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Gender, class and community: the history of Sne-nay-muxw women’s employmentLittlefield, Loraine 11 1900 (has links)
This thesis documents the employment history of Sne-nay-muxw women. The Sne
nay-muxw, a Coast Salish peoples, live on the southeast coast ofVancouver Island close
to the city ofNanaimo. Nanaimo was established by the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1852
as coal mining town. Coal dominated the economy until the early 20th century when
forestry related production became important. Today a service economy has eclipsed both
the primary and secondary industries. Within these economies a distinct gender, race and
class segregation structured Sne-nay-muxw women’s employment opportunities. This
study examines the nature of this segregation, the Sne-nay-muxw domestic economy and
the gender ideology that promoted both women’s inclusion and exclusion in. wage labour.
A central question posed in this thesis is why Sne-nay-muxw women today perceive their
traditional roles to be within the home despite their historical participation in the labour
force.
Feminist anthropology provides the theoretical and methodological approach used for
this study. It is accepted that women’s experiences in the labour force are different not
only from men but also from other women based upon relational inequalities ofrace and
class. Historical data was collected from a variety of sources; published and unpublished
government reports, missionary accounts, letters and journals. Nineteen women and eight
men were interviewed in the community for both historic and contemporary accounts of
employment experiences.
History reveals that during the mining economy Sne-nay-muxw women were excluded
from working in the mines and limited to employment as domestic servants. The introduction of Chinese labour, decreasing coal demands and increased technology forced
many women to migrate with their families to the canneries on the Fraser river and the hop
fields in Washington state. In the forestry related production economy, Sne-nay-muxw
women’s opportunities were limited despite the expansion of employment for women in
the service sector. State policies and inferior education were significant factors in this
exclusion. At this time Sne-nay-muxw women continued to migrate with their families to
the fish camps on Rivers Inlet and the berry fields in Washington state. In the last two
decades the service economy has dominated in Nanaimo. Sne-nay-muxw women have
found increasing job opportunities on and off reserve in administration, management and
professional service delivery programs. While this employment is part of the wider trend
for women in the service economy, Sne-nay-muxw women’s opportunities remain
segregated by gender, race and class.
Women’s participation in the labour force is shown to be linked to the organization of
their domestic economy. Before 1920 this economy incorporated both subsistence
production and farming with seasonal wage labour. After this time the Sne-nay-muxw
became increasingly dependent upon wage labour. However, extended family and kinship
networks have remained important for support and cooperation. This form ofhousehold
organization did not constrain women’s participation in the labour force. Today extended
families remain the central organizing principle in Sne-nay-muxw lives. Sne-nay-muxw
women’s identity and opportunities for education and employment remain linked to their
membership in these families.
Shifts in women’s participation in the labour force is shown to be accompanied by
acceptance of a domestic ideology. During the mining economy when women actively sought wage labour, they acquired domestic skills needed for wage labour but did not
accept an ideology that promoted their dependency upon men. Historical evidence
indicates that they retained a significant degree of autonomy in their lives. With men’s
increased security of employment in the forestry economy, the idealized role ofwomen as
housewives was promoted. Families that were able to realize women’s exclusion from the
labour force gained status and prestige in the community. Finally, in the service economy,
the Sne-nay-muxw gender ideology includes women’s participation in the labour force to
occupations linked to their domestic and nurturing roles. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate
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The power of place, the problem of time : a study of history and Aboriginal collective identityCarlson, Keith Thor 05 1900 (has links)
This dissertation historicizes and explains the tensions that arose between
localized and regionally dispersed expressions of group affiliation and political authority
among the indigenous people of the Lower Fraser River watershed after European
contact. It accomplishes this by directly engaging indigenous historiography and
epistemology. The period examined covers the late eighteenth century, just prior to the
first smallpox epidemic, through to 1906 when a delegation of Salish men met with King
Edward in London on behalf of all the Native people of British Columbia. I argue that
Aboriginal collective identity and political authority are and were situationally
constructed products of complicated negotiations among indigenous people and between
Natives and newcomers. Multiple options were always available and the various
expressions that shared identity assumed never were the only ones possible.
Consequently, among the local indigenous population, history has always been regarded
as an important arbitrator of identity and disagreements over competing historical
interpretations highly contentious.
