Beneficiation of fine coal (+500 μm –2000 μm) is a worldwide problem in the mining industry, especially dry beneficiation of fine coal. Coal beneficiation can be divided primarily into two methods, namely wet- and dry beneficiation. Wet beneficiation methods are utilized more in today‘s industry because of the sharp separation efficiency that can be achieved. These processes include wet jigging, dense medium cyclones, spiral beneficiation etc. Due to the lack of a sufficient water supply in some regions around the world including South Africa, dry beneficiation methods are becoming more popular. Recent mechanized mining methods caused the fraction of fines from coal mines to increase over the years. However, due to old inefficient technologies, coal fines contained in slurry ponds could not be beneficiated and had to be discarded. One new dry beneficiation technology that has been used and researched extensively is the fluidized dense medium bed (FDMB) technology. The purpose of this study is to determine whether fine coal can be successfully beneficiated with a FDMB. It also has to be determined whether adding magnetite and introducing a jigging (pulse) motion to the air feed will increase the separation efficiency of the fluidization process. Witbank seam 4 and a Waterberg coal was used in experiments during this study. A coarse (+1180 μm –2000 μm), fine (+500 μm –1180 μm) and a mix of the two samples were prepared and tested. It was found that adding magnetite to the feed of the fluidized bed did not increase the separation efficiency. However, previous studies indicated the opposite results with regards to magnetite addition. The difference in results obtained could be prescribed to the ultrafine nature of the magnetite and the small coal particles size range used. If the presence of fine particles in the bed increases, the stability of fluidization decreases. In turn, the separation efficiency of the process decreases. Subjecting the feed air flow to a pulsating motion did not have a significant effect on separation. Good results were still obtained with jigging experiments, although not better than with normal fluidization. Stratification of coal particles according to quality was evident by the results obtained during experiments. The quality of coal increases from the bottom to the top of the bed. Overall the fluidized bed, in the absence of magnetite, was found to be a sufficient de-ashing process and further research on this technology could be very beneficial to the coal industry. / MIng (Chemical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Beneficiation of fine coal (+500 μm –2000 μm) is a worldwide problem in the mining industry, especially dry beneficiation of fine coal. Coal beneficiation can be divided primarily into two methods, namely wet- and dry beneficiation. Wet beneficiation methods are utilized more in today‘s industry because of the sharp separation efficiency that can be achieved. These processes include wet jigging, dense medium cyclones, spiral beneficiation etc. Due to the lack of a sufficient water supply in some regions around the world including South Africa, dry beneficiation methods are becoming more popular. Recent mechanized mining methods caused the fraction of fines from coal mines to increase over the years. However, due to old inefficient technologies, coal fines contained in slurry ponds could not be beneficiated and had to be discarded. One new dry beneficiation technology that has been used and researched extensively is the fluidized dense medium bed (FDMB) technology. The purpose of this study is to determine whether fine coal can be successfully beneficiated with a FDMB. It also has to be determined whether adding magnetite and introducing a jigging (pulse) motion to the air feed will increase the separation efficiency of the fluidization process. Witbank seam 4 and a Waterberg coal was used in experiments during this study. A coarse (+1180 μm –2000 μm), fine (+500 μm –1180 μm) and a mix of the two samples were prepared and tested. It was found that adding magnetite to the feed of the fluidized bed did not increase the separation efficiency. However, previous studies indicated the opposite results with regards to magnetite addition. The difference in results obtained could be prescribed to the ultrafine nature of the magnetite and the small coal particles size range used. If the presence of fine particles in the bed increases, the stability of fluidization decreases. In turn, the separation efficiency of the process decreases. Subjecting the feed air flow to a pulsating motion did not have a significant effect on separation. Good results were still obtained with jigging experiments, although not better than with normal fluidization. Stratification of coal particles according to quality was evident by the results obtained during experiments. The quality of coal increases from the bottom to the top of the bed. Overall the fluidized bed, in the absence of magnetite, was found to be a sufficient de-ashing process and further research on this technology could be very beneficial to the coal industry. / MIng (Chemical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

