京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第19839号 / 地博第195号 / 新制||地||69(附属図書館) / 32875 / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 木村 大治, 准教授 高田 明, 准教授 安岡 宏和 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Multiculturalism, as a set of ideas and policies, is one of the normativeapproaches to the current situation of cultural diversity in multicultural cities.But how can the ideas of multiculturalism be translated into the reality of urbanform? The overall aim of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical andconceptual frame of reference for distilling and identifying the ideas ofmulticulturalism which can be translated into spatial form, and in this way, tohighlight the role urban form may play in addressing the situation of living‘together-in-difference’. In this study, the relation between the materiality ofurban form and the political framework of multiculturalism is at the core of thediscussion.In its exploration into multiculturalism, the thesis identifies theoretical lacunae inexplaining the spatial dimensions of multiculturalism. To be able to discussmulticulturalism in urban form terms, the dissertation chooses the position of a‘civility of indifference’, developed by Amin (2012), as one of many possiblestances within this discourse as an operative conception for such an exercise.Adopting the logical argumentation as the research strategy, the thesis delvesdeep into the conceptual domain mapped by space syntax theory as a primarysystem in this endeavour, and accordingly, describes how the spatial form of thecity, by way of human movement, has the potential to create a variety of socialgroupings. Thereupon the thesis develops a secondary conceptual system withexplanatory applicability to the relation between multiculturalism and spatialform. Supported by these systems of argumentation, the study describes how thespatial morphology of the city may have influence on the situation of livingtogether. It is suggested that overlapping spaces represent the spaces whereurban structure potentially can provide the spatial viability for the emergence ofa ‘civility of indifference’ and its two organizing principles of co-presence andmultiplicity.Hence, the dissertation intends to contribute to theoretical efforts into theexperience of living ‘together-in-difference’ from architectural and urban designperspectives, and argues that multiculturalism distinctly possesses spatialdimensions, which should be conceptualized and addressed through thetheoretical lens of spatial form. Hence, the thesis defends that notwithstandingbeing a complex of social processes, the spatial dimensions of multiculturalismshould not be belittled in efforts to address the situation of living together in themulticultural cities of the West. / <p>QC 20150522</p>

A copresença corresponde ao conjunto de pessoas que compartilham um espaço comum - não necessariamente interagindo entre si - e o seu estudo procura entender como o espaço que as permeia interfere na maneira como elas se movem, param, encontram outras pessoas e tem seu comportamento regulado pela presença de outros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi, portanto, explicar os padrões da copresença em ruas a partir de seus atributos espaciais, buscando, especificamente, identificá-los e hierarquizá-los. Para isso, o fenômeno foi abordado a partir da análise dos padrões espaciais estabelecidos em segmentos de rua de loteamentos residenciais dispersos de cidades médias brasileiras, fazendo uso da análise configuracional da forma urbana – especificamente sintaxe espacial – e das diferenciações espaciais promovidas pelas atividades urbanas e pela permeabilidade física e visual entre espaços públicos e privados. Tinha-se como questão de pesquisa: quais as características espaciais influentes para a copresença em espaços públicos de loteamentos residenciais dispersos? A hipótese era que a copresença, nesse contexto sócio-espacial, seria influenciada, sobretudo, pelos atributos morfológicos configuracionais, os quais informam os potenciais de encontro social no sistema espacial da cidade Foram analisados dois loteamentos residenciais dispersos na cidade de Santa Maria (RS), com características espaciais diferenciadas e padrões de copresença próprios. A metodologia utilizada teve enfoque quantitativo, sendo utilizados modelos de regressão linear generalizados (MLGs) para inferência das relações entre as variáveis independentes e cada variável dependente, no caso, a copresença categorizada em pedestres parados e em movimento, em dias típicos (terças, quartas e quintasfeiras) e atípicos (domingos). Os atributos morfológicos configuracionais tiveram significância estatística para quase todos os modelos de regressão, validando a hipótese para o loteamento 1. No loteamento 2, a copresença foi melhor explicada pelas atividades urbanas. Os resultados referentes à permeabilidade física e visual mostraram-se inconclusivos em ambas as áreas de estudo. / Co-presence corresponds to the group of people who share a common space - not necessarily interacting with each other - and its study aims to understand how the space that permeates them interferes in the way they move, stop, find other people and have their behavior regulated by the presence of others. The main objective of this research was therefore to explain the patterns of copresence in streets from their spatial attributes, specifically seeking to identify them and to hierarchize them. The approach of the phenomenon was quantitative and based on the analysis of spatial patterns established in street segments of dispersed residential neighborhoods of Brazilian medium-sized cities, making use of configurational analysis of urban form - specifically space syntax - and spatial differentiation generated by urban activities and by physical and visual permeability between public and private spaces. The research question was: which spatial characteristics influence co-presence in public spaces of dispersed residential neighborhoods? The hypothesis was that co-presence would be influenced mainly by the configurational morphological attributes, which inform the potential of social encounter in the city's spatial system Two dispersed residential neighborhoods with different spatial characteristics and unique co-presence patterns were analyzed in Santa Maria city (RS). The methodology used generalized linear models (GLMs) to infer relations between the independent variables and each dependent variable: in this case, the co-presence categories of stationary and moving pedestrians on typical days (Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays) and atypical days (Sundays). The configurational morphological attributes had statistical significance for almost all regression models, validating the hypothesis for neighborhood 1. In neighborhood 2, co-presence was mainly explained by urban activities. The results regarding physical and visual permeability were inconclusive for both study areas.