To a greater extent than has been appreciated, changes in the way Native
collective affiliations have been constituted have been informed by reference to ancient
sacred stories and an ongoing process of interpreting past precedence. They are also
intimately linked to migrations. Over time and across geography, different indigenous
people have used these stories to different ends. Gendered and class-based distinctions in
the way these narratives have been applied to either the creation of innovative collective
identities or to the defense of older expressions reveal the tensions within Aboriginal
society and between Natives and newcomers that arose as indigenous people struggled to
make sense of a rapidly changing colonial world. The uncertainty following pivotal
historical events allowed these submerged tensions to assume more public forms.
Examined here are the important identity shaping historical events and migrations that
indigenous historiography has emphasized: Creation, the Great Flood, the 1780 smallpox
epidemic, the establishment of local Hudson's Bay trading posts in 1827 and 1846, the
1858 goldrush, the imposition of colonial reserves, the banning of the potlatch, the 1884
hostile incursions into Canadian Native communities of an American lynch mob, and the
government policy to transform Salish fishermen into western-style farmers. Ultimately,
Western ideologies, colonial authority and global economic forces are considered as
forces acting within indigenous society, and not merely as exogenous powers acting upon
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The power of place, the problem of time : a study of history and Aboriginal collective identityCarlson, Keith Thor 05 1900 (has links)
This dissertation historicizes and explains the tensions that arose between
localized and regionally dispersed expressions of group affiliation and political authority
among the indigenous people of the Lower Fraser River watershed after European
contact. It accomplishes this by directly engaging indigenous historiography and
epistemology. The period examined covers the late eighteenth century, just prior to the
first smallpox epidemic, through to 1906 when a delegation of Salish men met with King
Edward in London on behalf of all the Native people of British Columbia. I argue that
Aboriginal collective identity and political authority are and were situationally
constructed products of complicated negotiations among indigenous people and between
Natives and newcomers. Multiple options were always available and the various
expressions that shared identity assumed never were the only ones possible.
Consequently, among the local indigenous population, history has always been regarded
as an important arbitrator of identity and disagreements over competing historical
interpretations highly contentious.
To a greater extent than has been appreciated, changes in the way Native
collective affiliations have been constituted have been informed by reference to ancient
sacred stories and an ongoing process of interpreting past precedence. They are also
intimately linked to migrations. Over time and across geography, different indigenous
people have used these stories to different ends. Gendered and class-based distinctions in
the way these narratives have been applied to either the creation of innovative collective
identities or to the defense of older expressions reveal the tensions within Aboriginal
society and between Natives and newcomers that arose as indigenous people struggled to
make sense of a rapidly changing colonial world. The uncertainty following pivotal
historical events allowed these submerged tensions to assume more public forms.
Examined here are the important identity shaping historical events and migrations that
indigenous historiography has emphasized: Creation, the Great Flood, the 1780 smallpox
epidemic, the establishment of local Hudson's Bay trading posts in 1827 and 1846, the
1858 goldrush, the imposition of colonial reserves, the banning of the potlatch, the 1884
hostile incursions into Canadian Native communities of an American lynch mob, and the
government policy to transform Salish fishermen into western-style farmers. Ultimately,
Western ideologies, colonial authority and global economic forces are considered as
forces acting within indigenous society, and not merely as exogenous powers acting upon / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate
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A tribal journey : canoes, traditions, and cultural continuityMarshall, Tamara 09 August 2011 (has links)
In addressing the necessity of cultural transmission from one generation to the next, this ethnographic study examines ways that Indigenous canoe journeys enable communication of ancestral teachings and traditions, particularly to Kw‟umut Lelum youth. The objective is to identify how experiences and interactions within Indigenous canoe journeys, specifically Tribal Journeys, can connect youth to traditions, environments, Elders, other individuals, and each other. Drawing on interviews with adults and participant observation, I consider relational themes of self and identity to explore the cultural impact on the young people as they participate in Tribal Journeys 2010 and symbolic ceremonies within it. Through qualitative inquiry and inductive reasoning, this interpretive epistemological approach includes concepts specific to the Indigenous research paradigm and uses a performative narrative to present results. Kw‟umut Lelum Child and Family Services is a society committed to the well-being of Indigenous children residing within nine Coast Salish communities on Vancouver Island. The agency focuses on family, community, and sacredness of culture as guided by the Snuw‟uy‟ulh model, which uses the teachings of the present to unite the past and future. Tribal Journeys is a significant cultural event that upholds the Snuw‟uy‟ulh principles while facilitating the communication of ancestral teachings and traditions.
Keywords: Indigenous, canoe, youth, culture, tradition, Coast Salish, narrative, perform
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