A amostra utilizada para este estudo faz parte do material depositado na barragem de rejeitos da mina de carvão da “Carbonífera Criciúma”, localizada na região sul do país (Santa Catarina). Usualmente os finos de carvão junto com a parte mineral, provenientes do processo de beneficiamento são denominados de “lodo” e são descartados como rejeitos, depositados na bacia de decantação. A recuperação dos finos de carvão provenientes do lodo pode propiciar a obtenção de um concentrado que poderia ser aproveitado como combustível na geração de energia elétrica. Também pode contribuir como fator de diminuição do impacto ambiental, minimizando a formação da drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), gerada pelo conteúdo de enxofre contido no material em estudo, além de reduzir o espaço físico ocupado pela barragem de rejeito. Entre os métodos de beneficiamento de carvão, a flotação se destaca como um dos mais importantes para concentração desse lodo, em particular no tratamento de partículas finas. Para caracterizar o lodo, fez-se um estudo de análise granulométrica, que permite definir que estamos trabalhando com um material fino uma vez que 83,0% é menor que 0,710 mm. Concomitantemente realizaram-se análises elementares e análises imediatas, seguindo as normas Brasileiras. NBR 8293, NBR 8289, NBR 8290, NBR 8299. Os resultados mostraram que, a partir da alimentação com cerca de 63% de cinzas, foi possível obter concentrados com teores de cinzas de aproximadamente de 30%, com recuperações mássicas de cerca de 40%, demonstrando que é possível a recuperação da matéria orgânica, a partir do lodo por flotação convencional. / The sample used for this study is part of the material deposited in the tailings dam of the coal mine "Carbonífera Criciúma" located in the southern region (Santa Catarina). Usually the coal fines along with the mineral part, from the beneficiation process are called "sludge" and are discarded as waste, and deposited in the tailings pond. The recovery of coal fines can facilitate the obtainment of a concentrate that could be used as fuel in power generation. It can also contribute as a factor of environmental impact reduction by minimizing the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD), generated by the sulfur contained in the material under study, in addition to reducing the physical space occupied by the tailings dam. Among the methods coal beneficiation, flotation stands out as one of the most important concentration of the ore, particularly in the treatment of fine particles To characterize the material, we need to do a particle size analysis’s study, it will allows us to define that we are dealing with a 83,0% thin material, thinner than 0,710 mm. Simultaneously we will do elemental analyzes and spot analysis, following the Brazilian standard. NBR 8293, NBR 8289, NBR 8290, NBR 8299. The results showed that, from a supply with about 63% ash concentration, were obtained around 30% of ash and about 40% of carbonaceous mass recoveries. This demonstrate that it is possible to recover organic matter from the tailing by conventional flotation.

O carvão da camada Barro Branco, situado na região sul do estado de Santa Catarina, tem sido amplamente estudado e utilizado, apresentando por esta razão reduzidas reservas. O carvão remanescente da camada Bonito na mesma região é menos conhecido e caracteriza-se pelo alto teor de cinzas e pela alta percentagem de partículas com densidade próxima a do concentrado. Esta peculiaridade torna difícil o seu tratamento nas usinas de beneficiamento atuais, que utilizam jigues para esta finalidade. Os requisitos técnicos do combustível (carvão) exigidos pelas usinas do Complexo Termelétrico Jorge Lacerda, seu maior cliente, são teores de cinzas e enxofre total <43% e ≤2,3%, respectivamente. Algumas Carboníferas locais estão estudando outros processos de beneficiamento para o carvão, embora a maioria das que ainda mantêm jigue como o principal equipamento de tratamento não produza o carvão com as características exigidas pelo mercado. Este trabalho pesquisa outras rotas e melhorias para o tratamento do carvão em questão. Processamentos a seco e testes hidráulicos (jigagem) foram conduzidos na Alemanha para este objetivo. Na seqüência, testes utilizando dois intervalos granulométricos foram realizados em jigue processado por batelada para estudo da influência da freqüência de pulsação, amplitude e espessura do leito na segregação das frações de carvão, a fim de otimizar a operação de jigagem. Ao final, confirma-se que os resultados do processamento do carvão ROM nas freqüências específicas de 88 min-1 e 64 min-1 para as frações 16 mm x 6,3 mm e 6,3 mm x 2 mm, nesta ordem e com a espessura de leito em torno de 125 mm produz carvão com teores de cinzas e enxofre em torno de 43% e 2%, respectivamente e rendimento mássico de 28%. Se somados à fração 2 mm x 0,1 mm, tratada em