This thesis notes that there is a lack of systematic research investigating segregation patterns based on how public space is used and frequented by citizens. In order for understanding of urban segregation to reach beyond residential segregation, the extent to which public space facilitates co-presence between social groups is a key issue. The main concern in this thesis is to arrive at a deeper understanding of the critical role urban form plays in terms of co-presence in public space and in extension for social segregation. The argument builds on knowledge from other fields, arguing that co-presence is of utmost importance for societal processes: by sharing space and being co-present with others, which does not necessarily imply focused interaction, we gain information and knowledge from our fellow citizens and participate in processes that negotiate social structures, acceptable behaviours and identities. The sharing of space thus becomes a central part of ‘being in society’. It is furthermore through public space that material urban resources are accessible, an access that is dependent on both the location of the amenities in space but also the distribution of space, as structured and shaped by urban form, which creates the actual experience of access through space. Segregation is primarily defined as a social problem. However, in this thesis, it is made clear that it is also a spatial problem. While also broadening the conceptualisation of segregation, the main focus has been upon the role of the built environment. The socio-spatial link builds on social theories. However, these theories are weak when it comes to explaining where co-presence occurs. Addressing the spatial side of the problem, the thesis primarily builds on the architectural theory of space syntax that exactly aims to study the space-society relationship from the viewpoint of space and provides empirical evidence for the correspondence between urban form – as it is shaped by urban design and architecture – and the creation of co-presence as well as variations in its intensity and its constitution. In addition, key questions such as what people may have access to ‘just around the corner’ in terms of human resources or other urban amenities are elaborated. The distinct variations found between neighbourhoods are argued both to enrich the discussion on social exclusion and unequal living conditions and inform future urban planning and design. The thesis demonstrates that specific configurational properties have great impact on the pattern of co-presence. More specifically, it is found that a segregation of public space, a limited spatial reach and an uneven distribution of spatial centrality appears not to favour an exchange between neighbourhoods or access to urban resources across the city – findings that are highly critical for the urban segregation issue. Detailed configurational analysis of Stockholm reveals the performative aspects of different urban layouts related not only to local circumstances and character but, more importantly, to the further context of such layouts. Increased knowledge of how spatial configuration relates to social practices offers new insight into how different neighbourhoods and urban layouts perform socially and increases understanding of the social implications of spatial configuration. The findings of this study are argued to open up theoretical developments that address the social and political dimension of urban design with greater precision. Not least, this knowledge can influence public debate. The knowledge produced can furthermore be used in urban design practice and anti-segregation initiatives, identifying whether spatial interventions can make a contribution and if so, what physical interventions respond to the social ends in question, where the ultimate aim is an urban design that not only builds cities but societies too. / <p>QC 20131108</p>

A copresença corresponde ao conjunto de pessoas que compartilham um espaço comum - não necessariamente interagindo entre si - e o seu estudo procura entender como o espaço que as permeia interfere na maneira como elas se movem, param, encontram outras pessoas e tem seu comportamento regulado pela presença de outros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi, portanto, explicar os padrões da copresença em ruas a partir de seus atributos espaciais, buscando, especificamente, identificá-los e hierarquizá-los. Para isso, o fenômeno foi abordado a partir da análise dos padrões espaciais estabelecidos em segmentos de rua de loteamentos residenciais dispersos de cidades médias brasileiras, fazendo uso da análise configuracional da forma urbana – especificamente sintaxe espacial – e das diferenciações espaciais promovidas pelas atividades urbanas e pela permeabilidade física e visual entre espaços públicos e privados. Tinha-se como questão de pesquisa: quais as características espaciais influentes para a copresença em espaços públicos de loteamentos residenciais dispersos? A hipótese era que a copresença, nesse contexto sócio-espacial, seria influenciada, sobretudo, pelos atributos morfológicos configuracionais, os quais informam os potenciais de encontro social no sistema espacial da cidade Foram analisados dois loteamentos residenciais dispersos na cidade de Santa Maria (RS), com características espaciais diferenciadas e padrões de copresença próprios. A metodologia utilizada teve enfoque quantitativo, sendo utilizados modelos de regressão linear generalizados (MLGs) para