avaliando o sinal do efeito de dominância, para a característica produção, verificou-se que os efeitos estimados nos locos marcadores foram consistentes em revelar a direção de dominância no loco do QTL, com algumas exceções quando dominância completa. Para característica capacidade de expansão, em virtude de ter sido considerada sob direção de dominância bidirecional, não foi possível a determinação de quais marcas têm efeito positivo ou negativo. Para a característica crescimento líquido relativo, as estimativas dos efeitos de dominância nos marcadores revelaram, quase sem exceção, a direção de dominância no loco do QTL. É importante ressaltar que os resultados obtidos neste trabalho, para o mapeamento de QTL, são válidos para QTLs que expliquem entre 10 e 30% a variação fenotípica do caráter.
3

Regulação da divergência folicular: sinalização intracelular e hormônio anti-mülleriano / Regulation of follicular deviation: intracelullar signaling and anti-mullerian hormone

Ilha, Gustavo Freitas 09 December 2014 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Follicular development occurs in wave like patterns in monovulatory species and is regulated by a complex interaction of gonadotropins with local intrafollicular regulatory molecules. In the first study, induction of co-dominant follicles in vivo with FSH treatment was used to study morphological mechanisms of selection of the dominant follicle in cattle. We determined the functional status of the STAT3, AKT and MAPK signaling pathways in granulosa cells of dominant (DF), subordinate (SF) and co-dominant (co-DF) follicles. We observed that the relative mRNA abundance of MAPK1/3 and AKT1/2/3 was significantly higher in granulosa cells of SFs than in DFs. However, there was a tendency for lower abundance of phosphorylated MAPK3/1 and AKT proteins in SFs granulosa cells. Relative abundance of mRNA and phosphorylated isoform of STAT3 was higher in granulosa cells of SFs than DFs and co-DFs. In line with this, SF granulosa cells had higher mRNA levels of LIFR and IL6ST, the two receptors involved in STAT3 activation. In summary, in the first study, we showed that atresia of SFs is associated with increased expression of LIFR and IL6ST, and activation of STAT3 in granulosa cells. These molecular features were absent in co-DF2, suggesting that FSH rescues co-DF2s through activation of MAPK and AKT, and inhibition of STAT3 pathways. In the second study, we investigated the regulation of AMH and its receptor (AMHR2) during follicular deviation and the effect of FSH-induced codominant follicles on AMH production in two in vivo models. In this study, we observed that AMH mRNA expression was similar in F1 and F2 before deviation (Day 2). On the other hand, the AMH mRNA levels were higher in DFs than SFs at the expected time (Day 3) and after (Day 4) deviation. There was no statistical difference at AMHR2 mRNA expression during the deviation process. However, AMHR2 tended to be more expressed in DFs than SFs after deviation (day 4). In the co-dominant model, AMH mRNA levels in granulosa cells were similar among the follicles within the groups. However, FSH supplemented follicles had more AMH abundance than control follicles. These data were complemented by AMH protein which was higher in FSH-supplemented follicles (co-DFs) and DFs than SFs. On the other hand, AMHR2 mRNA was higher in DFs than in SFs and similar between co-DFs. Our results from the second study suggest that AMH expression is regulated during follicular deviation, being stimulated by FSH, whereas AMHR2 is downregulated during advanced atresia. / O desenvolvimento folicular inicial em espécies monovulatórias ocorre no padrão de ondas foliculares e é regulado por uma complexa interação entre gonadotrofinas e moléculas regulatórias intrafoliculares. No primeiro estudo, a indução de folículos codominantes in vivo através do tratamento com FSH foi utilizada para o estudo dos mecanismos de seleção do folículo dominante em bovinos. Foi determinado o status funcional dos padrões de sinalização STAT3, AKT e MAPK nas células da granulosa de folículos dominantes (DF), subordinados (SF) e codominantes (co-DF). Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que comparados com células da granulosa de DFs, a expressão relativa de RNAm para MAPK1/3 e AKT1/2/3 foram significativamente maiores em células da granulosa de SFs. Contudo, houve uma tendência para menor abundância de proteína fosforilada de MAPK3/1 e AKT em células da granulosa de SFs. A abundância relativa de RNAm e a proteína fosforilada de STAT3 foram significativamente maiores em células da granulosa de SFs em comparação com DFs e co-DFs. Em linha com esses resultados, células da granulosa de SFs tiveram maiores níveis de RNAm para LIFR e IL6ST, dois receptores envolvidos na ativação do STAT3. Neste primeiro estudo concluímos que a atresia de SFs está associada ao aumento das expressões de LIFR e IL6ST e consequente ativação da STAT3 nas células da granulosa. Essas características moleculares estavam ausentes nos co-DF2s sugerindo que o FSH resgata co-DF2s através da ativação do MAPK e AKT, e inibição do padrão STAT3. No segundo estudo, investigamos em dois modelos bovinos in vivo a regulação do AMH e seu receptor (AMHR2) durante a divergência folicular e o efeito da indução de folículos codominantes com FSH na produção de AMH. Este estudo demonstrou que as expressões de RNAm para AMH foram similares em F1s e F2s antes da divergência folicular (Dia 2). Por outro lado, foram maiores em células da granulosa de DFs em relação a SFs no momento esperado (Dia 3) e após (Dia 4) a divergência folicular. Não houve diferença nos níveis de RNAm para AMHR2 durante o processo de divergência folicular. Contudo, após a divergência (Dia 4) houve uma tendência de aumento nos níveis de RNAm para AMHR2 em DFs em relação a SFs. No modelo de codominância, as expressões de RNAm para AMH foram similares entre os folículos dentro dos grupos. No entanto, folículos suplementados por FSH apresentaram maiores níveis de RNAm para AMH. Esses dados foram complementados pela abundância da proteína AMH nas células da granulosa, a qual foi maior em co-DFs e DFs em comparação a SFs. Por outro lado, os níveis de RNAm para AMHR2 foram maiores em DFs em relação a SFs e similares entre co-DFs. Neste segundo estudo, os resultados sugerem que o AMH é regulado na divergência folicular, sendo estimulado por FSH, enquanto que o AMHR2 é regulado na atresia folicular.
4