espirais, o teor médio de enxofre mantém-se em 2% e o teor de cinzas e rendimento mássico do produto final alcançam os respectivos valores de 43,3% e 34%, embora os testes tenham sido conduzidos em laboratório. / The coal from Barro Branco seam, which is widely used, is situated in the southern Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, and it is reaching depletion. The remaining coal from Bonito seam in the same region is less known and is characterized by the high percentage of near-gravity material and ash content. This peculiarity makes it difficult to treat in the current processing plants, which use jigs for this purpose. This product should have <43% of ash content and ≤2.3% of sulfur content for supplying Jorge Lacerda‟s thermal electric power plant, which uses coal as combustible. A few local coal companies are testing the dense medium process for coal beneficiation, although most of them that still maintain jigs as the main cleaning equipment do not produce the coal required by the market. This study was carried out to investigate other routes and improvements for coal cleaning. Dry processing and jigging tests were conducted in Germany for this purpose. Dry processing was done using an X-ray sorter. Tests were also performed using a batch jig to study the influence of jig frequency, amplitude and bed thickness on the separation of two coal fractions. It was found that the processing of the ROM coal in the specific frequencies of 88 min-1 and 64 min-1 to respective intervals 16 mm x 6.3 mm and 6.3 mm x 2 mm, in a bed thickness around 125 mm, produces a coal with ash content and sulfur content about 43% and 2%, respectively and 28% mass yield. If added to size fraction 2 mm x 0.1 mm, treated in spirals, the average sulfur content remains at 2%, ash content and mass yield of the final product reach the respective values of 43.3% and 34%, although the tests have been handled in laboratory.

A amostra utilizada para este estudo faz parte do material depositado na barragem de rejeitos da mina de carvão da “Carbonífera Criciúma”, localizada na região sul do país (Santa Catarina). Usualmente os finos de carvão junto com a parte mineral, provenientes do processo de beneficiamento são denominados de “lodo” e são descartados como rejeitos, depositados na bacia de decantação. A recuperação dos finos de carvão provenientes do lodo pode propiciar a obtenção de um concentrado que poderia ser aproveitado como combustível na geração de energia elétrica. Também pode contribuir como fator de diminuição do impacto ambiental, minimizando a formação da drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), gerada pelo conteúdo de enxofre contido no material em estudo, além de reduzir o espaço físico ocupado pela barragem de rejeito. Entre os métodos de beneficiamento de carvão, a flotação se destaca como um dos mais importantes para concentração desse lodo, em particular no tratamento de partículas finas. Para caracterizar o lodo, fez-se um estudo de análise granulométrica, que permite definir que estamos trabalhando com um material fino uma vez que 83,0% é menor que 0,710 mm. Concomitantemente realizaram-se análises elementares e análises imediatas, seguindo as normas Brasileiras. NBR 8293, NBR 8289, NBR 8290, NBR 8299. Os resultados mostraram que, a partir da alimentação com cerca de 63% de cinzas, foi possível obter concentrados com teores de cinzas de aproximadamente de 30%, com recuperações mássicas de cerca de 40%, demonstrando que é possível a recuperação da matéria orgânica, a partir do lodo por flotação convencional. / The sample used for this study is part of the material deposited in the tailings dam of the coal mine "Carbonífera Criciúma" located in the southern region (Santa Catarina). Usually the coal fines along with the mineral part, from the beneficiation process are called "sludge" and are discarded as waste, and deposited in the tailings pond. The recovery of coal fines can facilitate the obtainment of a concentrate that could be used as fuel in power generation. It can also contribute as a factor of environmental impact reduction by minimizing the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD), generated by the sulfur contained in the material under study, in addition to reducing the physical space occupied by the tailings dam. Among the methods coal beneficiation, flotation stands out as one of the most important concentration of the ore, particularly in the treatment of fine particles To characterize the material, we need to do a particle size analysis’s study, it will allows us to define that we are dealing with a 83,0% thin material, thinner than 0,710 mm. Simultaneously we will do elemental analyzes and spot analysis, following the Brazilian standard. NBR 8293, NBR 8289, NBR 8290, NBR 8299. The results showed that, from a supply with about 63% ash concentration, were obtained around 30% of ash and about 40% of carbonaceous mass recoveries. This demonstrate that it is possible to recover organic matter from the tailing by conventional flotation.