inferência das relações entre as variáveis independentes e cada variável dependente, no caso, a copresença categorizada em pedestres parados e em movimento, em dias típicos (terças, quartas e quintasfeiras) e atípicos (domingos). Os atributos morfológicos configuracionais tiveram significância estatística para quase todos os modelos de regressão, validando a hipótese para o loteamento 1. No loteamento 2, a copresença foi melhor explicada pelas atividades urbanas. Os resultados referentes à permeabilidade física e visual mostraram-se inconclusivos em ambas as áreas de estudo. / Co-presence corresponds to the group of people who share a common space - not necessarily interacting with each other - and its study aims to understand how the space that permeates them interferes in the way they move, stop, find other people and have their behavior regulated by the presence of others. The main objective of this research was therefore to explain the patterns of copresence in streets from their spatial attributes, specifically seeking to identify them and to hierarchize them. The approach of the phenomenon was quantitative and based on the analysis of spatial patterns established in street segments of dispersed residential neighborhoods of Brazilian medium-sized cities, making use of configurational analysis of urban form - specifically space syntax - and spatial differentiation generated by urban activities and by physical and visual permeability between public and private spaces. The research question was: which spatial characteristics influence co-presence in public spaces of dispersed residential neighborhoods? The hypothesis was that co-presence would be influenced mainly by the configurational morphological attributes, which inform the potential of social encounter in the city's spatial system Two dispersed residential neighborhoods with different spatial characteristics and unique co-presence patterns were analyzed in Santa Maria city (RS). The methodology used generalized linear models (GLMs) to infer relations between the independent variables and each dependent variable: in this case, the co-presence categories of stationary and moving pedestrians on typical days (Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays) and atypical days (Sundays). The configurational morphological attributes had statistical significance for almost all regression models, validating the hypothesis for neighborhood 1. In neighborhood 2, co-presence was mainly explained by urban activities. The results regarding physical and visual permeability were inconclusive for both study areas.

This thesis examines Knowledge Exchange (KE) seminars and the wider social, political, and economic environment in which they are situated Two-way interactive exchanges between academics and Non-Academic Professionals (NAPs) have been identified as an important factor in explaining why some academic research is used by NAPs, or not (Meagher et al, 2008; Mitton et al, 2007; Lavis et al, 2003; Hanney et al, 2003). Despite this, very little research has examined the social occasions where such exchanges occur. This thesis aims to fill this lacuna by examining the process of knowledge exchange through one specific type of intervention (Walter et al, 2003) – that of KE seminars. KE seminars are a common, almost canonical, strategy for academics wishing to engage with non-academic audiences, yet are relatively unexplored within the KE literature. If ‘sharing research findings with a non-academic audience’ is the sole purpose of KE seminars, then the goal could have been achieved more cheaply through a mail-shot of a briefing paper to a targeted audience (Percy-Smith et al, 2002). By comparison, KE seminars require a considerable investment in resources in terms of time and money. These factors make them theoretically and substantively interesting. This thesis explores the rationale for hosting and attending KE seminars, what benefits participants feel that they gain from attending, and provides insights into how best to facilitate those benefits. Conceptually this thesis draws on Spaapen and van Drooge (2011) & Molas-Gallart and Tang’s (2011) concept of ‘productive interactions.’ The thesis research examines what makes interactions between academics and NAPs ‘productive’ in the context of KE seminars, and the wider social network, economic and political environment in which those interactions emerge and are shaped. This thesis is based on a case study of the ESRC Centre for Population Change (CPC). The empirical evidence comes from 27 semi-structured interviews conducted with CPC academics & administrators (13), and NAPs who attended at least 1 CPC-organised KE seminar (14); and an online questionnaire of 48 CPC staff members (representing 75% of the Centre). The interviews were analysed thematically and the online questionnaire was analysed using Social Network Analysis (SNA). The research design was devised to collect data on the motivations, experiences, and understandings of interactions between academics and NAP within the CPC’s KE seminars. The social network analysis was designed to reveal the CPC’s KE social networks which are pertinent to understanding how the CPC engages with NAPs. This thesis documents ways in which KE seminars are sites of ‘knowledge interaction’ (Davies et al, 2008) where multiple actors from multiple organisations with different knowledges come together to engage in a topic of mutual interest. It finds that KE seminars are worthwhile for participants