Process development for symbiotic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chlorella vulgaris for in situ CO2 mitigation / Développement d’un procédé symbiotique entre Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Chlorella vulgaris en photo-bioréacteur pour une limitation en rejet de CO2 in situ

La, Angéla 22 May 2019 (has links)
La levure et la microalgue sont des microorganismes très étudiés pour la production de composés à haute valeur ajoutée pour des secteurs tels que l’agroalimentaire et l’énergie. Ce travail de thèse propose un procédé de culture mixte entre la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae et la microalgue Chlorella vulgaris pour la croissance des deux espèces tout en limitant le rejet en CO2. Le procédé repose sur la symbiose mutuelle entre les deux organismes autour des échanges de gaz, qui est rendu possible en imposant une co-dominance en termes de population. Les populations doivent être équilibrées pour que les microalgues puissent gérer la production de CO2. Le procédé est réalisé en photo-bioréacteur de 5 litres non-aéré et fermé, afin d’éviter les échanges gazeux avec l’environnement externe. Dans cette configuration, le CO2 est produit sous forme dissoute et directement accessible aux microalgues, évitant les phénomènes de dégazage et de dissolution. Les populations de levures et de microalgues atteignent une concentration égale (20 millions de cellules par ml) au bout de 24 heures de culture, restent stables jusqu’à la fin de la culture (168 heures) et les microalgues recyclent 12% du CO2 produit par les levures. Un modèle cinétique de la levure et de la microalgue en culture mixte est développé en combinant les modèles individuels de la levure et de la microalgue. Le modèle prédictif de la levure prend en compte les possibles voies métaboliques impliquées dans la fermentation et la respiration de ces voies est prédite en y intégrant des facteurs de limitation. Le modèle de la microalgue est basé sur l’activité photosynthétique. Les résultats de ce travail montrent la faisabilité du procédé de culture mixte entre hétérotrophe et autotrophe et pourrait apporter les bases pour le développement d’un procédé écologique à faible impact environnemental. / Yeast and microalgae are microorganisms widely studied for the production of high-value compounds used in food and energy area. This work proposes a process of mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chlorella vulgaris for both growth and CO2 mitigation. The process relies on mutual symbiosis between the two organisms through gas exchange, which is possible by engineering the co-dominance of populations. The two populations must be balanced in such a way so that microalgae can cope with the rate of CO2 production by the yeast activity. The process is performed in non-aerated 5l-photo-bioreactor fitted with a fermentation lock to prevent gas exchange with the outside atmosphere. With this set-up, the CO2 is produced in dissolved form and is available to the microalgae avoiding degassing and dissolution phenomena. The two organism populations are balanced at approximately 20 millions cells per ml, 12% CO2 produced by yeast was reutilized by microalgae within 168 hours of culture. A yeast and microalgae growth model in mixed culture is developed by combining each individual growth model. The predictive yeast model considers the possible metabolic pathways involved in fermentation and respiration and imposes limitation factors on these pathways, in this manner, the model can predict the partition of these pathways. The microalgae individual model is based on the photosynthetic activity. The results of this work show the feasibility of such process and could provide a basis for the development of a green process of low environmental impact.

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