O carvão da camada Barro Branco, situado na região sul do estado de Santa Catarina, tem sido amplamente estudado e utilizado, apresentando por esta razão reduzidas reservas. O carvão remanescente da camada Bonito na mesma região é menos conhecido e caracteriza-se pelo alto teor de cinzas e pela alta percentagem de partículas com densidade próxima a do concentrado. Esta peculiaridade torna difícil o seu tratamento nas usinas de beneficiamento atuais, que utilizam jigues para esta finalidade. Os requisitos técnicos do combustível (carvão) exigidos pelas usinas do Complexo Termelétrico Jorge Lacerda, seu maior cliente, são teores de cinzas e enxofre total <43% e ≤2,3%, respectivamente. Algumas Carboníferas locais estão estudando outros processos de beneficiamento para o carvão, embora a maioria das que ainda mantêm jigue como o principal equipamento de tratamento não produza o carvão com as características exigidas pelo mercado. Este trabalho pesquisa outras rotas e melhorias para o tratamento do carvão em questão. Processamentos a seco e testes hidráulicos (jigagem) foram conduzidos na Alemanha para este objetivo. Na seqüência, testes utilizando dois intervalos granulométricos foram realizados em jigue processado por batelada para estudo da influência da freqüência de pulsação, amplitude e espessura do leito na segregação das frações de carvão, a fim de otimizar a operação de jigagem. Ao final, confirma-se que os resultados do processamento do carvão ROM nas freqüências específicas de 88 min-1 e 64 min-1 para as frações 16 mm x 6,3 mm e 6,3 mm x 2 mm, nesta ordem e com a espessura de leito em torno de 125 mm produz carvão com teores de cinzas e enxofre em torno de 43% e 2%, respectivamente e rendimento mássico de 28%. Se somados à fração 2 mm x 0,1 mm, tratada em espirais, o teor médio de enxofre mantém-se em 2% e o teor de cinzas e rendimento mássico do produto final alcançam os respectivos valores de 43,3% e 34%, embora os testes tenham sido conduzidos em laboratório. / The coal from Barro Branco seam, which is widely used, is situated in the southern Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, and it is reaching depletion. The remaining coal from Bonito seam in the same region is less known and is characterized by the high percentage of near-gravity material and ash content. This peculiarity makes it difficult to treat in the current processing plants, which use jigs for this purpose. This product should have <43% of ash content and ≤2.3% of sulfur content for supplying Jorge Lacerda‟s thermal electric power plant, which uses coal as combustible. A few local coal companies are testing the dense medium process for coal beneficiation, although most of them that still maintain jigs as the main cleaning equipment do not produce the coal required by the market. This study was carried out to investigate other routes and improvements for coal cleaning. Dry processing and jigging tests were conducted in Germany for this purpose. Dry processing was done using an X-ray sorter. Tests were also performed using a batch jig to study the influence of jig frequency, amplitude and bed thickness on the separation of two coal fractions. It was found that the processing of the ROM coal in the specific frequencies of 88 min-1 and 64 min-1 to respective intervals 16 mm x 6.3 mm and 6.3 mm x 2 mm, in a bed thickness around 125 mm, produces a coal with ash content and sulfur content about 43% and 2%, respectively and 28% mass yield. If added to size fraction 2 mm x 0.1 mm, treated in spirals, the average sulfur content remains at 2%, ash content and mass yield of the final product reach the respective values of 43.3% and 34%, although the tests have been handled in laboratory.