despite being resource-intensive because they fulfil multiple functions which cannot easily be replicated through non-dialogical and non-corporeal interventions. The academic research being presented on these social occasions is just one source of knowledge among many others (ibid). KE seminars are also opportunities for participants to create new informal contacts and strengthen existing ones. In other words, they help develop informal professional networks which is an important component for successful KE (Olmos-Peñuela, 2014b; Grimshaw et al, 2012; Kramer and Wells, 2005; Greenhalgh et al, 2004; Philip et al, 2003; Molas-Gallart et al, 2000). This thesis makes three original contributions. It shows: how KE seminars fill a number of functions that cannot easily be replicated by indirect forms of nonacademic engagement, which makes the investment of resources for hosting and attending them not only desirable but often necessary; how corporeal co-presence is important for facilitating productive interactions (Goffman, 1966; Urry, 2002; 2003); and the major factors which help facilitate ‘productive interactions’ within KE seminars. It is a contribution to the KE field generally, and will also be helpful to KE practitioners and academics that are tasked with organising and hosting KE seminars.

A copresença corresponde ao conjunto de pessoas que compartilham um espaço comum - não necessariamente interagindo entre si - e o seu estudo procura entender como o espaço que as permeia interfere na maneira como elas se movem, param, encontram outras pessoas e tem seu comportamento regulado pela presença de outros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi, portanto, explicar os padrões da copresença em ruas a partir de seus atributos espaciais, buscando, especificamente, identificá-los e hierarquizá-los. Para isso, o fenômeno foi abordado a partir da análise dos padrões espaciais estabelecidos em segmentos de rua de loteamentos residenciais dispersos de cidades médias brasileiras, fazendo uso da análise configuracional da forma urbana – especificamente sintaxe espacial – e das diferenciações espaciais promovidas pelas atividades urbanas e pela permeabilidade física e visual entre espaços públicos e privados. Tinha-se como questão de pesquisa: quais as características espaciais influentes para a copresença em espaços públicos de loteamentos residenciais dispersos? A hipótese era que a copresença, nesse contexto sócio-espacial, seria influenciada, sobretudo, pelos atributos morfológicos configuracionais, os quais informam os potenciais de encontro social no sistema espacial da cidade Foram analisados dois loteamentos residenciais dispersos na cidade de Santa Maria (RS), com características espaciais diferenciadas e padrões de copresença próprios. A metodologia utilizada teve enfoque quantitativo, sendo utilizados modelos de regressão linear generalizados (MLGs) para inferência das relações entre as variáveis independentes e cada variável dependente, no caso, a copresença categorizada em pedestres parados e em movimento, em dias típicos (terças, quartas e quintasfeiras) e atípicos (domingos). Os atributos morfológicos configuracionais tiveram significância estatística para quase todos os modelos de regressão, validando a hipótese para o loteamento 1. No loteamento 2, a copresença foi melhor explicada pelas atividades urbanas. Os resultados referentes à permeabilidade física e visual mostraram-se inconclusivos em ambas as áreas de estudo. / Co-presence corresponds to the group of people who share a common space - not necessarily interacting with each other - and its study aims to understand how the space that permeates them interferes in the way they move, stop, find other people and have their behavior regulated by the presence of others. The main objective of this research was therefore to explain the patterns of copresence in streets from their spatial attributes, specifically seeking to identify them and to hierarchize them. The approach of the phenomenon was quantitative and based on the analysis of spatial patterns established in street segments of dispersed residential neighborhoods of Brazilian medium-sized cities, making use of configurational analysis of urban form - specifically space syntax - and spatial differentiation generated by urban activities and by physical and visual permeability between public and private spaces. The research question was: which spatial characteristics influence co-presence in public spaces of dispersed residential neighborhoods? The hypothesis was that co-presence would be influenced mainly by the configurational morphological attributes, which inform the potential of social encounter in the city's spatial system Two dispersed residential neighborhoods with different spatial characteristics and unique co-presence patterns were analyzed in Santa Maria city (RS). The methodology used generalized linear models (GLMs) to infer relations between the independent variables and each dependent variable: in this case, the co-presence categories of stationary and moving pedestrians on typical days (Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays) and atypical days (Sundays). The configurational morphological attributes had statistical significance for almost all regression models, validating the hypothesis for neighborhood 1. In neighborhood 2, co-presence was mainly explained by urban activities. The results regarding physical and visual permeability were inconclusive for both study areas.