O carvão da camada Barro Branco, situado na região sul do estado de Santa Catarina, tem sido amplamente estudado e utilizado, apresentando por esta razão reduzidas reservas. O carvão remanescente da camada Bonito na mesma região é menos conhecido e caracteriza-se pelo alto teor de cinzas e pela alta percentagem de partículas com densidade próxima a do concentrado. Esta peculiaridade torna difícil o seu tratamento nas usinas de beneficiamento atuais, que utilizam jigues para esta finalidade. Os requisitos técnicos do combustível (carvão) exigidos pelas usinas do Complexo Termelétrico Jorge Lacerda, seu maior cliente, são teores de cinzas e enxofre total <43% e ≤2,3%, respectivamente. Algumas Carboníferas locais estão estudando outros processos de beneficiamento para o carvão, embora a maioria das que ainda mantêm jigue como o principal equipamento de tratamento não produza o carvão com as características exigidas pelo mercado. Este trabalho pesquisa outras rotas e melhorias para o tratamento do carvão em questão. Processamentos a seco e testes hidráulicos (jigagem) foram conduzidos na Alemanha para este objetivo. Na seqüência, testes utilizando dois intervalos granulométricos foram realizados em jigue processado por batelada para estudo da influência da freqüência de pulsação, amplitude e espessura do leito na segregação das frações de carvão, a fim de otimizar a operação de jigagem. Ao final, confirma-se que os resultados do processamento do carvão ROM nas freqüências específicas de 88 min-1 e 64 min-1 para as frações 16 mm x 6,3 mm e 6,3 mm x 2 mm, nesta ordem e com a espessura de leito em torno de 125 mm produz carvão com teores de cinzas e enxofre em torno de 43% e 2%, respectivamente e rendimento mássico de 28%. Se somados à fração 2 mm x 0,1 mm, tratada em espirais, o teor médio de enxofre mantém-se em 2% e o teor de cinzas e rendimento mássico do produto final alcançam os respectivos valores de 43,3% e 34%, embora os testes tenham sido conduzidos em laboratório. / The coal from Barro Branco seam, which is widely used, is situated in the southern Brazil, State of Santa Catarina, and it is reaching depletion. The remaining coal from Bonito seam in the same region is less known and is characterized by the high percentage of near-gravity material and ash content. This peculiarity makes it difficult to treat in the current processing plants, which use jigs for this purpose. This product should have <43% of ash content and ≤2.3% of sulfur content for supplying Jorge Lacerda‟s thermal electric power plant, which uses coal as combustible. A few local coal companies are testing the dense medium process for coal beneficiation, although most of them that still maintain jigs as the main cleaning equipment do not produce the coal required by the market. This study was carried out to investigate other routes and improvements for coal cleaning. Dry processing and jigging tests were conducted in Germany for this purpose. Dry processing was done using an X-ray sorter. Tests were also performed using a batch jig to study the influence of jig frequency, amplitude and bed thickness on the separation of two coal fractions. It was found that the processing of the ROM coal in the specific frequencies of 88 min-1 and 64 min-1 to respective intervals 16 mm x 6.3 mm and 6.3 mm x 2 mm, in a bed thickness around 125 mm, produces a coal with ash content and sulfur content about 43% and 2%, respectively and 28% mass yield. If added to size fraction 2 mm x 0.1 mm, treated in spirals, the average sulfur content remains at 2%, ash content and mass yield of the final product reach the respective values of 43.3% and 34%, although the tests have been handled in laboratory.

A amostra utilizada para este estudo faz parte do material depositado na barragem de rejeitos da mina de carvão da “Carbonífera Criciúma”, localizada na região sul do país (Santa Catarina). Usualmente os finos de carvão junto com a parte mineral, provenientes do processo de beneficiamento são denominados de “lodo” e são descartados como rejeitos, depositados na bacia de decantação. A recuperação dos finos de carvão provenientes do lodo pode propiciar a obtenção de um concentrado que poderia ser aproveitado como combustível na geração de energia elétrica. Também pode contribuir como fator de diminuição do impacto ambiental, minimizando a formação da drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), gerada pelo conteúdo de enxofre contido no material em estudo, além de reduzir o espaço físico ocupado pela barragem de rejeito. Entre os métodos de beneficiamento de carvão, a flotação se destaca como um dos mais importantes para concentração desse lodo, em particular no tratamento de partículas finas. Para caracterizar o lodo, fez-se um estudo de análise granulométrica, que permite definir que estamos trabalhando com um material fino uma vez que 83,0% é menor que 0,710 mm. Concomitantemente realizaram-se análises elementares e análises imediatas, seguindo as normas Brasileiras. NBR 8293, NBR 8289, NBR 8290, NBR 8299. Os resultados mostraram que, a partir da alimentação com cerca de 63% de cinzas, foi possível obter concentrados com teores de cinzas de aproximadamente de 30%, com recuperações mássicas de cerca de 40%, demonstrando que é possível a recuperação da matéria orgânica, a partir do lodo por flotação convencional. / The sample used for this study is part of the material deposited in the tailings dam of the coal mine "Carbonífera Criciúma" located in the southern region (Santa Catarina). Usually the coal fines along with the mineral part, from the beneficiation process are called "sludge" and are discarded as waste, and deposited in the tailings pond. The recovery of coal fines can facilitate the obtainment of a concentrate that could be used as fuel in power generation. It can also contribute as a factor of environmental impact reduction by minimizing the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD), generated by the sulfur contained in the material under study, in addition to reducing the physical space occupied by the tailings dam. Among the methods coal beneficiation, flotation stands out as one of the most important concentration of the ore, particularly in the treatment of fine particles To characterize the material, we need to do a particle size analysis’s study, it will allows us to define that we are dealing with a 83,0% thin material, thinner than 0,710 mm. Simultaneously we will do elemental analyzes and spot analysis, following the Brazilian standard. NBR 8293, NBR 8289, NBR 8290, NBR 8299. The results showed that, from a supply with about 63% ash concentration, were obtained around 30% of ash and about 40% of carbonaceous mass recoveries. This demonstrate that it is possible to recover organic matter from the tailing by conventional flotation.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine some of the potential fates of processing reagents in a coal preparation plant.  The focus is specifically on petro-diesel (termed "diesel" in this paper), which is used as a collector in the flotation of fine coal.  Diesel range organics (DRO) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are measured in aqueous samples using gas chromatography equipped with either a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) or a mass spectrometer (GC-MS).  Samples are subjected to a variety of test conditions in order to understand the behavior of diesel compounds in coal processing streams. Results show that frother and collector reagents are not likely to partition completely to a single fraction of the process slurry.  Further test work has shown that sub-ppm levels of DRO dominated by the water soluble fraction of diesel are expected to be present in process waters; however, PAHs and insoluble DRO may be removed via volatilization and/or degradation.  DRO and PAHs are also expected to be desorbed from coal particles when contacted with fresh water.  Flotation tests have revealed that low levels of DRO are found in both the concentrate and tailings processing streams with slightly higher concentrations being found in the concentrate stream.  From the tests performed in this thesis, it appears as though there is no apparent environmental concern when coal preparation plants are operating under normal conditions. / Master of Science

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is conducting a three-year study of toxic air emissions specific to coal fired utilities to assess the potential health risks of trace elements released during coal combustion. Several trace elements in coal associate with the mineral matter while others associate with pyrite. Researchers at the Virginia Center for Coal and Minerals Processing have developed a multiple-property processing circuit capable of providing high rejections of ash-forming mineral matter and pyritic sulfur. Reductions were expected for trace elements associated with the mineral matter and pyritic sulfur in proportion to ash and pyrite reductions. Trace elements associated with the organic fractions of coal that may be more difficult to remove by physical cleaning are ideal candidates for removal by chelating agents. The purpose of this study was to determine whether trace elements can be effectively separated from coal using the circuit followed by chelating agents. Thirteen of the sixteen trace elements examined in this study were reduced (27-93%) in concentration by the circuit. EDTA further reduced (2-17%) the concentrations of several trace elements in the circuit product coals. EDTA was found to be effective at low concentration and without pH adjustment I providing a practical means for further reducing the concentrations of several trace elements beyond circuit processing. / Master of Science