In today’s globalized world leaving one’s country of origin to move abroad has become more common,which often results in families and loved ones living apart from each other. This qualitative study aimsto explore professional women’s experiences of living abroad and their ways of coping with being awayfrom their loved ones. The study relies on theoretical concepts and prior research on transnationalfamilies, the sense of home and identity, guilt and coping strategies when longing for loved ones. Inaddition, the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for travel has also beentaken into account. The primary data for thisstudy is based on ten semi-structured interviews with womenthat have been living and working or studying in Sweden for over a year, with loved ones abroad. Thedata is analyzed by a relational and partly narrative analysis and the study has been done from a feministperspective. The results show that moving abroad has impacted individual relationships with loved ones.Our participants expressed longing for physical co-presence with their loved ones, although they weremostly satisfied with their current situation. As our interviews showed, COVID-19 has not significantlyaffected their relationships with loved ones abroad, since the women have already been living apart -some of them quite long distances. In addition to the results the discussion will focus on key issuesencountered during the study, its limitations, strengths and suggestions for further research. / I denna globaliserade värld har det blivit mer vanligt att lämna sitt hemland och flytta utomlands, ochdärmed inte bo nära sina nära och kära. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att få en djupare förståelseför kvinnor som bor i ett annat land än deras nära och kära och hur de hanterar det. Studien är baserad påteoretiska koncept och tidigare forskning om transnationella familjer, flyttens inverkan på identiteten ochatt känna sig hemma, skulden av att bo på avstånd och strategier för att klara av att ha sina nära och kärapå avstånd. Detta sätts i perspektivet till den rådande COVID-19 pandemin och de begränsningar, inombland annat resande, som det innebär. Studiens primärdata baseras på tio semistrukturerade intervjuermed kvinnor som bott och jobbat eller studerat i Sverige i minst ett år och har sina nära och kärautomlands. En relationell analysmetod kombineras med narrativ analys och studien har en feministiskutgångspunkt. Resultatet visar att kvinnornas flytt utomlands har påverkat deras relationer med nära ochkära. Deltagarna i studien uttryckte en längtan efter fysisk samvaro med nära och kära i deras hemländer,men ansåg sig mestadels nöjda med deras rådande situation. Det framkom i våra intervjuer att COVID19 pandemin inte hade någon större inverkan på kvinnornas relationer med nära och kära, då de redanbefann sig på ett längre geografiskt avstånd. Utöver resultatet lyfter diskussionen viktiga frågor sompåträffades under studien, styrkor och svagheter samt förslag på vidare forskning.

This investigation has been carried out at the RoyalInstitute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. The main goal hasbeen to investigate the factors determining the production of asense of presence and reality in video mediated communication.Presenceis in these studies defines as the subjectiveexperience of being together in one place when one isphysically situated in another. Presence is an emergentproperty; it has no physicality, but arises as a mentalsensation. Special attention has been paid to spatial factors,embodiment issues, and narrative elements related to theproduction of presence. A context map has been used in order to model the semanticsof presence production and to visualize the relationshipsbetween the determining factors. The conclusions may besummarized as follows:     Knowledge about physical and extended spaces and bodiesand of the shifting of attention between these is importantin presence production.     Well planned design of physical and virtual spacesenhances the sense of presence.     Coherent design and production of mediated embodiment canenhance the sense of presence.     Conscious use of content characteristics, e.g., goodstorytelling, can enhance the sense of presence.     Different communication modes need the support ofdifferent combinations of presence production factors.     Even technically poorly mediated communication maysupport a sense of presence and reality if the storytellingis good.     The human sensory environment should be supported by asense of non-mediation, technological transparency, on theplane of discourse.     The results indicate that individual differencesinfluence the sense of presence and reality. The perception of video mediated communication evolves aspeople become daily users. People seem to intuitively begin tointerpret new types of mediated cues, adding what is missing incomparison to a real time physical communicationexperience. Keywords:Telepresence, presence, social presence,co-presence, concept modeling, virtual reality, person space,task space, narration, video mediated communication, videoconferencing.